{"page":3,"change":"Addition","str":"ISBN 978-3-030-05842-5 ISBN 978-3-030-05843-2 (eBook)","line":0,"x":53.85829925,"y":295.15200805,"width":"215.97","height":"9.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":3,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":240.15200805,"width":"335.95","height":"8.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":3,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":231.15200805,"width":"337.75","height":"8.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":3,"change":"Addition","str":"Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com .","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":315.0209961,"width":"302.62","height":"9.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":5,"change":"Addition","str":"While making the 2016 documentary film, Before the Flood , I witnessed first -","line":9,"x":65.85829925,"y":334.17608642,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":5,"change":"Addition","str":"Arctic Circle, massive bleaching of coral reefs in the Bahamas, and rampant defor -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":310.17608642,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":5,"change":"Addition","str":"estation in Indonesia and the Amazon. Better than ever, we understand the heart -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":298.17608642,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":6,"change":"Addition","str":"Mann, who spoke to me for Before the Flood , face abuse for exposing the truth. As ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"334.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":7,"change":"Addition","str":"Leonardo DiCaprio Chairman of the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation","line":13,"x":53.85829162,"y":441.15979003,"width":"271.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":8,"change":"Addition","str":"Lead Author: Dr Sven Teske","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"118.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":8,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Dr. Sven Teske","line":8,"x":53.8583107,"y":340.17608642,"width":"96.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":8,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Prof. Dr. Damien Giurco Chapters: 11, 13","line":12,"x":53.8583107,"y":316.17608642,"width":"201.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":8,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Tom Morris Chapters: 3.2, 3.5, 3.6, 7","line":14,"x":53.8583107,"y":292.17608642,"width":"182.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":8,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Dr Chris Briggs Chapter: 10","line":20,"x":53.8583107,"y":220.17608642,"width":"147.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":8,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Dr Nick Florin Chapter 11","line":24,"x":53.8583107,"y":172.17608642,"width":"140.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Dr. Thomas Pregger","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":519.15979003,"width":"116.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Dr. Tobias Naegler","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":495.15979003,"width":"111.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Dr. Sonja Simon","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":471.15979003,"width":"102.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Johannes Pagenkopf, Chapters: 3.3, 6, 13","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":375.15979003,"width":"198.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Bent van den Adel Chapters: 3.3, 6, 13","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.15979003,"width":"188.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Özcan Deniz Chapters: 3.3, 6, 13","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.15979003,"width":"166.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Dr. Stephan Schmid Chapters: 3.3, 6, 13","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.15979003,"width":"195.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Dr. Kate Dooley Chapters: 3.8, 4.1, 7","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"182.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract An overview of the motivations behind the writing of this book, the sci -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"325.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"term energy pathway, the power sector analysis, employment analysis and an assess -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":382.17608642,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"Introduction The Paris Climate Agreement aims to hold global warming to well ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":292.17608642,"width":"328.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"below 2 degrees Celsius (°C) and to “pursue efforts” to limit it to 1.5°C.To accom -","line":12,"x":53.85779953,"y":280.17608642,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"plish this, countries have submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions ","line":13,"x":53.85779953,"y":268.17608642,"width":"334.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"energy, because energy-related carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions are the main drivers ","line":19,"x":53.85779953,"y":188.67610168,"width":"333.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"energy- related emissions and mitigation measures for them because it is essential to ","line":21,"x":53.85948944,"y":166.17610168,"width":"333.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"State of Research—Climate Beyond reasonable doubt, climate change over the ","line":23,"x":53.85948944,"y":136.17610168,"width":"328.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"gas- induced warming is masked by the effect of aerosol emissions.","line":27,"x":53.85850143,"y":88.17610168,"width":"267.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"human-induced climate change. A single kilogram of CO 2 emitted will increase the ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":583.65979003,"width":"334.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"atmospheric CO 2 concentration over hundreds or even thousands of years. Since the ","line":3,"x":53.86328125,"y":571.65979003,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"finding that cumulative CO 2 emissions are roughly linearly related to temperature ","line":5,"x":53.86259841,"y":547.65979003,"width":"334.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"has shaped scientific and political debate. The remaining permissible CO 2 emissions ","line":6,"x":53.86251068,"y":535.65979003,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report concluded that beyond 2011, cumulative CO 2","line":9,"x":65.85640716,"y":499.65979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions of roughly 1000 GtCO 2 are permissible for a “likely below 2.0°C” target ","line":10,"x":53.86180114,"y":487.65979003,"width":"334.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"change, and approximately 400 GtCO 2 are permissible for a 1.5 °C target change. ","line":11,"x":53.8536911,"y":475.65979003,"width":"335.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"substantially higher carbon emissions of 1600 GtCO 2 will achieve a 2.0°C change ","line":13,"x":53.85509872,"y":451.65979003,"width":"334.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"GtCO 2 to account for additional Earth system feedback over the twenty- first century. ","line":15,"x":53.85680007,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"that we are away from 1.5°C warming? While that question seems simple, it is sur -","line":17,"x":53.86180877,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Trends in the Energy Sector In 2017, the ongoing trends continued: solar ","line":25,"x":53.86180877,"y":303.15979003,"width":"328.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"Since 2013, global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from fossil ","line":42,"x":65.86139678,"y":91.65979766,"width":"323.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"suggest that this changed in 2017, with global CO 2 emissions increasing by around ","line":44,"x":53.85371017,"y":67.65979766,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"Methodology for Developing Emission Pathways The complete decarbonisation ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.15979003,"width":"327.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"frameworks for the electricity, heating and cooling sectors as well as for the trans -","line":19,"x":53.8577118,"y":375.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"• Generalized Equal Quantile Walk (GQW) : This statistical method is used to ","line":22,"x":53.8577118,"y":327.15979003,"width":"327.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"complement the CO 2 pathways with non-CO 2 regional emissions for relevant ","line":23,"x":65.8577118,"y":313.65979003,"width":"323.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C. The GQW method calculates the median non-CO 2 gas emission levels ","line":27,"x":65.85910797,"y":265.65979003,"width":"323.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"every 5years—conditional on the energy-related CO 2 emission level percentile ","line":28,"x":65.85430908,"y":253.6598053,"width":"322.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"• Land-based sequestration design : A Monte Carlo analysis across temperate, ","line":32,"x":53.85398864,"y":207.1598053,"width":"327.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"quantified literature-based synthesis of the potential for land-based CO 2","line":36,"x":65.85398864,"y":157.6598053,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"• Carbon cycle and climate modelling (Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse ","line":39,"x":53.86180877,"y":123.15979766,"width":"326.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas-Induced Climate Change, MAGICC) : This study uses the MAGICC climate ","line":40,"x":65.86180877,"y":111.15979766,"width":"321.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"• Renewable Resource Assessment [R]E-SPACE : RE-SPACE is based on a ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"329.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"• Transport model (TRAEM) : The transport scenario model allows the ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"• Energy system model (EM) : The energy system model (a long-term energy ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"327.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"• Power system models [R]E 24/7 : Power system models simulate electricity ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"327.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"the use of electrical equipment and common electrical appliances. Figure 1","line":41,"x":65.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"317.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"GIS based renewable energy potentials based on weather & ","line":3,"x":70.87670135,"y":439.07705688,"width":"233.61","height":"8.67","fontName":["XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport model (TRAEM) freight & passenger transport ","line":5,"x":59.87480163,"y":268.6369934,"width":"236.18","height":"9.85","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold","XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by mode full energy balances: final energy demand power, heat & transport, supply structure, primary energy ","line":6,"x":80.89987945,"y":290.7361145,"width":"495.57","height":"9.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica","ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy system model (EM) bottom-up simulation of future energy balances based on GDP, ","line":39,"x":163.23869323,"y":274.22601317999994,"width":"381.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold","XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"& energy intensity development in all sectors and for 10 world regions","line":41,"x":208.89660644,"y":270.74301146999994,"width":"277.12","height":"9.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"sustainable use and agroforestry options. ","line":44,"x":283.71368408,"y":193.85177611999995,"width":"119.14","height":"6.42","fontName":["XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"complexity carbon cycle and climate model (MAGICC) to calculate the climatic effects of multi-gas pathways ","line":46,"x":212.81570434,"y":103.68740080999994,"width":"419.03","height":"9.00","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold","XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"Nonenergy-GHG Mitigation Scenarios The most important sequestration ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":531.15979003,"width":"333.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"(see yellow pathways in Fig. 2 ). The second most important pathway in terms of the ","line":8,"x":53.85929107,"y":507.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"amount of CO 2 sequestered is the sustainable use of existing forests, which basically ","line":9,"x":53.85929107,"y":493.65979003,"width":"333.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"Overall, the median assumed sequestration pathways, shown in Fig. 2 , would ","line":16,"x":65.85910034,"y":405.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"historical land-use-related CO 2 emissions and indicates the substantial challenges ","line":18,"x":53.8590889,"y":379.65979003,"width":"334.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"Reforestation (temperate and boreal )","line":41,"x":241.65870666,"y":199.41729736,"width":"99.36","height":"6.06","fontName":["XUKSAT+ScnjyxDmwkqlBxrnqxHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 2 Sequestration pathways—annual sequestration over time","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":68.19879913,"width":"212.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"sequestration option were to be used instead of mitigation. However, the benefits ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumptions for Scenarios Scenario studies cannot predict the future. Instead, ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"329.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"The 5.0°C Scenario (Reference Scenario): The reference scenario only takes into ","line":27,"x":53.85630035,"y":267.15979003,"width":"328.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"The 2.0°C Scenario: The first alternative scenario aims for an ambitious reduction ","line":36,"x":53.85509872,"y":147.15979003,"width":"327.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"in GHG emissions to zero by 2050 and a global energy-related CO 2 emission budget ","line":37,"x":53.85849,"y":133.6598053,"width":"333.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C Scenario allows for some delays due to political, economic and societal pro -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"The 1.5 °C Scenario: The second alternative scenario aims to achieve a global ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"329.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"energy-related CO 2 emission budget of around 450 Gt, accumulated between 2015 ","line":4,"x":53.8622017,"y":547.65979003,"width":"334.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Transport Transport emissions have increased at a rapid rate in recent ","line":11,"x":53.86289978,"y":453.15979003,"width":"329.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"decades and accounted for 21% of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions in 2015. The ","line":12,"x":53.86059951,"y":439.65979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"The 5.0 °C Scenario follows the IEA World Energy Outlook (WEO) scenario ","line":26,"x":65.8533783,"y":267.15979003,"width":"322.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 2.0°C Scenario minimal progress in electrification until 2020 will occur, ","line":37,"x":65.8533783,"y":135.15977478,"width":"322.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 1.5°C Scenario , an earlier and more rapid increase in electric powertrain ","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":351.37469482,"width":"322.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"in both the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios. In OECD regions, cars with internal com -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.37469482,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"America or Africa, for example, a small share of internal combustion engine inter -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.37469482,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"increasing the efficiency at the MJ/pkm or MJ/tkm level will result from the follow -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":183.37469482,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"– Reductions in powertrain losses through more efficient motors, gears, power ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.37469482,"width":"328.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"– Reductions in aerodynamic drag","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.37469482,"width":"134.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"– Reductions in vehicle mass through lightweighting","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.3746872,"width":"208.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"– The use of smaller vehicles","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.3746872,"width":"114.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport performance will increase in all scenarios on a global scale but with dif -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":63.374691,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Powertrain split of world passenger car fleet","line":44,"x":58.28839874,"y":505.4939845100001,"width":"193.84","height":"5.92","fontName":["USWAKZ+QrkqjpSllbysRndrsqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"Internal Combus\u001don Engine Plug-In Hybrid Electric Hydrogen","line":45,"x":128.36509704,"y":495.65008192000005,"width":"156.94","height":"6.54","fontName":["USWAKZ+QrkqjpSllbysRndrsqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3 Powertrain split of the world passenger car fleet in the 2 °C Scenario (left) and 1.5 °C ","line":58,"x":53.85829925,"y":475.7583895800001,"width":"328.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"transport performance until 2050 are extrapolated for the 5.0°C Scenario. In rela -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"levels, and in particular, energy-intensive aviation, passenger car transport and com -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"world regions (Fig. 4 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"90.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"The modal shifts from domestic aviation to rail and from road to rail are mod -","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"to maintain the carbon budget. The passenger car pkm decline will be partly com -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"Passenger Train Aviation (Domestic) Passenger Car Bus 2- & 3-Wheeler","line":29,"x":106.96130371,"y":122.95729827,"width":"165.18","height":"5.31","fontName":["XUKSAT+YcbtjdSnjpvtVldmttHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4 Relative growth in world transport demand (2015, 100% pkm/tkm) in the 5.0°C, 2.0°C ","line":30,"x":53.7657013,"y":92.20600128,"width":"328.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Renewable Energy Potential To develop the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"327.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"analysed. Land is a scarce resource. The use of land for nature conservation, agri -","line":3,"x":53.85680007,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Residential and urban settlements","line":12,"x":53.85680007,"y":453.15979003,"width":"139.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Infrastructure for transport (e.g. rail, roads)","line":13,"x":53.85680007,"y":441.15979003,"width":"177.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Intensive agricultural production land","line":15,"x":53.85680007,"y":417.15979003,"width":"155.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Nature conservation areas and national parks","line":16,"x":53.85680007,"y":405.15979003,"width":"184.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Wetlands and swamps","line":17,"x":53.85681152,"y":393.15979003,"width":"93.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Closed grasslands (as the land-use type)","line":18,"x":53.85681152,"y":381.15979003,"width":"165.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"In addition to this spatial analysis, the remaining available land areas were cor -","line":19,"x":65.85681152,"y":363.15979003,"width":"319.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"related with the available solar and wind resources. For CSP, a minimum solar radi -","line":20,"x":53.85680007,"y":351.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"ation of 2000 kilowatt hours per square meter and year (kWh/m 2 year) is assumed ","line":21,"x":53.85680007,"y":339.15979003,"width":"334.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"bunker fuels based on hydrogen or synthetic fuels ( synfuels ) to supply the global ","line":40,"x":53.86042022,"y":111.1597824,"width":"334.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"Key results of the global long-term energy scenarios show that the efficiency ","line":42,"x":65.86042022,"y":87.1597824,"width":"322.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"Global energy intensity will decline from 2.4 MJ/US$GDP in 2015 to 1.25MJ/","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"Total final energy demand is estimated based on assumptions about the demand ","line":15,"x":65.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"322.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"Global electricity demand will significantly increase in the alternative scenarios ","line":22,"x":65.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"322.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"high- temperature process heat) and the manufacture of synthetic fuels for transport ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"Global electricity generation from renewable energy sources will reach 100% by ","line":34,"x":65.85829925,"y":201.15977478,"width":"321.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Calculated average electricity-generation costs in 2015 (referring to full costs) ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"322.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"assuming rising CO 2 emission costs in the future, until 2050, when they reach ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":499.65979003,"width":"335.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Total electricity supply costs in the 5.0°C Scenario will increase from today’s ","line":16,"x":65.85530853,"y":417.15979003,"width":"322.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Global investment in power generation between 2015 and 2050 in the 2.0 °C ","line":21,"x":65.85530853,"y":357.15979003,"width":"323.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Fuel Cost Savings Because renewable energy has no fuel costs other than biomass, ","line":30,"x":53.85530853,"y":243.15977478,"width":"327.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Final energy demand for heating will increase by 59% in the 5.0 °C Scenario ","line":36,"x":65.85720062,"y":165.1598053,"width":"322.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Heat Supply In 2015, renewables supplied around 20% of the final global ","line":40,"x":53.85720062,"y":111.15979766,"width":"328.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Estimated investments in renewable heating technologies to 2050 will amount to ","line":4,"x":65.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"321.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy demand in the transport sector will increase in the 5.0°C Scenario from ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":459.15979003,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport Energy Supply By 2030, electricity will provide 12% (2700TWh/year) ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"328.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Global primary energy demand in the 2.0 °C Scenario will decrease by 21% ","line":31,"x":65.85569,"y":219.15979003,"width":"323.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Primary Energy Supply Both the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios aim to rapidly ","line":37,"x":53.85569,"y":141.15979003,"width":"327.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"energy supply in 2050 will be based on 100% renewable energy (Fig. 5 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"290.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Bunker Fuels In 2015, the annual bunker fuel consumption was in the order of ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"329.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 emissions from bunker fuels accounted for 1.3Gt in 2015, approximately 4% ","line":9,"x":53.85889816,"y":487.65979003,"width":"334.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"of the global energy-related CO 2 emissions. In the 5.0 °C case, we assume the ","line":10,"x":53.8580017,"y":475.65979003,"width":"335.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"2015. Because no substitution with “green” fuels is assumed, CO 2 emissions will ","line":14,"x":53.85820007,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":50,"x":350.51831054,"y":140.3874054,"width":"28.69","height":"6.29","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Crude oi l","line":51,"x":350.51831054,"y":129.377594,"width":"22.78","height":"6.29","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5 Global projections of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the various ","line":54,"x":53.85829925,"y":79.14980316,"width":"328.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"power- generation capacities could amount to 1100GW in the 2.0°C Scenario and ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"load hours per year can be achieved. However, such a scenario requires high elec -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"in the power system but also high utilization rates by downstream synthesis pro -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"Annual global energy-related CO 2 emissions will increase by 40% in the 5.0°C ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":523.65979003,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 emissions from 2015 until 2050 will sum to 1388Gt. In contrast, in the 2.0°C ","line":12,"x":53.85630035,"y":463.65979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"will be 587Gt and 450Gt, respectively. Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":14,"x":53.8580017,"y":439.65979003,"width":"334.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"sector analysis with the methodology described in Sect. 1.7 of Chap. 3 . Both the ","line":20,"x":53.85499954,"y":363.15979003,"width":"334.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"Development of Global Power Plant Capacities The size of the global market for ","line":36,"x":53.85499954,"y":165.15979003,"width":"328.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"100GW in 2017 to an average of 454GW by 2030. The annual onshore wind mar -","line":39,"x":53.85678863,"y":129.1598053,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"power sector. By 2050, offshore wind installations will increase to 32 GW annu -","line":42,"x":53.85678863,"y":93.15979766,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"bulk power, especially for industry, and to provide secured capacities to power sys -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 1.5°C Scenario, the phase-out of coal and lignite power plants is acceler -","line":4,"x":65.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"319.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"ated, and a total capacity of 618GW—equivalent to approximately 515 power sta -","line":5,"x":53.85829162,"y":543.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"an accelerated trajectory under the 1.5°C Scenario, whereas the offshore wind mar -","line":11,"x":53.85829162,"y":471.15979003,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"Utilization of Power Plant Capacities On a global scale, in the 2.0°C and 1.5°C ","line":16,"x":53.85829162,"y":405.15979003,"width":"328.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"Development of Maximum and Residual Loads for the Ten World Regions The ","line":33,"x":53.85900878,"y":189.15977478,"width":"328.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario calculates slightly higher loads in 2030 due to the accelerated electrifica -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"East, India and Non-OECD Asia Other Asia), where the early application of effi -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"In this analysis, the residual load is the load remaining after the variable renew -","line":9,"x":65.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"trigger an increase in storage capacities. Figure 6 illustrates the development of ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Storage and Dispatch Capacities The world market for storage and dis -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.15979003,"width":"325.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"total installed capacity of batteries will increase to 12GW, requiring an annual mar -","line":27,"x":53.85570144,"y":279.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"annual installation rate of 22GW and, as a result, will overtake the global cumula -","line":30,"x":53.85570144,"y":243.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"tive capacity of pumped hydro between 2040 and 2050. The conversion of gas infra -","line":31,"x":53.85570144,"y":231.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":28,"change":"Addition","str":"Trajectories for a Just Transition of the Fossil Fuel Industry The implementation of ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":231.33340454,"width":"327.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":28,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe Middle East Afric a Eurasi a Other Asia India Chin a OECD Pacific","line":27,"x":137.08091735,"y":311.29501342,"width":"206.96","height":"5.64","fontName":["USWAKZ+GkkqrlWtlcfxLxtmpxCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":28,"change":"Addition","str":"Max Load Development (Base year 2020) [%] Max Load Development (Base year 2020) [%]","line":29,"x":110.72299957,"y":292.39208984,"width":"242.68","height":"6.66","fontName":["USWAKZ+GkkqrlWtlcfxLxtmpxCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":28,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6 Development of maximum loads in ten world regions in 2020, 2030 and 2050 under the ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":272.67559814,"width":"328.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"until the end of the modelling period in 2050. Under the 2.0°C Scenario, oil produc -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"equivalent of the 2017 production volume of just one of the three largest oil produc -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"Employment The transition to a 100% renewable energy system is not just a tech -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.15979003,"width":"325.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"even less information on the types of occupations that will be affected by the transi -","line":37,"x":53.85779953,"y":159.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"tion, either by project growth or declines in employment. This study provides pro -","line":38,"x":53.85779953,"y":147.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"Employment—Quantitative Results The 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios will generate ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"328.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"• In 2025, there will be 30.9million energy-sector jobs under the 5.0°C Scenario, ","line":6,"x":53.85969924,"y":525.15979003,"width":"325.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"• In 2030, there will be 31.7million energy-sector jobs under the 5.0°C Scenario, ","line":8,"x":53.85969924,"y":501.15979003,"width":"325.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"• In 2050, there will be 29.9million energy-sector jobs under the 5.0°C Scenario, ","line":11,"x":53.85969924,"y":465.15979003,"width":"325.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"Employment—Occupational Calculations Jobs will increase across all occupations ","line":20,"x":53.85969924,"y":345.15979003,"width":"327.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"2%, as shown in Fig. 7 . However, these results are not uniform across regions. For ","line":22,"x":53.8562889,"y":321.15979003,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"Mineral and Metal Requirements Under the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios Within ","line":25,"x":53.8562889,"y":273.15979003,"width":"328.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":32,"change":"Addition","str":"significantly reduces its demand, and this reduction is already happening as manu -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":32,"change":"Addition","str":"higher chance of a 2100 temperature level that is below 1.5°C—after a slight over -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.15979003,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":32,"change":"Addition","str":"massive net negative emissions. Even the most stringent mitigation scenarios devel -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":243.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":32,"change":"Addition","str":"past use of fossil fuels, unless we remove this CO 2 from the atmosphere in much ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.6598053,"width":"334.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"The authors would like to thank the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation ( https://www.","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"leonardodicaprio.org ) which funded the research for Chaps 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , and ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":418.17608642,"width":"334.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"9 and Chap. 12 . Their ongoing support and dedication to this project was key and ","line":4,"x":53.88830184,"y":406.17608642,"width":"334.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"Greenpeace” ( https://umweltstiftung-greenpeace.de/die-stiftung ) for funding the ","line":7,"x":53.88830184,"y":370.17608642,"width":"336.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"employment calculation research documented in Chap. 10 . Last but not least, our ","line":8,"x":53.88830184,"y":358.17608642,"width":"334.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"thanks also to Earthworks ( earthworks.org ) for funding the research about metal ","line":9,"x":53.88830184,"y":346.17608642,"width":"335.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"requirements presented in Chap. 11 .","line":10,"x":53.88830184,"y":334.17608642,"width":"144.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"van Riet from the World Future Council ( https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/ ); Dr. ","line":15,"x":53.88830184,"y":274.17608642,"width":"334.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"Joachim Fuenfgelt from Bread for the World ( https://www.brot-fuer-die-welt.de/en/","line":16,"x":53.88830184,"y":262.17608642,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"bread-for-the-world ); and Stefan Schurig from F20—Foundations 20 ( http://www.","line":17,"x":53.88830184,"y":250.17608642,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"foundations-20.org/ ) who provided initial support to make this project possible. ","line":18,"x":53.88830184,"y":238.17608642,"width":"335.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State of Research ..................................................................................... 5","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":400.17608642,"width":"296.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"4 Mitigation Scenarios for Non-energy GHG .......................................... 79","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":304.17608642,"width":"301.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways .............................................. 93","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":274.17608642,"width":"301.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts .............................................................. 131","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":244.17608642,"width":"306.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment ............................................. 161","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":202.17608642,"width":"305.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results ......................................................................... 175","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":172.17608642,"width":"306.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"9 Trajectories for a Just Transition of the Fossil Fuel Industry ............. 403","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":130.17608642,"width":"307.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"10 Just Transition: Employment Projections for the 2.0 °C ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"250.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5 °C Scenarios ............................................................................... 413","line":2,"x":73.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"300.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"11 Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"223.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"12 Implications of the Developed Scenarios ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"185.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.1 Interaction of models in this study ............................................... 30","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"295.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.2 OECD North America broken down into eight sub-regions ......... 33","line":2,"x":53.8583107,"y":418.17608642,"width":"296.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.3 Current electricity infrastructure in China .................................... 33","line":3,"x":53.85832977,"y":406.17608642,"width":"296.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.4 Potential sites for onshore wind generation in Africa .................. 34","line":4,"x":53.85834121,"y":394.17608642,"width":"294.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.5 Existing and potential solar power sites in Central ","line":5,"x":53.8583603,"y":382.17608642,"width":"235.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"and South America ....................................................................... 35","line":6,"x":104.8583603,"y":370.17608642,"width":"264.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.6 Overview of the energy system model (EM) ","line":7,"x":53.85837173,"y":358.17608642,"width":"211.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"as implemented in Mesap/PlaNet ................................................. 40","line":8,"x":104.85836791,"y":346.17608642,"width":"264.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.7 Schematic representation of the [R] E24/7 model structure ......... 44","line":9,"x":53.85837936,"y":334.17608642,"width":"296.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.8 Spatial concept of the [R]E 24/7 model ....................................... 47","line":10,"x":53.85839843,"y":322.17608642,"width":"294.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.9 Dispatch order module of the [R]E 24/7 model ........................... 50","line":11,"x":53.85840988,"y":310.17608642,"width":"295.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.11 Distribution of human resources required to manufacture ","line":14,"x":53.8584404,"y":274.17608642,"width":"268.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.12 Differences between the raw LDF emission scenario data ........... 62","line":17,"x":53.85845184,"y":238.17608642,"width":"302.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.13 The 2.0°C and 1.5°C scenarios and their absolute fossil ","line":18,"x":53.85845947,"y":226.17608642,"width":"267.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"and industry CO 2 emissions until 2050. The energy-related CO 2","line":19,"x":104.85845947,"y":212.67610168,"width":"254.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"the CO 2 emissions constant (in the case of the 1.5°C ","line":22,"x":104.85608673,"y":176.67610168,"width":"216.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"in the lower panel). ....................................................................... 64","line":4,"x":104.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"265.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.14 Example distributions of emissions scenario characteristics ........ 66","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"302.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"sequestration rates over time ........................................................ 80","line":7,"x":104.85832977,"y":519.15979003,"width":"264.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.2 Land-use-related CO 2 emission and sequestration rates ............... 82","line":8,"x":53.85834121,"y":505.65979003,"width":"297.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.3 Global and regional methane emissions from fossil, ","line":9,"x":53.8569107,"y":495.15979003,"width":"242.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial, and land-use-related sources ....................................... 84","line":10,"x":104.8569107,"y":483.15979003,"width":"264.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.4 Global and regional methane emissions from fossil, ","line":11,"x":53.85691833,"y":471.15979003,"width":"242.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial, and land-use-related sources ....................................... 85","line":12,"x":104.85691833,"y":459.15979003,"width":"264.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.5 Global SF 6 emission levels from literature-reported scenarios ","line":13,"x":53.85694122,"y":445.65979003,"width":"280.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 86","line":14,"x":104.8580017,"y":435.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.6 Global tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) emissions from ","line":15,"x":53.85802078,"y":421.65979003,"width":"229.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"the collection of assessed literature- reported scenarios ","line":16,"x":104.85690307,"y":411.15979003,"width":"221.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 86","line":17,"x":104.85690307,"y":399.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.7 Global and regional sulfate dioxide (SO X ) emissions ","line":18,"x":53.8569107,"y":385.65979003,"width":"244.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 87","line":20,"x":104.85858917,"y":363.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.8 Global and regional nitrate aerosol (NO X ) emissions ","line":21,"x":53.85860824,"y":349.65979003,"width":"244.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 88","line":23,"x":104.85817718,"y":327.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.9 Global and regional black carbon BC emissions ","line":24,"x":53.85820007,"y":315.15979003,"width":"226.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 89","line":26,"x":104.85820007,"y":291.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.10 Global and regional organic carbon OC emissions ","line":27,"x":53.85821151,"y":279.15979003,"width":"240.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 90","line":29,"x":104.8582077,"y":255.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.1 Historic development and projections of oil prices ","line":30,"x":53.8582306,"y":237.15979003,"width":"235.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.2 Global supply curve for primary biomass in 2030 ","line":34,"x":53.85823822,"y":189.15979003,"width":"233.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.3 Development of the specific final energy use (per $GDP) ","line":36,"x":53.8582611,"y":165.15979003,"width":"262.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.4 Development of the average global RES shares ","line":40,"x":53.85826873,"y":117.15979003,"width":"223.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"in total power generation in the 2.0°C Scenario .......................... 122","line":41,"x":104.85826873,"y":105.1597824,"width":"270.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.5 Development of the average global RES shares of future ","line":42,"x":53.85829162,"y":93.1597824,"width":"261.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation options in ‘Industry’ in the 2.0°C scenario ........ 124","line":43,"x":104.85827636,"y":81.1597824,"width":"270.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.6 Development of the average global shares of future ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"240.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"sector under the 2.0°C scenario ................................................... 125","line":3,"x":104.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"270.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.1 World final energy use by transport mode in 2015 ....................... 133","line":4,"x":53.8583107,"y":555.15979003,"width":"301.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.2 Transport mode performances of road, rail, and aviation ............. 133","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":543.15979003,"width":"301.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.3 Powertrain split for all transport modes in 2015 ","line":6,"x":53.85834121,"y":531.15979003,"width":"225.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"by transport performance (pkm or tkm) ....................................... 134","line":7,"x":104.8583374,"y":519.15979003,"width":"269.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.4 Final energy use by world transport in 2015 ","line":8,"x":53.8583603,"y":507.15979003,"width":"210.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"according to region ....................................................................... 134","line":9,"x":104.8583603,"y":495.15979003,"width":"270.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.5 Powertrain split for all transport modes in 2050 ","line":10,"x":53.85837173,"y":483.15979003,"width":"225.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"under the 5.0°C Scenario in terms of transport performance ...... 136","line":11,"x":104.85836791,"y":471.15979003,"width":"270.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.6 Powertrain split (fleet) of passenger cars in selected ","line":12,"x":53.85837936,"y":459.15979003,"width":"241.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"regions in 2030 ( left ) and 2050 ( right ) under ","line":13,"x":104.85838317,"y":447.15979003,"width":"182.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.7 Battery and trolley electric bus share of total bus pkm ","line":15,"x":53.85839843,"y":423.15979003,"width":"249.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 2.0°C Scenario ( left ) and fuel-cell electric bus share ","line":16,"x":104.85839843,"y":411.15979003,"width":"239.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"of total bus pkm in the 2.0°C Scenario ( right ) ............................ 138","line":17,"x":104.85839843,"y":399.15979003,"width":"269.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.8 Electrification of passenger rail ( left ) and freight rail ( right ) ","line":18,"x":53.85840988,"y":387.15979003,"width":"273.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"under the 2.0°C Scenario (in PJ of final energy demand) ........... 138","line":19,"x":104.8584137,"y":375.15979003,"width":"269.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.9 Electricity-performed pkm in domestic aviation under ","line":20,"x":53.85842895,"y":363.15979003,"width":"251.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.10 Powertrain split of the world passenger car fleet in the 2.0°C ","line":22,"x":53.8584404,"y":339.15979003,"width":"285.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario ( left ) and 1.5°C Scenario ( right ) ................................... 140","line":23,"x":104.85843658,"y":327.15979003,"width":"270.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.11 Final energy demand in urban and inter-urban passenger ","line":24,"x":53.85845947,"y":315.15979003,"width":"266.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"transport modes in 2015 (world averages) .................................... 140","line":25,"x":104.85845184,"y":303.15979003,"width":"271.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.12 Final energy demand in freight transport modes in 2015 ","line":26,"x":53.85847091,"y":291.15979003,"width":"263.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.13 World average energy consumption development for ","line":28,"x":53.85847854,"y":267.15979003,"width":"250.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"passenger cars per powertrain in 2015 ( left ) and 2050 ( right ) ..... 142","line":29,"x":104.85848236,"y":255.15977478,"width":"269.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.14 Average global energy intensities of truck drivetrain ","line":30,"x":53.85850143,"y":243.15977478,"width":"248.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies in 2015 and 2050 ..................................................... 143","line":31,"x":104.85849761,"y":231.15977478,"width":"270.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.15 Average global energy intensities of bus drivetrain ","line":32,"x":53.85850906,"y":219.15977478,"width":"241.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies in 2015 ( left ) and 2050 ( right ) ................................. 144","line":33,"x":104.85851287,"y":207.15977478,"width":"270.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.16 Average global energy intensities of two-wheel vehicles ","line":34,"x":53.85852813,"y":195.15977478,"width":"264.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"( left ) and three-wheel vehicles ( right ) by drivetrain technology ","line":35,"x":104.85852813,"y":183.15977478,"width":"255.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2015 ( left bar ) and 2050 ( right bar ) ......................................... 145","line":36,"x":104.85852813,"y":171.15977478,"width":"270.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.17 MJ/tkm of freight rail trains ( left ) and MJ/pkm of passenger ","line":37,"x":53.85853958,"y":159.15977478,"width":"279.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"rail trains ( right ) for 2015 ( left ) and 2050 ( right ) ......................... 146","line":38,"x":104.8585434,"y":147.15977478,"width":"270.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.18 Region-specific MJ/tkm and MJ/pkm in 2015 and 2050 for ","line":39,"x":53.85855102,"y":135.15977478,"width":"276.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"freight rail trains ( left ) and passenger rail trains ( right ) ............... 146","line":40,"x":104.85855102,"y":123.1597824,"width":"269.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.19 Shares of bio- and synfuels in all world regions ","line":41,"x":53.8585701,"y":111.1597824,"width":"230.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"under all scenarios ........................................................................ 147","line":42,"x":104.85856628,"y":99.1597824,"width":"269.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.20 Relative growth in world transport demand ","line":43,"x":53.85858154,"y":87.1597824,"width":"212.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"(2015=100% pkm/tkm) in the 5.0°C scenario ........................... 150","line":44,"x":104.85858154,"y":75.1597824,"width":"270.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.21 Relative growth in world transport demand ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"212.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"(2015=100% pkm/tkm) in the 2.0°C Scenario ( left ) ","line":2,"x":104.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"216.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5°C Scenario ( right ) ........................................................... 150","line":3,"x":104.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"271.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.22 Regional pkm development .......................................................... 151","line":4,"x":53.8583107,"y":561.15979003,"width":"305.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.23 World pkm development in all scenarios ...................................... 152","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":549.15979003,"width":"307.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.24 World pkm development in the 2.0°C Scenario .......................... 152","line":6,"x":53.85834121,"y":537.15979003,"width":"305.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.25 Pkm development in OECD Europe ( left ) Africa (middle), ","line":7,"x":53.8583603,"y":525.15979003,"width":"270.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"and China ( right ) in the 2.0°C Scenario ...................................... 153","line":8,"x":104.8583603,"y":513.15979003,"width":"270.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.26 World tkm development in all scenarios ....................................... 154","line":9,"x":53.85837173,"y":501.15979003,"width":"307.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.27 Regional tkm development ........................................................... 154","line":10,"x":53.85837936,"y":489.15979003,"width":"306.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.28 World tkm development in the 5.0°C, 2.0°C, ","line":11,"x":53.8583908,"y":477.15979003,"width":"223.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.29 Road tkm in the 2.0°C Scenario .................................................. 156","line":13,"x":53.85839843,"y":453.15979003,"width":"305.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.30 Rail tkm in the 2.0°C Scenario .................................................... 157","line":14,"x":53.85842132,"y":441.15979003,"width":"306.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.31 Share of rail tkm in total rail + road tkm ","line":15,"x":53.85842895,"y":429.15979003,"width":"201.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 2.0°C Scenario ................................................................... 157","line":16,"x":104.85842895,"y":417.15979003,"width":"270.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.1 Electricity infrastructure in Africa—power plants ","line":17,"x":53.85845184,"y":399.15979003,"width":"232.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"(over 1MW) and high-voltage transmission lines ....................... 166","line":18,"x":104.85845184,"y":387.15979003,"width":"269.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.2 Solar potential in Africa ................................................................ 166","line":19,"x":53.85845947,"y":375.15979003,"width":"302.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.3 Europe’s potential for utility-scale solar power plants ................. 167","line":20,"x":53.85847091,"y":363.15979003,"width":"300.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.4 OECD North America: existing and potential ","line":21,"x":53.85849,"y":351.15979003,"width":"216.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"wind power sites ........................................................................... 168","line":22,"x":104.85849,"y":339.15979003,"width":"270.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.5 Latin America: potential and existing wind power sites ............... 169","line":23,"x":53.85850143,"y":327.15979003,"width":"302.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.1 Global: projection of final energy (per $ GDP) intensity ","line":24,"x":53.8585205,"y":309.15979003,"width":"258.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.2 Global: projection of total final energy demand by sector ","line":26,"x":53.85852813,"y":285.15979003,"width":"262.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (without non- energy use or heat from ","line":27,"x":104.85852813,"y":273.15979003,"width":"219.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"combined heat and power [CHP] autoproducers) ......................... 177","line":28,"x":104.85852813,"y":261.15979003,"width":"271.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.3 Global: development of gross electricity demand by sector ","line":29,"x":53.85855102,"y":249.15977478,"width":"269.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 178","line":30,"x":104.8585434,"y":237.15977478,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.4 Global: development of final energy demand for transport ","line":31,"x":53.85855865,"y":225.15977478,"width":"266.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios .............................................................. 179","line":32,"x":104.85855865,"y":213.15977478,"width":"269.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.5 Global: development of heat demand by sector ","line":33,"x":53.8585701,"y":201.15977478,"width":"222.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 179","line":34,"x":104.85856628,"y":189.15977478,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.6 Global: development of the final energy demand by sector ","line":35,"x":53.85858917,"y":177.15977478,"width":"268.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 180","line":36,"x":104.85858917,"y":165.15977478,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.7 Global: development of electricity-generation structure ","line":37,"x":53.85860061,"y":153.15977478,"width":"255.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 181","line":38,"x":104.8585968,"y":141.15977478,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.8 Global: development of total electricity supply costs ","line":39,"x":53.85861968,"y":129.15977478,"width":"244.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"and specific electricity generation costs in the scenarios ............. 182","line":40,"x":104.85861968,"y":117.1597824,"width":"269.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.9 Global: investment shares for power generation ","line":41,"x":53.85863113,"y":105.1597824,"width":"225.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 183","line":42,"x":104.85862731,"y":93.1597824,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.10 Global: development of heat supply by energy carrier ","line":43,"x":53.85863876,"y":81.1597824,"width":"254.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 184","line":44,"x":104.85864257,"y":69.1597824,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.11 Global: development of investment in renewable ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"234.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"heat-generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 186","line":2,"x":104.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"269.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.12 Global: final energy consumption by transport ","line":3,"x":53.8583107,"y":573.15979003,"width":"225.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 187","line":4,"x":104.85830688,"y":561.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.13 Global: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":547.65979003,"width":"235.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (since 2015) in the ","line":6,"x":104.8572998,"y":535.65979003,"width":"204.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios (‘Savings’=lower than in the 5.0°C Scenario) ........... 188","line":7,"x":104.85749816,"y":525.15979003,"width":"270.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.14 Global: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":8,"x":53.85750961,"y":513.15979003,"width":"242.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"(PED) by energy carrier in the scenarios ...................................... 189","line":9,"x":104.85751342,"y":501.15979003,"width":"270.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.15 Global: scenario of bunker fuel demand for aviation ","line":10,"x":53.85752868,"y":489.15979003,"width":"248.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"and navigation and the resulting cumulative CO 2 emissions ........ 190","line":11,"x":104.85752105,"y":475.65979003,"width":"270.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.16 Development of maximum load in 10 world regions ","line":12,"x":53.85681915,"y":465.15979003,"width":"248.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2020, 2030, and 2050in the 2.0°C and 1.5°C scenarios ........ 202","line":13,"x":104.85681915,"y":453.15979003,"width":"270.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.17 OECD North America: development of final energy ","line":14,"x":53.85683822,"y":441.15979003,"width":"247.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by sector in the scenarios ................................................ 210","line":15,"x":104.85682678,"y":429.15979003,"width":"270.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.18 OECD North America: development of electricity-generation ","line":16,"x":53.85684967,"y":417.15979003,"width":"283.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"structure in the scenarios .............................................................. 212","line":17,"x":104.85684967,"y":405.15979003,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.19 OECD North America: development of total electricity ","line":18,"x":53.85686111,"y":393.15979003,"width":"260.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"supply costs and specific electricity- generation costs ","line":19,"x":104.8568573,"y":381.15979003,"width":"214.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 213","line":20,"x":104.8568573,"y":369.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.20 OECD North America: investment shares for power ","line":21,"x":53.85688018,"y":357.15979003,"width":"247.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ........................................................... 214","line":22,"x":104.85688018,"y":345.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.21 OECD North America: development of heat supply ","line":23,"x":53.85689163,"y":333.15979003,"width":"245.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"by energy carrier in the scenarios ................................................. 215","line":24,"x":104.85688781,"y":321.15979003,"width":"270.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.22 OECD North America: development of investments ","line":25,"x":53.8569107,"y":309.15979003,"width":"247.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in renewable heat generation technologies in the scenarios ......... 216","line":26,"x":104.8569107,"y":297.15979003,"width":"270.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.23 OECD North America: final energy consumption ","line":27,"x":53.85691833,"y":285.15979003,"width":"237.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"by transport in the scenarios ......................................................... 218","line":28,"x":104.85691833,"y":273.15979003,"width":"270.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.24 OECD North America: development of CO 2 emissions ","line":29,"x":53.85692977,"y":259.65979003,"width":"258.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) ","line":30,"x":104.85630035,"y":247.6598053,"width":"216.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.25 OECD North America: projection of total primary ","line":33,"x":53.85710906,"y":213.1598053,"width":"241.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.26 Latin America: development of final energy demand ","line":36,"x":53.85712814,"y":177.1598053,"width":"249.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector in the scenarios .............................................................. 231","line":37,"x":104.85713195,"y":165.1598053,"width":"271.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.27 Latin America: development of electricity-generation ","line":38,"x":53.85713958,"y":153.1598053,"width":"253.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"structure in the scenarios .............................................................. 232","line":39,"x":104.85713958,"y":141.1598053,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.28 Latin America: development of total electricity supply ","line":40,"x":53.85715866,"y":129.1598053,"width":"257.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"costs and specific electricity- generation costs ","line":41,"x":104.85716247,"y":117.15979766,"width":"185.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 233","line":42,"x":104.85716247,"y":105.15979766,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.29 Latin America: investment shares for power generation ","line":43,"x":53.8571701,"y":93.15979766,"width":"260.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 235","line":44,"x":104.8571701,"y":81.15979766,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.30 Latin America: development of heat supply by energy ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"256.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"carrier in the scenarios .................................................................. 236","line":2,"x":104.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"270.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.31 Latin America: development of investments for renewable ","line":3,"x":53.8583107,"y":573.15979003,"width":"272.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 237","line":4,"x":104.85830688,"y":561.15979003,"width":"269.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.32 Latin America: final energy consumption by transport ","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":549.15979003,"width":"255.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 239","line":6,"x":104.85832977,"y":537.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.33 Latin America: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":7,"x":53.85834121,"y":523.65979003,"width":"265.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) in the scenarios ","line":8,"x":104.85678863,"y":511.65979003,"width":"239.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"(‘Savings’=reduction compared with the 5.0°C Scenario) ........ 240","line":9,"x":104.85749816,"y":501.15979003,"width":"270.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.34 Latin America: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":10,"x":53.85750961,"y":489.15979003,"width":"273.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.35 OECD Europe: development in the scenarios .............................. 251","line":13,"x":53.85752868,"y":453.15979003,"width":"305.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.36 OECD Europe: development of electricity-generation ","line":14,"x":53.85754013,"y":441.15979003,"width":"254.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.46 Africa: development of total electricity supply costs ","line":37,"x":53.85755157,"y":165.15979003,"width":"248.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.48 Africa: development of heat supply by energy carrier ","line":41,"x":53.85757827,"y":117.15979003,"width":"252.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.53 Middle East: development of the final energy demand ","line":9,"x":53.85752868,"y":501.15979003,"width":"255.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.56 Middle East: investment shares for power generation ","line":16,"x":53.85757064,"y":417.15979003,"width":"251.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.60 Middle East: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":24,"x":53.85763168,"y":319.65979003,"width":"257.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"(‘Savings’=reduction compared with the 5.0°C Scenario) ........ 297","line":26,"x":104.85749816,"y":297.15979003,"width":"270.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.62 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of the final ","line":30,"x":53.85752868,"y":249.15979003,"width":"237.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.63 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of ","line":32,"x":53.85754013,"y":225.15979003,"width":"202.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.64 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of total electricity ","line":34,"x":53.85755157,"y":201.15979003,"width":"265.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 309","line":36,"x":104.85755157,"y":177.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.65 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: investment shares for power ","line":37,"x":53.85757064,"y":165.15979003,"width":"252.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.66 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of heat supply ","line":39,"x":53.85757827,"y":141.15979003,"width":"250.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.67 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of investments ","line":41,"x":53.85760116,"y":117.15979003,"width":"252.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.68 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: final energy consumption by ","line":43,"x":53.8576088,"y":93.1597824,"width":"254.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"transport in the scenarios .............................................................. 315","line":44,"x":104.8576126,"y":81.1597824,"width":"270.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.69 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of CO 2 emissions ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"263.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"with the 5.0°C Scenario) .............................................................. 316","line":4,"x":104.85710144,"y":561.15979003,"width":"271.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.70 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: projection of total primary ","line":5,"x":53.85710906,"y":549.15979003,"width":"246.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.71 Non-OECD Asia: development of the final energy ","line":8,"x":53.85712814,"y":513.15979003,"width":"240.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.72 Non-OECD Asia: development of electricity-generation ","line":10,"x":53.85713958,"y":489.15979003,"width":"264.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.73 Non-OECD Asia: development of total electricity supply ","line":12,"x":53.85715866,"y":465.15979003,"width":"268.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.74 Non-OECD Asia: investment shares for power ","line":15,"x":53.8571701,"y":429.15979003,"width":"226.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.75 Non-OECD Asia: development of heat supply ","line":17,"x":53.85718917,"y":405.15979003,"width":"224.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.76 Non-OECD Asia: development of investments ","line":19,"x":53.85720062,"y":381.15979003,"width":"225.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.77 Non-OECD Asia: final energy consumption ","line":21,"x":53.85720825,"y":357.15979003,"width":"215.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.78 Non-OECD Asia: development of CO 2 emissions ","line":23,"x":53.85723114,"y":331.65979003,"width":"237.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) ","line":24,"x":104.8565979,"y":319.65979003,"width":"216.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"with the 5.0°C Scenario) .............................................................. 334","line":26,"x":104.85710144,"y":297.15979003,"width":"271.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.79 Non-OECD Asia: projection of total primary energy ","line":27,"x":53.85710906,"y":285.15979003,"width":"249.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.80 India: development of final energy demand by sector ","line":30,"x":53.85712814,"y":249.15979003,"width":"251.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 345","line":31,"x":104.85713195,"y":237.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.81 India: development of electricity-generation structure ","line":32,"x":53.85713958,"y":225.15979003,"width":"254.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 347","line":33,"x":104.85713958,"y":213.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.82 India: development of total electricity supply costs ","line":34,"x":53.85715866,"y":201.15979003,"width":"243.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"and specific electricity generation costs in the scenarios ............. 348","line":35,"x":104.85716247,"y":189.15979003,"width":"269.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.83 India: investment shares for power generation ","line":36,"x":53.8571701,"y":177.15979003,"width":"223.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 349","line":37,"x":104.8571701,"y":165.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.84 India: development of heat supply by energy carrier ","line":38,"x":53.85718917,"y":153.15979003,"width":"247.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 350","line":39,"x":104.85717773,"y":141.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.85 India: development of investments for renewable ","line":40,"x":53.85720062,"y":129.15979003,"width":"235.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"heat-generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 352","line":41,"x":104.85720062,"y":117.1597824,"width":"269.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.86 India: final energy consumption by transport ","line":42,"x":53.85720825,"y":105.1597824,"width":"218.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 353","line":43,"x":104.85720825,"y":93.1597824,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.87 India: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":44,"x":53.85723114,"y":79.65979766,"width":"228.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) in the scenarios ","line":45,"x":104.85739898,"y":67.65979766,"width":"239.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"(‘Savings’=reduction compared with the 5.0°C Scenario) ........ 354","line":46,"x":104.85749816,"y":57.15980148,"width":"270.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.88 India: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"264.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.89 China: development of final energy demand by sector ","line":4,"x":53.8583107,"y":561.15979003,"width":"254.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 361","line":5,"x":104.85830688,"y":549.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.90 China: development of electricity-generation structure ","line":6,"x":53.85832977,"y":537.15979003,"width":"257.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 363","line":7,"x":104.85832977,"y":525.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.91 China: development of total electricity supply costs ","line":8,"x":53.85834121,"y":513.15979003,"width":"246.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"and specific electricity-generation costs in the scenarios ............. 364","line":9,"x":104.8583374,"y":501.15979003,"width":"270.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.92 China: investment shares for power generation ","line":10,"x":53.8583603,"y":489.15979003,"width":"226.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 366","line":11,"x":104.8583603,"y":477.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.93 China: development of heat supply by energy carrier ","line":12,"x":53.85837173,"y":465.15979003,"width":"251.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 366","line":13,"x":104.85836791,"y":453.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.94 China: development of investments for renewable ","line":14,"x":53.85837936,"y":441.15979003,"width":"239.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"heat-generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 369","line":15,"x":104.85838317,"y":429.15979003,"width":"269.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.95 China: final energy consumption by transport ","line":16,"x":53.85839843,"y":417.15979003,"width":"222.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 370","line":17,"x":104.85839843,"y":405.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.96 China: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":18,"x":53.85840988,"y":391.65979003,"width":"232.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) ","line":19,"x":104.85739898,"y":379.65979003,"width":"177.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"with the 5.0°C Scenario) .............................................................. 371","line":21,"x":104.85749816,"y":357.15979003,"width":"271.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.97 China: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":22,"x":53.85750961,"y":345.15979003,"width":"239.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.98 OECD Pacific: development of final energy demand ","line":25,"x":53.85752868,"y":309.15979003,"width":"248.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector in the scenarios .............................................................. 381","line":26,"x":104.85752105,"y":297.15979003,"width":"271.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.99 OECD Pacific: development of electricity-generation ","line":27,"x":53.85754013,"y":285.15979003,"width":"253.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"structure in the scenarios .............................................................. 383","line":28,"x":104.85753631,"y":273.15979003,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.100 OECD Pacific: development of total electricity ","line":29,"x":53.85755157,"y":261.15979003,"width":"232.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"supply costs and specific electricity- generation costs ","line":30,"x":104.85755157,"y":249.15979003,"width":"214.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 384","line":31,"x":104.85755157,"y":237.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.101 OECD Pacific: investment shares for power generation ","line":32,"x":53.85757064,"y":225.15979003,"width":"264.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 385","line":33,"x":104.85756683,"y":213.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.102 OECD Pacific: development of heat supply by energy ","line":34,"x":53.85757827,"y":201.15979003,"width":"260.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"carrier in the scenarios .................................................................. 386","line":35,"x":104.8575821,"y":189.15979003,"width":"270.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.103 OECD Pacific: development of investments for renewable ","line":36,"x":53.85760116,"y":177.15977478,"width":"277.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"heat-generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 388","line":37,"x":104.85759735,"y":165.15977478,"width":"269.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.104 OECD Pacific: final energy consumption by transport ","line":38,"x":53.8576088,"y":153.15977478,"width":"259.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 389","line":39,"x":104.8576126,"y":141.15977478,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.105 OECD Pacific: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":40,"x":53.85763168,"y":127.65979766,"width":"270.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) ","line":41,"x":104.85669708,"y":115.65979766,"width":"177.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"with the 5.0°C Scenario) .............................................................. 390","line":43,"x":104.85749816,"y":93.15979766,"width":"271.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.106 OECD Pacific: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":44,"x":53.85750961,"y":81.15979766,"width":"277.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.1 Global coal production in 1981–2017 ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"185.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.2 Global coal production until 2050 under ","line":3,"x":53.8583107,"y":573.15979003,"width":"196.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the three scenarios ........................................................................ 405","line":4,"x":104.85830688,"y":561.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.3 Global oil production in 1965–2017 ","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":549.15979003,"width":"179.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.4 Global oil production until 2050 under ","line":7,"x":53.85834121,"y":525.15979003,"width":"190.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the three scenarios ........................................................................ 407","line":8,"x":104.8583374,"y":513.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.5 Global gas production in 1970–2017 ","line":9,"x":53.8583603,"y":501.15979003,"width":"182.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.6 Global gas production until 2050 under ","line":11,"x":53.85837173,"y":477.15979003,"width":"193.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the three scenarios ........................................................................ 408","line":12,"x":104.85836791,"y":465.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.1 World employment in the energy sector under ","line":13,"x":53.85837936,"y":447.15979003,"width":"224.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the 5.0°C and 2.0°C Scenarios ( left ) and the 5.0°C ","line":14,"x":104.85838317,"y":435.15979003,"width":"213.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5°C Scenarios ( right ) ......................................................... 418","line":15,"x":104.85838317,"y":423.15979003,"width":"270.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.2 Distribution of human resources required to manufacture ","line":16,"x":53.85839843,"y":411.15979003,"width":"268.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.3 Division of occupations between fossil fuels and renewable ","line":19,"x":53.85840988,"y":375.15979003,"width":"278.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"energy in 2015 and 2025 under the 1.5°C Scenario .................... 427","line":20,"x":104.8584137,"y":363.15979003,"width":"269.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.4 Division of occupations between fossil fuels and ","line":21,"x":53.85842895,"y":351.15979003,"width":"235.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario ....................................................................... 428","line":23,"x":104.85842895,"y":327.15979003,"width":"270.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.5 Employment changes between 2015 and 2025 ","line":24,"x":53.8584404,"y":315.15979003,"width":"224.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"by occupational breakdown under the 2.0°C Scenario ................ 433","line":25,"x":104.85843658,"y":303.15979003,"width":"270.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.6 Employment changes between 2015 and 2025 ","line":26,"x":53.85845947,"y":291.15979003,"width":"224.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"by occupational breakdown under the 1.5°C Scenario ................ 434","line":27,"x":104.85845184,"y":279.15979003,"width":"270.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.1 Overview of key metal requirements and supply ","line":28,"x":53.85847091,"y":261.15979003,"width":"232.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"chain for solar PV ......................................................................... 439","line":29,"x":104.8584671,"y":249.15977478,"width":"270.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.2 Overview of key metal requirements and supply ","line":30,"x":53.85847854,"y":237.15977478,"width":"232.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"chain for wind power .................................................................... 440","line":31,"x":104.85848236,"y":225.15977478,"width":"270.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.3 Overview of key metal requirements and supply ","line":32,"x":53.85850143,"y":213.15977478,"width":"232.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"chain for LIB and EV ................................................................... 441","line":33,"x":104.85849761,"y":201.15977478,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.4 Cumulative demand from renewable energy ","line":34,"x":53.85850906,"y":189.15977478,"width":"215.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"and transport technologies to 2050 compared with reserves ........ 446","line":35,"x":104.85851287,"y":177.15977478,"width":"270.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.5 Annual demand from renewable energy and storage ","line":36,"x":53.85852813,"y":165.15977478,"width":"247.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"rates (note that scale varies across the metals) ............................. 446","line":38,"x":104.85852813,"y":141.15977478,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.6 Annual primary demand for cobalt from EVs and storage ........... 447","line":39,"x":53.85853958,"y":129.15977478,"width":"307.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.7 Cumulative primary demand for cobalt from EVs ","line":40,"x":53.85855102,"y":117.1597824,"width":"238.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"and storage by 2050 ...................................................................... 447","line":41,"x":104.85855102,"y":105.1597824,"width":"270.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.8 Annual primary demand for lithium from EVs ","line":42,"x":53.8585701,"y":93.1597824,"width":"225.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.9 Cumulative primary demand for lithium from EVs ","line":44,"x":53.85858154,"y":69.1597824,"width":"242.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"and storage by 2050 ...................................................................... 449","line":45,"x":104.85858154,"y":57.1597786,"width":"270.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.10 Annual primary demand for silver from solar PV (c-Si) .............. 449","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"311.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.11 Cumulative primary demand for silver from solar PV ","line":2,"x":53.8583107,"y":585.15979003,"width":"258.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"(c-Si) by 2050 ............................................................................... 450","line":3,"x":104.85830688,"y":573.15979003,"width":"270.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.12 Top five oil-producing countries (left) versus ","line":4,"x":53.85832977,"y":561.15979003,"width":"224.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"lithium-producing countries (right) .............................................. 453","line":5,"x":104.85832977,"y":549.15979003,"width":"269.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.1 Global CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O concentrations under ","line":6,"x":53.85834121,"y":529.65979003,"width":"232.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF scenarios are those developed in this study ............. 462","line":10,"x":104.85720062,"y":483.15979003,"width":"270.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.2 CO 2 equivalence concentrations and radiative forcing ","line":11,"x":53.85720825,"y":469.65979003,"width":"253.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"the LDF scenarios developed in this study ................................... 463","line":15,"x":104.8580017,"y":423.15979003,"width":"270.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.3 Global cumulative CO2 emissions– 2.0°C and ","line":16,"x":53.85802078,"y":411.15979003,"width":"230.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.4 Global-mean surface air temperature projections ......................... 467","line":18,"x":53.85802841,"y":387.15979003,"width":"307.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.5 Global-mean sea level rise projections under the three ","line":19,"x":53.85803985,"y":375.15979003,"width":"256.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios developed in this study ................................................. 468","line":20,"x":104.85803985,"y":363.15979003,"width":"269.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.1 Overview of regions and sub-regions used in the analysis ........ 31","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"295.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.2 Input parameters for the dispatch model .................................... 48","line":2,"x":53.8583107,"y":418.17608642,"width":"296.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.3 Output parameters for the dispatch model ................................. 49","line":3,"x":53.85831832,"y":406.17608642,"width":"295.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.4 Technology groups for dispatch order selection ........................ 51","line":4,"x":53.85832977,"y":394.17608642,"width":"295.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.5 Technology options—variable renewable energy ...................... 51","line":5,"x":53.85834121,"y":382.17608642,"width":"295.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.9 Regional definitions according to the Integrated ","line":9,"x":53.85837936,"y":334.17608642,"width":"232.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Assessment Modelling community ............................................ 61","line":10,"x":111.85836791,"y":322.17608642,"width":"259.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.10 Narrative for each sequestration pathway ","line":11,"x":53.85837936,"y":310.17608642,"width":"210.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.11 Assumptions regarding the four land-use sequestration ","line":13,"x":53.8583908,"y":286.17608642,"width":"265.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"pathways for two climate domain categories ............................. 71","line":14,"x":111.85838317,"y":274.17608642,"width":"259.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.1 World regions used in the scenarios ........................................... 96","line":15,"x":53.8583908,"y":256.17608642,"width":"296.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.2 Population growth projections (in millions) ............................... 102","line":16,"x":53.85839843,"y":244.17608642,"width":"302.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.3 GDP development projections based on average annual ","line":17,"x":53.85839843,"y":232.17608642,"width":"262.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"and on our own extrapolations ................................................... 103","line":19,"x":111.85839843,"y":208.17608642,"width":"263.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.4 Investment cost assumptions for power generation ","line":20,"x":53.85840988,"y":196.17608642,"width":"242.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"plants (in $2015/kW) in the scenarios until 2050 ...................... 107","line":21,"x":111.8584137,"y":184.17608642,"width":"263.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.5 Specific investment cost assumptions (in $2015) ","line":22,"x":53.85840988,"y":172.17608642,"width":"235.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"for heating technologies in the scenarios until 2050 ................. 108","line":23,"x":111.8584137,"y":160.17608642,"width":"262.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.6 Development projections for fossil fuel prices ","line":24,"x":53.85842132,"y":148.17608642,"width":"225.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.7 Biomass price projections for 2030 at 108 EJ ","line":26,"x":53.85842132,"y":124.1760788,"width":"222.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"of the biomass demand (IRENA 2014) ...................................... 112","line":27,"x":111.85842132,"y":112.1760788,"width":"264.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.8 CO 2 cost assumptions in the scenarios ....................................... 113","line":28,"x":53.85842895,"y":98.67610168,"width":"301.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.9 Assumed average development of specific (per $GDP) ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.159729,"width":"259.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"in the ‘Industry’ sector ............................................................... 115","line":3,"x":111.85829925,"y":573.159729,"width":"263.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.10 Assumed average development in final energy use ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.159729,"width":"247.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.11 Assumed average developments of per capita electricity ","line":7,"x":53.8583107,"y":525.159729,"width":"270.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.12 Assumed average development of specific final energy ","line":10,"x":53.85831832,"y":489.159729,"width":"264.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.13 Development of power from co-generation ","line":13,"x":53.85831832,"y":453.159729,"width":"217.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.14 Development of heat from co-generation per $GDP ................. 126","line":15,"x":53.85832977,"y":429.159729,"width":"305.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 6.1 Pkm “per km” shift from domestic aviation ","line":16,"x":53.85834121,"y":411.159729,"width":"215.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"to trains (in %) ........................................................................... 151","line":17,"x":111.8583374,"y":399.159729,"width":"262.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 6.2 Global tkm shifts from truck to train in the 2.0°C ","line":18,"x":53.85834121,"y":387.159729,"width":"240.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5°C Scenarios (in %) ....................................................... 155","line":19,"x":111.8583374,"y":375.159729,"width":"264.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.1 Theoretical and technical renewable energy potentials ","line":20,"x":53.85834884,"y":357.159729,"width":"257.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"versus utilization in 2015 ........................................................... 163","line":21,"x":111.85835266,"y":345.159729,"width":"263.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.2 [R]E-SPACE: key results part 1 ................................................. 169","line":22,"x":53.85834884,"y":333.159729,"width":"300.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.3 [R]E-SPACE: key results part 2 ................................................. 171","line":23,"x":53.8583603,"y":321.159729,"width":"300.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.1 Global: development of renewable electricity-generation ","line":24,"x":53.85837173,"y":303.159729,"width":"267.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity in the scenarios ............................................................ 180","line":25,"x":111.85836791,"y":291.159729,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.2 Global: development of renewable heat supply ","line":26,"x":53.85837936,"y":279.159729,"width":"228.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 184","line":27,"x":111.85838317,"y":267.159729,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.3 Global: installed capacities for renewable heat generation ","line":28,"x":53.85837936,"y":255.15971374,"width":"271.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios .......................................................................... 185","line":29,"x":111.85838317,"y":243.15971374,"width":"262.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.4 Global: projection of transport energy demand ","line":30,"x":53.8583908,"y":231.15971374,"width":"227.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 187","line":31,"x":111.8583908,"y":219.15971374,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.5 Global: projection of bunker fuel demands for aviation ","line":32,"x":53.85839843,"y":207.15971374,"width":"260.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"and navigation by fuel in the scenarios ...................................... 191","line":33,"x":111.8583908,"y":195.15971374,"width":"264.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.6 Economic potential within a space-constrained scenario ","line":34,"x":53.85839843,"y":183.15971374,"width":"264.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"and utilization rates for the 2.0°C and 1.5°C scenarios ........... 194","line":35,"x":111.85839843,"y":171.15971374,"width":"263.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.7 World: average annual change in the installed power ","line":36,"x":53.85840988,"y":159.15971374,"width":"251.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.8 Global: power system shares by technology group .................... 197","line":38,"x":53.85840988,"y":135.15971374,"width":"302.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.9 Global: capacity factors for variable and dispatchable","line":39,"x":53.85842132,"y":123.15972137,"width":"252.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.10 Global: load, generation, and residual load development .......... 200","line":41,"x":53.85842895,"y":99.15972137,"width":"305.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.11 Global: storage and dispatch ...................................................... 205","line":42,"x":53.8584404,"y":87.15972137,"width":"306.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.12 Required increases in storage capacities until 2050 ................... 208","line":43,"x":53.85845184,"y":75.15972137,"width":"307.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.13 Estimated average global investment costs for batty ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"252.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.14 OECD North America: development of renewable ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"247.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 211","line":4,"x":111.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"262.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.15 OECD North America: development of renewable heat ","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"266.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 215","line":7,"x":111.85830688,"y":525.15979003,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.16 OECD North America: installed capacities ","line":8,"x":53.85831832,"y":513.15979003,"width":"217.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"for renewable heat generation in the scenarios .......................... 216","line":9,"x":111.85830688,"y":501.15979003,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.17 OECD North America: projection of the transport ","line":10,"x":53.85831832,"y":489.15979003,"width":"245.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"energy demand by mode in the scenarios .................................. 217","line":11,"x":111.85832214,"y":477.15979003,"width":"263.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.18 OECD North America: average annual change ","line":12,"x":53.85832977,"y":465.15979003,"width":"232.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"in installed power plant capacity ............................................... 222","line":13,"x":111.85832977,"y":453.15979003,"width":"262.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.19 OECD North America and sub-regions: power system ","line":14,"x":53.85832977,"y":441.15979003,"width":"262.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"shares by technology group ....................................................... 223","line":15,"x":111.85832977,"y":429.15979003,"width":"262.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.20 OECD North America: capacity factors ","line":16,"x":53.85834121,"y":417.15979003,"width":"204.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"by generation type ...................................................................... 225","line":17,"x":111.8583374,"y":405.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.21 OECD North America: load, generation, and residual ","line":18,"x":53.85834121,"y":393.15979003,"width":"259.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"load development ....................................................................... 226","line":19,"x":111.8583374,"y":381.15979003,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.22 OECD North America: storage and dispatch ","line":20,"x":53.85834884,"y":369.15979003,"width":"223.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.23 Latin America: development of renewable ","line":22,"x":53.8583603,"y":345.15979003,"width":"215.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 232","line":23,"x":111.85835266,"y":333.15979003,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.24 Latin America: development of renewable heat ","line":24,"x":53.8583603,"y":321.15979003,"width":"234.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 236","line":26,"x":111.8583603,"y":297.15979003,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.25 Latin America: installed capacities for renewable ","line":27,"x":53.85837173,"y":285.15979003,"width":"242.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation in the scenarios ................................................. 238","line":28,"x":111.85836791,"y":273.15979003,"width":"263.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.26 Latin America: projection of transport energy demand ","line":29,"x":53.85837173,"y":261.15979003,"width":"262.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 239","line":30,"x":111.85836791,"y":249.15977478,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.27 Latin America: average annual change in installed ","line":31,"x":53.85837936,"y":237.15977478,"width":"247.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.28 Latin America: power system shares by technology group ........ 243","line":33,"x":53.85837936,"y":213.15977478,"width":"307.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.29 Latin America: capacity factors by generation type ................... 245","line":34,"x":53.85837936,"y":201.15977478,"width":"307.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.30 Latin America: load, generation, and residual ","line":35,"x":53.8583908,"y":189.15977478,"width":"227.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"load development ....................................................................... 246","line":36,"x":111.8583908,"y":177.15977478,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.31 Latin America: storage and dispatch service ","line":37,"x":53.85839843,"y":165.15977478,"width":"222.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"requirements in the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios ....................... 249","line":38,"x":111.85839843,"y":153.15977478,"width":"264.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.32 OECD Europe: development of renewable ","line":39,"x":53.85839843,"y":141.15977478,"width":"216.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 252","line":40,"x":111.85839843,"y":129.15977478,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.33 OECD Europe: development of renewable heat ","line":41,"x":53.85840988,"y":117.1597824,"width":"235.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 256","line":43,"x":111.8584137,"y":93.1597824,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.34 OECD Europe: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":44,"x":53.85840988,"y":81.1597824,"width":"263.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 258","line":45,"x":111.8584137,"y":69.1597824,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.35 OECD Europe: projection of the transport energy ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"244.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by mode in the scenarios .............................................. 259","line":2,"x":111.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"263.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.36 OECD Europe: average annual change in installed ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"248.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.37 OECD Europe: power system shares by technology group ....... 263","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"306.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.38 OECD Europe: capacity factors by generation type .................. 265","line":6,"x":53.85831832,"y":537.15979003,"width":"305.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.39 OECD Europe: load, generation, and residual ","line":7,"x":53.85832977,"y":525.15979003,"width":"228.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"load development ....................................................................... 266","line":8,"x":111.85832977,"y":513.15979003,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.40 OECD Europe: storage and dispatch service requirements ....... 267","line":9,"x":53.85834121,"y":501.15979003,"width":"305.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.41 Africa: development of renewable electricity-generation ","line":10,"x":53.85834121,"y":489.15979003,"width":"271.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity in the scenarios ............................................................ 271","line":11,"x":111.8583374,"y":477.15979003,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.42 Africa: development of renewable heat supply ","line":12,"x":53.85834884,"y":465.15979003,"width":"231.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 275","line":13,"x":111.85835266,"y":453.15979003,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.43 Africa: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":14,"x":53.8583603,"y":441.15979003,"width":"230.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 276","line":15,"x":111.85835266,"y":429.15979003,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.44 Africa: projection of transport energy demand ","line":16,"x":53.8583603,"y":417.15979003,"width":"230.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 277","line":17,"x":111.8583603,"y":405.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.45 Africa: average annual change in installed power ","line":18,"x":53.85837173,"y":393.15979003,"width":"242.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.46 Africa: power system shares by technology group .................... 282","line":20,"x":53.85837173,"y":369.15979003,"width":"305.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.47 Africa: capacity factors by generation type ............................... 283","line":21,"x":53.85837936,"y":357.15979003,"width":"305.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.48 Africa: load, generation, and residual load development ........... 284","line":22,"x":53.8583908,"y":345.15979003,"width":"306.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.49 Africa: storage and dispatch service requirements ..................... 285","line":23,"x":53.85839843,"y":333.15979003,"width":"307.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.50 Middle East: development of renewable ","line":24,"x":53.85840988,"y":321.15979003,"width":"206.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 289","line":25,"x":111.8584137,"y":309.15979003,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.51 Middle East: development of renewable heat supply ","line":26,"x":53.85842132,"y":297.15979003,"width":"254.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 293","line":27,"x":111.85842132,"y":285.15979003,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.52 Middle East: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":28,"x":53.85842132,"y":273.15979003,"width":"253.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 294","line":29,"x":111.85842132,"y":261.15979003,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.53 Middle East: projection of transport energy demand ","line":30,"x":53.85842895,"y":249.15977478,"width":"253.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 295","line":31,"x":111.85842895,"y":237.15977478,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.54 Middle East: average annual change in installed ","line":32,"x":53.85842895,"y":225.15977478,"width":"238.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.55 Middle East: power system shares by technology group ........... 300","line":34,"x":53.8584404,"y":201.15977478,"width":"306.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.56 Middle East: capacity factors by generation type ...................... 302","line":35,"x":53.85845184,"y":189.15977478,"width":"305.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.57 Middle East: load, generation, and residual ","line":36,"x":53.85845947,"y":177.15977478,"width":"218.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"load development ....................................................................... 303","line":37,"x":111.85845947,"y":165.15977478,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.58 Middle East: storage and dispatch service requirements ........... 304","line":38,"x":53.85845947,"y":153.15977478,"width":"305.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.59 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of renewable ","line":39,"x":53.85847091,"y":141.15977478,"width":"251.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 308","line":40,"x":111.8584671,"y":129.15977478,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.60 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of renewable ","line":41,"x":53.85847854,"y":117.1597824,"width":"251.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 312","line":43,"x":111.85848236,"y":93.1597824,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.61 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: installed capacities for renewable ","line":44,"x":53.85849,"y":81.1597824,"width":"279.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation in the scenarios ................................................. 313","line":45,"x":111.85848236,"y":69.1597824,"width":"263.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.62 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: projection of transport energy ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"265.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by mode in the scenarios .............................................. 315","line":2,"x":111.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"263.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.63 Eurasia: average annual change in installed power ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"246.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.64 Eurasia: power system shares by technology group ................... 319","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"307.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.65 Eurasia: capacity factors by generation type .............................. 321","line":6,"x":53.8583107,"y":537.15979003,"width":"307.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.66 Eurasia: load, generation, and residual load development ......... 322","line":7,"x":53.85831832,"y":525.15979003,"width":"306.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.67 Eurasia: storage and dispatch service requirements ................... 323","line":8,"x":53.85832977,"y":513.15979003,"width":"306.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.68 Non-OECD Asia: development of renewable ","line":9,"x":53.85834121,"y":501.15979003,"width":"225.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 327","line":10,"x":111.8583374,"y":489.15979003,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.69 Non-OECD Asia: development of renewable heat ","line":11,"x":53.85834121,"y":477.15979003,"width":"244.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 331","line":13,"x":111.8583374,"y":453.15979003,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.70 Non-OECD Asia: installed capacities for renewable ","line":14,"x":53.85834884,"y":441.15979003,"width":"253.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation in the scenarios ................................................. 332","line":15,"x":111.85835266,"y":429.15979003,"width":"263.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.71 Non-OECD Asia: projection of transport energy demand ","line":16,"x":53.8583603,"y":417.15979003,"width":"273.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 333","line":17,"x":111.85835266,"y":405.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.72 Non-OECD Asia: average annual change in installed ","line":18,"x":53.8583603,"y":393.15979003,"width":"257.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.73 Non-OECD Asia: power system shares ","line":20,"x":53.85837173,"y":369.15979003,"width":"202.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"by technology group .................................................................. 338","line":21,"x":111.85836791,"y":357.15979003,"width":"262.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"by generation type ...................................................................... 340","line":23,"x":111.85836791,"y":333.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.75 Non-OECD Asia: load, generation, and residual ","line":24,"x":53.85837936,"y":321.15979003,"width":"238.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.77 India: development of renewable electricity-generation ","line":28,"x":53.8583908,"y":273.15979003,"width":"266.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity in the scenarios ............................................................ 347","line":29,"x":111.8583908,"y":261.15979003,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.78 India: development of renewable heat supply ","line":30,"x":53.85839843,"y":249.15977478,"width":"226.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 350","line":31,"x":111.8583908,"y":237.15977478,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.79 India: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":32,"x":53.85839843,"y":225.15977478,"width":"225.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 351","line":33,"x":111.85839843,"y":213.15977478,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.80 India: projection of transport energy demand ","line":34,"x":53.85840988,"y":201.15977478,"width":"225.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 353","line":35,"x":111.8584137,"y":189.15977478,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.81 India: average annual change in installed power ","line":36,"x":53.85840988,"y":177.15977478,"width":"237.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.82 India: power system shares by technology group ...................... 358","line":38,"x":53.85842132,"y":153.15977478,"width":"305.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.83 India: capacity factors by generation type ................................. 358","line":39,"x":53.85842895,"y":141.15977478,"width":"305.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.84 India: load, generation, and residual load development ............. 359","line":40,"x":53.8584404,"y":129.15977478,"width":"306.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.85 India: storage and dispatch service requirements ....................... 360","line":41,"x":53.85845184,"y":117.1597824,"width":"307.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.86 China: development of renewable electricity-generation ","line":42,"x":53.85845184,"y":105.1597824,"width":"269.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity in the scenarios ............................................................ 363","line":43,"x":111.85845184,"y":93.1597824,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.87 China: development of renewable heat supply ","line":44,"x":53.85845184,"y":81.1597824,"width":"229.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 367","line":45,"x":111.85845184,"y":69.1597824,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.88 China: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"228.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 368","line":2,"x":111.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.89 China: projection of transport energy demand ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"229.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 370","line":4,"x":111.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.90 China: average annual change in installed power ","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"240.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.91 China: power system shares by technology group ..................... 374","line":7,"x":53.85831832,"y":525.15979003,"width":"306.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.92 China: capacity factors by generation type ................................ 376","line":8,"x":53.85832977,"y":513.15979003,"width":"306.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.93 China: load, generation, and residual load development ........... 377","line":9,"x":53.85834121,"y":501.15979003,"width":"305.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.94 China: storage and dispatch service requirements ..................... 379","line":10,"x":53.85834121,"y":489.15979003,"width":"305.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.95 OECD Pacific: development of renewable ","line":11,"x":53.85834884,"y":477.15979003,"width":"214.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 383","line":12,"x":111.85835266,"y":465.15979003,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.96 OECD Pacific: development of renewable heat ","line":13,"x":53.8583603,"y":453.15979003,"width":"233.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.97 OECD Pacific: installed capacities for renewable ","line":16,"x":53.85837173,"y":417.15979003,"width":"242.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation in the scenarios ................................................. 387","line":17,"x":111.8583603,"y":405.15979003,"width":"263.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.98 OECD Pacific: projection of transport energy demand ","line":18,"x":53.85837173,"y":393.15979003,"width":"262.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 389","line":19,"x":111.85836791,"y":381.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.99 OECD Pacific: average annual change in installed ","line":20,"x":53.85837936,"y":369.15979003,"width":"246.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.100 OECD Pacific: power system shares by technology group ........ 394","line":22,"x":53.85837936,"y":345.15979003,"width":"311.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.101 OECD Pacific: capacity factors by generation type ................... 396","line":23,"x":53.8583908,"y":333.15979003,"width":"311.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.102 OECD Pacific: load, generation, and residual load ","line":24,"x":53.85839843,"y":321.15979003,"width":"251.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.103 OECD Pacific: storage and dispatch service requirements ........ 398","line":26,"x":53.85840988,"y":297.15979003,"width":"311.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 9.1 Fossil reserves, resources, and additional occurrences .............. 404","line":27,"x":53.85842132,"y":279.15979003,"width":"300.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 9.2 Summary—coal, oil, and gas trajectories for a just ","line":28,"x":53.85842895,"y":267.15979003,"width":"243.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"transition under the 5.0°C, 2.0°C, and 1.5°C Scenarios ......... 410","line":29,"x":111.85842132,"y":255.15977478,"width":"263.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.1 Summary of employment factors used in a global ","line":30,"x":53.85842895,"y":237.15977478,"width":"244.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"analysis in 2012 ......................................................................... 415","line":31,"x":111.85842895,"y":225.15977478,"width":"262.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.2 Employment factors used for coal fuel supply ","line":32,"x":53.8584404,"y":213.15977478,"width":"229.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"(mining and associated jobs) ..................................................... 415","line":33,"x":111.85843658,"y":201.15977478,"width":"262.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.3 Regional multipliers used for the quantitative calculation ","line":34,"x":53.8584404,"y":189.15977478,"width":"274.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.4 Wind and solar PV manufacturing–study methodology ............ 421","line":36,"x":53.85845184,"y":165.15977478,"width":"305.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.5 Occupational hierarchy, solar PV construction .......................... 422","line":37,"x":53.85845947,"y":153.15977478,"width":"306.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.6 Occupational compositions for renewable and fossil ","line":38,"x":53.85847091,"y":141.15977478,"width":"254.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.7 Jobs created and lost between 2015 and 2025 under ","line":40,"x":53.85847091,"y":117.1597824,"width":"253.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.8 Jobs created or lost between 2015 and 2025 by region ","line":42,"x":53.85847854,"y":93.1597824,"width":"262.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"under the 1.5°C Scenario .......................................................... 430","line":43,"x":111.85848236,"y":81.1597824,"width":"263.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.9 Jobs created and lost between 2015 and 2025 under ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"253.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario .................................................................... 431","line":2,"x":111.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"262.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.10 Jobs created or lost between 2015 and 2025 by region ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"267.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"under the 2.0 °C Scenario .......................................................... 432","line":4,"x":111.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"263.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.1 Summary of metal scenarios ...................................................... 443","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":543.15979003,"width":"306.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.2 Material intensity and recycling rates ........................................ 444","line":6,"x":53.85831832,"y":531.15979003,"width":"305.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.4 Metal assumptions ...................................................................... 445","line":8,"x":53.85834121,"y":507.15979003,"width":"307.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.5 Comparison of results with other studies ................................... 452","line":9,"x":53.85834884,"y":495.15979003,"width":"306.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Brief introduction to the UNFCCC Paris Agreement and its main goals, ","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":477.13769531,"width":"328.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["BVRIAQ+VnxxvjKxlcpvTrncyxTimesLTStd-Bold","MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"between those scenarios and the newly developed 1.5°C and 2.0°C scenarios pre -","line":10,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":429.13769531,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"1. This Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the Convention, ","line":15,"x":66.10549829999998,"y":331.89089965,"width":"307.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"(a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below ","line":19,"x":79.46549890999998,"y":277.89089965,"width":"292.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the tem -","line":20,"x":95.26550195999998,"y":265.89089965,"width":"278.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"(b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate ","line":23,"x":78.60549829999998,"y":229.89089965,"width":"295.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"climate actions (Rogelj etal. 2016 ). The aim of this research is to develop practical ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":461.1947937,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"pathways to achieve the Paris climate goals in an economically feasible and sustain -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":449.1947937,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"produce energy, because energy-related CO 2 emissions are the main driver of cli -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":411.6947937,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"energy- related emissions and mitigation measures because it is essential to address ","line":10,"x":53.8623085,"y":389.1947937,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario studies are an important way of linking expected or assumed anthropo -","line":15,"x":65.86231231,"y":329.1947937,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"must adopt a holistic approach and integrate comprehensive state-of-the-art back -","line":24,"x":53.8623085,"y":221.1947937,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"Existing global scenario studies do not provide a comprehensive view of the pos -","line":27,"x":65.86231231,"y":185.1947937,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"most scenario models are based on objective cost-optimizing functions, which over -","line":31,"x":53.8623085,"y":137.1947937,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"misleading and fallacious ‘optimized’ scenario pathways and derived policy recom -","line":35,"x":53.8623085,"y":89.1947937,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"mendations (see e.g., Mai etal. 2013 ; Mohn 2016 ).","line":36,"x":53.8623085,"y":77.1947937,"width":"204.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"(c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low green -","line":37,"x":78.00330352,"y":586.07470703,"width":"291.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"2. This Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of ","line":39,"x":64.94329833,"y":556.07470703,"width":"307.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"unknown, disadvantages. These technologies include nuclear power generation, car -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"bon capture and sequestration, and geoengineering (see e.g., Rogelj et al. 2018 ; ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"Kriegler etal. 2015 ). Such scenarios involve considerable risk. Moreover, the reader ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"334.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"therefore has limited information about the transparency and traceability of the fac -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"of the global transition to renewable energy. We provide two exemplary develop -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"In addition to scenario building, we assess the major economic and infrastruc -","line":17,"x":65.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"tural implications of the two pathways in comparison with a 5.0°C ‘reference’ sce -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"published in the Word Energy Outlook 2017 (IEA-WEO 2017 ). We do not claim that ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"333.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"of possible climate mitigation pathways and the contributions of the illustrated strat -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"modelled by applying a feasible model with reduced complexity, which is fre -","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":201.15977478,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"Any scenario building on a global scale must severely simplify the complex tran -","line":36,"x":65.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"sition processes and their interrelations. The introduction of different new technolo -","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"achievable, it will be essential for developing countries to avoid inefficient tech -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"Paris/International Energy Agency, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/weo-2017-en .","line":11,"x":65.86029815,"y":433.16378784,"width":"269.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO (USA). URL: http://iea-retd.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/","line":14,"x":65.86029815,"y":403.17578125,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"RE-ASSUME_IEA-RETD_2013.pdf (accessed on July 27th, 2015).","line":15,"x":65.86029815,"y":393.17977905,"width":"231.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"Business School, Norwegian School of Economics. Available at: http://www1.uis.no/ansatt/","line":17,"x":65.86029815,"y":373.18780517,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.06929016,"width":"327.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["BVRIAQ+VnxxvjKxlcpvTrncyxTimesLTStd-Bold","MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.07328796,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman","VZMDTX+CwjlgqLvlqkdLrqllqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This chapter sets the context for the climate and energy scenario develop -","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"325.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold","VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"past decade. Trends in the power-, transport- and heating sector in regard to technolo -","line":12,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":393.13769531,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"2.1 Scientific Status Quo ofClimate Change Research","line":15,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":325.14169311,"width":"270.77","height":"12.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"scattering gases, such as N 2 and O 2 (100 W/m 2 ) or is absorbed by the troposphere ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":583.65979003,"width":"335.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"(75W/m 2 ) (Stephens etal. 2012 ). With the exception of clouds and aerosols, this win -","line":3,"x":53.85879135,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"There is a second window for radiation, through which outgoing long-wave radi -","line":10,"x":65.85919952,"y":489.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"vapour, humanity is now adding more layers of absorbers of other long-wave radia -","line":20,"x":53.85919952,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"existing curtain and closing the curtain further across the long-wave radiation win -","line":22,"x":53.85919952,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"dow. Compared with the overall incoming solar radiation at 340W/m 2 , the ‘curtain’ ","line":23,"x":53.85919952,"y":333.15979003,"width":"333.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"generated by human-induced increases in the concentrations of long-lived green -","line":24,"x":53.8548088,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"house gases (CO 2 , CH 4 , halocarbons, N 2 O and fluorinated gases) appears to be of ","line":25,"x":53.8548088,"y":307.65979003,"width":"334.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"little importance, as it “only” amounts to 2.83W/m 2 . The addition and subtraction ","line":26,"x":53.86120986,"y":297.15979003,"width":"334.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"(year 2011) forcing of 2.29W/m 2 .","line":28,"x":53.86071014,"y":273.15979003,"width":"136.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"anthropogenic activities. In fact, the human-induced release of GHGs into the atmo -","line":31,"x":53.85718917,"y":203.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"It is not only the magnitude of the anthropogenic emissions of CO 2 that makes it ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"322.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"difference between CO 2 and almost all other GHGs and aerosols. Over the time ","line":3,"x":53.85741043,"y":571.65979003,"width":"335.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"scales of interest here, CO 2 does not have a finite lifetime in the atmosphere. All ","line":4,"x":53.85800933,"y":559.65979003,"width":"335.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"for example, consumed by the bacteria in soils. However, once CO 2 is released from ","line":6,"x":53.85570144,"y":535.65979003,"width":"333.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"and the atmosphere. Therefore, if CO 2 is added to one, the level in all three pools ","line":9,"x":53.85411834,"y":499.65979003,"width":"334.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"example, whereas CO 2 is consumed by plants during the photosynthesis process and ","line":11,"x":53.85541152,"y":475.65979003,"width":"333.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"then built into plant tissue as carbon, this same carbon is released again as CO 2","line":12,"x":53.85990142,"y":463.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"and other animals oxidize the food they eat. Therefore, a kilogram of CO 2 emissions ","line":14,"x":53.86180114,"y":439.65979003,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"will increase the atmospheric CO 2 concentration for hundreds or even thousands of ","line":15,"x":53.85630035,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"years. Initially, the average CO 2 concentration will shoot up by that kilogram, and ","line":16,"x":53.86080932,"y":415.65979003,"width":"334.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report highlighted this key difference between CO 2","line":19,"x":65.85559844,"y":379.65979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"and other GHGs. The airborne fraction of CO 2 emissions diminishes over time, as ","line":20,"x":53.86180114,"y":367.65979003,"width":"334.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"for other GHGs. However, the airborne CO 2 fraction does not decline to zero over ","line":21,"x":53.8592987,"y":355.65979003,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"mechanisms mean that higher CO 2 concentrations cause more carbon to remain in ","line":23,"x":53.85950088,"y":331.65979003,"width":"334.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"the atmosphere. Acting in the other direction, any extra amount of CO 2 in the atmo -","line":24,"x":53.86029815,"y":319.65979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"sphere will have less and less effect on radiative forcing, i.e., how much each CO 2","line":25,"x":53.85509872,"y":307.65979003,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"caused by CO 2 emissions. In other words, every extra kilogram of CO 2 produces a ","line":33,"x":53.86180114,"y":211.6598053,"width":"334.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"slightly greater increase in temperature than the preceding kilogram, and the warm -","line":34,"x":53.85749816,"y":201.1598053,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"100 or 500years. Over time, less of the CO 2 will remain in the atmosphere, but the ","line":36,"x":53.85749816,"y":175.6598053,"width":"334.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 that has ever been emitted, largely independent of when a certain amount of ","line":42,"x":53.86211013,"y":103.65979766,"width":"334.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 was emitted in the past. Based on this understanding, we can compute the car -","line":43,"x":53.8580017,"y":91.65979766,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"unknown amount of warming arises in response to other GHG emissions and aero -","line":45,"x":53.85799026,"y":69.15979766,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State ofResearch","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"is the sum of the linear CO 2 -induced warming level (often described as the ‘tran -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":571.65979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"sient climate response to cumulative emissions of carbon’) and a smaller and some -","line":4,"x":53.8567009,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"a multi-gas world) that would be consistent with, for example, temperatures main -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"emit 1320 GtCO 2 before reaching 2.0 °C warming (66% chance) and 770 GtCO 2","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":307.65979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"further 100 GtCO 2 to account for the additional Earth system feedback that has ","line":23,"x":53.86180114,"y":283.65979003,"width":"335.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"historical temperature evolution is used (i.e., calculated by consistently using prox -","line":25,"x":53.8536911,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"The substantial difference between these two sets of figures (and also their dif -","line":34,"x":65.8536911,"y":153.15979003,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"e.g., Schurer etal. 2017 , 2018 ; Hawkins etal. 2017 ). As already mentioned, one of ","line":37,"x":53.8536911,"y":117.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"the key factors in deriving a carbon budget is the estimated current level of warm -","line":38,"x":53.8536911,"y":105.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"‘hiatus’ period substantially influences the level of warming that is taken as a start -","line":41,"x":53.8536911,"y":69.1597824,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"recent upswing in the global mean temperatures gives us an idea of how much natu -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"discussion in the determination of carbon budgets include the pre-industrial warm -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"ing level and the already-mentioned amount of warming induced by non-CO 2 gases.","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":547.65979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"This study does not aim to resolve the differences in opinions about carbon bud -","line":6,"x":65.86250305,"y":537.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"undoubtedly allowed great growth in prosperity across the globe, but their replace -","line":17,"x":53.86249923,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"2.2 Development ofEnergy Markets—Past andPresent","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":337.15979003,"width":"279.08","height":"12.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"power, heating, and transport sectors up to the year of writing (2018). These devel -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"global context. The research and data in Sect. 2.2.1 are based on the REN21 ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15979003,"width":"336.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"2.2.1 Global Trends inRenewable Energy in2018","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":193.1598053,"width":"243.45","height":"12.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+MsgvqrMjxxtlDjlkftTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"In 2017, ongoing trends continued: solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power domi -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.1598053,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"nated the global market for new power plants, the price of renewable energy tech -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.1598053,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"existing fossil fuel power plants in some markets (Malik 2017 ). Electrification of ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.15979766,"width":"334.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State ofResearch","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"increases in the coal, gas, and nuclear capacities (FS-UNEP 2018 ). Storage is ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"336.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). However, bioenergy (including traditional biomass) remains the leading ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"336.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"overall energy demand (except for the drop in 2009 after the global economic reces -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"Since 2013, the global energy-related CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels have ","line":18,"x":65.85829925,"y":391.65979003,"width":"324.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"changed in 2017, with global CO 2 emissions growing by around 1.4% (REN21-","line":20,"x":53.8597908,"y":367.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"GSR 2018 ). These increased emissions were primarily due to increased coal con -","line":21,"x":53.85990142,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). This increased Chinese consumption, as well as steady growth of around 4% ","line":23,"x":53.85990142,"y":333.15979003,"width":"333.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"global decline observed from 2013 to 2016 (ENERDATA 2018 ).","line":25,"x":53.85990142,"y":309.15979003,"width":"257.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"the United Kingdom (Carrington 2017 ). An increasing number of companies who ","line":29,"x":53.85990142,"y":261.15979003,"width":"334.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"business (Shearer 2017 ). Also in 2017, 26 of 28 European Union member states ","line":31,"x":53.85990142,"y":237.15979003,"width":"335.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"year, announced plans to become coal-free by 2030 (Campbell 2017 ).","line":34,"x":53.85990142,"y":201.15979003,"width":"278.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"still almost double the prices from 1996 to 2005 (Statista 2018 ). Natural gas prices ","line":37,"x":53.85990142,"y":165.15977478,"width":"334.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"decreased further in 2017 (BP 2017 ). Low fossil fuel prices have challenged renew -","line":39,"x":53.85990142,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"able energy markets, especially in the heating and transport sectors (IEA-RE 2016 ).","line":40,"x":53.85990142,"y":129.15977478,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"The value of direct global fossil fuel consumption subsidies in 2016 was esti -","line":41,"x":65.85990142,"y":117.1597824,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). The value of fossil fuel subsidies also increases by an order of magnitude if ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"externalities are considered (IMF 2015 ). Although the Group of Twenty (G20) reaf -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"civil society to both increase transparency and accelerate the process (G20- 2017 ). ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"The main problems identified include that the G20 has not defined ‘inefficient sub -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), a technical meet -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"23rd Conference of the Parties (COP23) (UNFCCC 2017 ). Although renewable ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"335.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy commitments could be ramped up (Timberley 2017 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"284.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"regions have introduced 100% renewable energy targets. The number of cities pow -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"and Oslo (CDP-WEB 2018 ).","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"114.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"2016 . In December 2017 (REN21-GSR 2018 ), China launched the first phase of its ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman","VZMDTX+CwjlgqLvlqkdLrqllqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"power companies emitting more than 3 billion tonnes of CO 2 annually (Xu and ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":259.65979003,"width":"335.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"Mason 2017 ). For comparison, the emissions trading scheme of the European Union ","line":30,"x":53.85348892,"y":249.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"included around 1.7 billion tonnes of CO 2 in 2016 (EC 2017 ). Reforms to the ","line":31,"x":53.85348892,"y":235.6598053,"width":"335.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"plants larger than 50 megawatts [MW]) was USD 280 billion (REN21-GSR 2018 ), ","line":36,"x":53.8567009,"y":177.1598053,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe since about 2010, with a drop of 30% from 2016 to 2017 (UNEP-FS 2018 ).","line":45,"x":53.8567009,"y":69.15979766,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State ofResearch","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"with more than 70% of deals involving solar PV or wind, and 16% involving biofu -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"els (Bloomberg 2017 ). However, this is dwarfed by the spending of these companies ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"(Schneyer and Bousso 2018 ). Bank finance for fossil fuels increased in 2017 by ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"335.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"11% relative to that in 2016, after a significant decline in 2016 (RAN 2018 ).","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"304.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"transport—is gaining increasing attention as a way to increase the uptake of renew -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"ables by the transport and thermal sectors. Sector coupling also allows the integra -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"hydropower. Several USA states are examining options for electrification, specifi -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"cally to increase the overall renewable energy share (NEEP 2017 ).","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"265.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"2.2.1.1 Trends intheRenewable Power Sector","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"192.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"power. Wind and hydropower installations were in second and third positions, con -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"global power-generating capacity, up from 63% in 2016 (REN21-GSR 2018 ). The ","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"334.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"energy in many markets, and even with existing fossil fuel generation in some mar -","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity generation. Offshore wind prices also fell significantly in 2017, as com -","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.1597824,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"By the end of 2017, the countries with the greatest total installed renewable elec -","line":3,"x":65.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"(32%, 10%, and 7%, respectively) (REN21-GSR 2018 ). Increasing proportions of ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"into their energy systems as instantaneous shares of the total demand for short peri -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"Ireland (60% of load from wind alone) (Parkinson 2017 ).","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"228.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"of grid integration challenges. In six of the jurisdictions with the highest VRE pen -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"etration, the curtailment rates were low (0–6%) in 2016 (Wynn 2018 ). Although ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"334.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"significantly reduced curtailment (Wynn 2018 ). Integration challenges have led to ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"335.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"CN 2018 ). These were reduced in 2017, with the average curtailment of wind power ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"solar PV was 6–7%, down 4.3% relative to that in 2016 (Haugwitz 2018 ).","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"291.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"power demand in some countries and by targeted renewable energy support mecha -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"nisms. 44 Solar PV and onshore wind power are now competitive with new fossil fuel ","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"communities) where electricity prices tend to be high (if they are not heavily subsi -","line":43,"x":53.8581009,"y":93.15979766,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State ofResearch","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity in 2016, 223 million fewer than in 2012 (IEA-WEO 2016 ; IEA-EAO ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"335.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). Distributed renewables for energy access (DREA) systems were serving an ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"334.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"new electricity connections worldwide between 2012 and 2016 (IRENA-P 2017 ). In ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"DREA systems (Dahlberg 2018 ). Off-grid solar devices, such as solar lanterns and ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial process heat (IEA-RE 2017 ). Around 27% of this was supplied by renew -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"cooking in the developing world (IEA-RE 2017 ). Renewable energy—excluding ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"335.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2017, up from about 6% in 2008 (REN21-GSR 2018 ).","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"227.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"for the past decade (IEA-Collier 2018 ). The use of modern renewable heat has ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15977478,"width":"335.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"in modern renewables for electricity (IEA-RE 2017 ). Renewable energy technolo -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"gies for heating and cooling include a variety of solar thermal collectors for differ -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"and subsequently used for heat; and any type of renewable electricity used for heat -","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"degrees Celsius for some industrial processes (Averfalk et al. 2017 ; USA-EPA ","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"336.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). The variety in renewable heating systems and applications is much greater ","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":81.1597824,"width":"334.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"(which was nearly all bioenergy), and geothermal at 2% (REN21-GSR 2018 ). ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). District heating systems are suitable for use in densely populated regions ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"335.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"with an annual heating demand during ≥ 4months of the year, such as in the north -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman","FBKGDD+DntjppKxpvkvHkthdrSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"the northern United States (IRENA-RE-H 2017 ). However, district heating supplies ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"333.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"0% to 42% (IRENA-RE-H 2017 ). Switching existing districting heating systems ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"335.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"from fossil fuels to renewables has considerable potential (IRENA-RE-H 2017 ). ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"(Brown 2018 ). District heating can combine different sources of heat, and can play ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"a reduction of 3% (REN21-GSR 2018 ) compared with 2016, but the markets in ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"335.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"Electricity accounts for an estimated 6% of the total heating and cooling con -","line":33,"x":65.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"be renewable (IEA-RE 2017 ). The further electrification of heating and cooling ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"335.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"Space cooling accounts for about 2% (REN21-GSR 2018 ) of the total world final ","line":41,"x":65.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"321.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"energy consumption, and is supplied almost entirely by electricity (IEA-RE 2017 ). ","line":42,"x":53.8583107,"y":105.1597824,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar-based space-cooling systems are still in the minority compared with conven -","line":43,"x":53.8583107,"y":93.1597824,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"use and 24% of GHG emissions (IEA-WEO 2017 ). The vast majority (92%) of ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"335.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"(2.9%) and electricity (1.4%) (IEA-WEO 2017 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"193.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"gas vehicles and infrastructure (these can run on upgraded biogas); and the electri -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"estimated to be 4.2% in 2016, with nearly all of that from biofuels (IEA-RE 2017 ). ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"(IEA OIL 2018 ). Biodiesel production remained relatively stable in 2017, following ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"333.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"a 9% increase in 2016 relative to 2015 (IEA OIL 2018 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"223.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"The technology for producing, purifying, and upgrading biogas for use in trans -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"good entry point for biogas in the transport sector (IRENA-RV- 2017 ). The largest ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"the UK, and the USA (IRENA-RV- 2017 ). The main barriers to the further expansion ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"metre (m 3 ), compared with natural gas prices, which are as low as USD 0.13 per m 3 . ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"However, the lack of consistent regulation and access to gas grids are also signifi -","line":28,"x":53.86180114,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"open to electrification. Fully electric passenger cars, scooters, and bicycles are rap -","line":32,"x":53.86180114,"y":213.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"ships were released in 2017 (Hawkins 2017 ).","line":34,"x":53.86180114,"y":189.15979003,"width":"180.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2017 (Guardian 25.12. 2017 ). Annual sales are still only a very small proportion ","line":36,"x":53.86180114,"y":165.15979003,"width":"334.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"Slovenia) or 2040 (France and the UK) (Bloomberg 11. 2017 ). The announcement ","line":40,"x":53.86180114,"y":117.15979003,"width":"334.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"(Wang 2017 ). Electric two- and three-wheel vehicles account for less than 0.5% of ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"for renewable energy and ease the integration of variable renewable energy, if mar -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"with the requirements of electricity systems. There are already examples of coun -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity, including the Netherlands (BI 2017 ), Delhi (Times of India 2017 ), and ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"Santiago de Chile (CT 2017 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"118.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"(US-EIA- 2017 ). In October 2016, the International Civil Aviation Organization ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"335.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"(ICAO), a UN agency, announced a landmark agreement to mitigate GHG emis -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"6.10. 2016 ). Together with technical and operational improvements, this agreement ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"334.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"in fuels produced from biomass and different types of waste (ICAO 2018 ). In 2017, ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"334.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"(US-EIA- 2017 ) and is responsible for approximately 2.0% of global CO 2 emis -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":295.65979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"were converted from diesel to electricity in 2017 (China Daily 14.11. 2017 ). In 2017, ","line":31,"x":53.85850143,"y":237.15979003,"width":"333.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"GHG strategy to be adopted in 2018 (IMO 2017 ).","line":35,"x":53.85850143,"y":189.15979003,"width":"198.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"most highly electrified transport sector. The share of rail transport powered by elec -","line":37,"x":53.85850143,"y":165.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"tricity was estimated to be 39% in 2015, up from 29% in 2005 (IEA-UIC 2017 ). Just ","line":38,"x":53.85850143,"y":153.15979003,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable sources (IEA-UIC 2017 ). Some jurisdictions are opting to ensure that the ","line":40,"x":53.85850143,"y":129.15979003,"width":"333.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"the share of renewable energy in their power sectors. For example, the Dutch rail -","line":42,"x":53.85850143,"y":105.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable electricity was achieved ahead of schedule in 2017 (Caughill 2017 ), and ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"Following the historic Paris Climate Agreement in December 2015, the interna -","line":5,"x":65.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Costa Rica, and the Paris Process on ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"335.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"Mobility and Climate (PPMC) are members of the Alliance, which includes coun -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"transport and climate change (UN-P 2018 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"172.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"Affairs and Review of Current Developments. (London, 2018) p.37. https://sandbag.org.uk/","line":15,"x":65.86029815,"y":385.16378784,"width":"319.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"Development, 2017), Page vii. https://www.ictsd.org/sites/default/files/research/phasing_out_","line":19,"x":65.86029815,"y":345.17977905,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat and Power (2017), page 5. http://www.iea-dhc.org/index.php?eID=tx_nawsecuredl&u=1","line":24,"x":65.86029815,"y":295.19979858,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"Bloomberg Markets, 25 October 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-24/","line":30,"x":65.86029815,"y":235.2237854,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"Bloomberg, 21 November 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/","line":33,"x":65.86029815,"y":205.23579406,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"gas—2016 in review”, presentation, (BP,June 2017) https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/","line":36,"x":65.86029815,"y":175.24778747,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"energy-2017-natural-gas.pdf According to https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/natural-","line":38,"x":65.86029815,"y":155.25578308,"width":"319.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":71,"change":"Addition","str":"gas , gas prices fell by 14% between 2 Jan 2017 and 1 January 2018 (viewed 21 March 2018)","line":39,"x":65.86029815,"y":145.25979614,"width":"315.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"15 January 2018, https://www.ecowatch.com/district-heating-energy-efficiency-2525685749.","line":2,"x":65.8608017,"y":588.19134521,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"Finley Engineering 28 Feb 2018). http://finleyusa.com/industries/energy/whitepapers/","line":5,"x":65.8608017,"y":558.2033081,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"Windpower Monthly, 6 April 2017. https://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1429875/eu-","line":8,"x":65.8608017,"y":528.21533203,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"nations-pledge-no-coal-plants-2020 ; Megan Darby. “Port of Amsterdam set to be coal-free by ","line":9,"x":65.8608017,"y":518.21929931,"width":"321.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"2030”. Climate Home News, 16 March 2017. http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/03/16/","line":10,"x":65.8608017,"y":508.22332763,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"Power”, Business Insider. 3 June 2017. http://uk.businessinsider.com/","line":13,"x":65.8608017,"y":478.23532104,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"coal”, The Guardian, 16 Nov 2017 (Bonn). https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/","line":16,"x":65.8608017,"y":448.24731445,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"https://www.cdp.net/en/cities/world-renewable-energy-cities website, September 2018","line":19,"x":65.8608017,"y":418.25930786,"width":"293.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"China Daily, 14 November 2017, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-11/14/con-","line":21,"x":65.8608017,"y":398.26733398,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"Clean Maritime Award 2017”, press release (Zurich: 14 June 2017), http://new.abb.com/","line":23,"x":65.8608017,"y":378.27532958,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"award-2017 ; Fred Lambert, “Two massive ferries are about to become the biggest all-electric ","line":25,"x":65.8608017,"y":358.2833252,"width":"322.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"ships in the world”, Electrek, 24 August 2017, https://electrek.co/2017/08/24/all-electric-fer -","line":26,"x":65.8608017,"y":348.287323,"width":"319.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"ries-abb/ ; Daniel Boffey,","line":27,"x":65.8608017,"y":338.2913208,"width":"83.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewables”, Clean Technica, 8 July 2017. https://cleantechnica.com/2017/07/08/","line":29,"x":65.8608017,"y":318.2993164,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 (Washington, DC: International Finance Corporation, 2018), p. 70, https://www.gogla.","line":32,"x":65.8608017,"y":288.31130981,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"continues to drop, 8th June 2017, viewed 13th March 2018, http://www.ecns.cn/2017/06-","line":35,"x":65.8608017,"y":258.32333374,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"verified emissions (in million tonnes CO2 equivalents), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/","line":40,"x":65.8608017,"y":208.34332275,"width":"319.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":72,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State ofResearch","line":50,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":73,"change":"Addition","str":"by 2040, AFP, 18th January 2018, viewed 16th March 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/","line":6,"x":65.86029815,"y":548.20733642,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":73,"change":"Addition","str":"Guardian (6.10.2016) Oliver Milman. “First deal to curb aviation emissions agreed in land -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":528.21533203,"width":"331.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":73,"change":"Addition","str":"mark UN accord”, 6 October 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/06/","line":9,"x":65.86029815,"y":518.21929931,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":73,"change":"Addition","str":"aviation-emissions-agreement-united-nations ; ICAO Website, Environment, September 2018, ","line":10,"x":65.86029815,"y":508.22332763,"width":"322.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":73,"change":"Addition","str":"Market” The Verge. 15 December 2017. https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/15/16773226/","line":16,"x":65.86029815,"y":448.24731445,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":73,"change":"Addition","str":"thor-trucks-electric-truck-etone-tesla ; Miquel Ros. “7 Electric Aircraft You Could Be Flying In ","line":17,"x":65.86029815,"y":438.25131225,"width":"321.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":73,"change":"Addition","str":"Soon.” CNN Travel. 21 November 2017. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/electric-aircraft/","line":18,"x":65.86029815,"y":428.25531005,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":73,"change":"Addition","str":"Mark Worldwide”. The Guardian, 25 December 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/","line":24,"x":65.86029815,"y":368.2793274,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":73,"change":"Addition","str":"IEA-WEO (2017), IEA, World Energy Outlook 2017 (Paris: 2017) p. 648. https://","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":138.37132263,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":74,"change":"Addition","str":"Strategic Electrification: Summary Report. (Massachusetts, USA 2017), http://www.neep.org/","line":28,"x":65.85739135,"y":328.2953186,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":74,"change":"Addition","str":"In S.A .”, Reneweconomy, 31 August 2017. http://reneweconomy.com.au/wind-output-hits-","line":33,"x":65.85739135,"y":278.31530761,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":74,"change":"Addition","str":"48% Of South Australia Power, Pushing Grid Demand To Record Low ”, Reneweconomy, 18 ","line":35,"x":65.85739135,"y":258.32333374,"width":"322.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":74,"change":"Addition","str":"Political Entities Exiting Coal”, Endcoal. 18 October 2017. https://endcoal.org/2017/10/","line":48,"x":65.85739135,"y":128.37532043,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"Statista (2018), Statista: “Average annual Brent crude oil price from 1976 to 2018 (in U.S. dol -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":568.19934082,"width":"331.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"from 1960 to 2018 (in U.S. dollars per barrel)”, https://www.statista.com/statistics/262858/","line":7,"x":65.86029815,"y":538.21130371,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"change-in-opec-crude-oil-prices-since-1960/ . viewed September 2018.","line":8,"x":65.86029815,"y":528.21533203,"width":"239.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"Schneyer, Bousso (2018), Ernest Scheyder , Ron Bousso , “Peak Oil? Majors Aren’t Buying Into ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":518.21929931,"width":"334.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"The Threat From Renewables”, Reuters, 8 November 2018. https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-oil-","line":10,"x":65.85179138,"y":508.22332763,"width":"319.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"Timberley (2017), Jocelyn Timperley, COP23: Key outcomes agreed at the UN cli -","line":16,"x":53.8498001,"y":448.24731445,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"mate talks in Bonn, CarbonBrief, 19 November 2017, https://www.carbonbrief.org/","line":17,"x":65.85179138,"y":438.25131225,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"Saurabh Mahapatra.. 24 April 2017. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/solar-","line":20,"x":65.85179138,"y":408.26330566,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"for Faster Climate Action, 11th November 2018, https://cop23.unfccc.int/news/","line":30,"x":65.85179138,"y":308.3033142,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"Heating and Cooling, Renewable Industrial Process Heat, https://www.epa.gov/rhc/renewable-","line":33,"x":65.85179138,"y":278.31530761,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":75,"change":"Addition","str":"Transportation sector passenger transport and energy consumption by region and mode: https://","line":36,"x":65.85179138,"y":248.32731628,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":76,"change":"Addition","str":"Next Big Future, 27t April 2017. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/04/electric-bikes-could-","line":2,"x":65.86340332,"y":588.19134521,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":76,"change":"Addition","str":"Dutch Market Back on Growth Track”. Bike Europe. 6 March 2018. http://www.bike-eu.com/","line":4,"x":65.86340332,"y":568.19934082,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":76,"change":"Addition","str":"big step vs. global warming”, Reuters, 19 December 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/","line":7,"x":65.86340332,"y":538.21130371,"width":"319.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":76,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":10,"x":53.86989974,"y":189.03131103,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold","VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":76,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":11,"x":53.86989974,"y":179.03530883,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":77,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":77,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract A detailed overview of the methodologies used to develop the 2.0°C and ","line":8,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":466.02770996,"width":"328.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":77,"change":"Addition","str":"• For the non-energy GHG emission pathways, the Generalized Equal Quantile ","line":14,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":388.02770996,"width":"326.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":77,"change":"Addition","str":"Walk (GQW) method, the land-based sequestration design method and the ","line":15,"x":65.85829828999998,"y":376.02770996,"width":"324.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":77,"change":"Addition","str":"• For the energy pathways, a renewable energy resources assessment for space ","line":17,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":352.02770996,"width":"326.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":77,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske ( * ) · C. Briggs · E. Dominish · D. Giurco · N. Florin · T. Morris · K. Nagrath","line":23,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":255.26539611,"width":"293.26","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","HVBIOU+TjlmstPwbvwvTypwppWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"Achieving the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement (UNFCCC 2015 ) will require ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"peak no later than 2020 (Hare and Roming 2016 ) and a drastic reduction in non-","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"energy- related greenhouse gases (GHGs), including land-use-related emissions ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"336.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"(Rogelj and den Elzen 2016 ). Over the past decades, numerous computer models ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"334.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"(Flato and Marotzke 2013 ). Whereas climate models analyse the effects of a variety ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"333.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"of GHG emissions, energy scenarios only cover energy-related CO 2 . Their purpose ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"is to investigate future energy systems to identify feasible technological and/or eco -","line":16,"x":53.8548088,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"nomic pathways. Like climate models, energy models are diverse and vary signifi -","line":17,"x":53.8548088,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"and Schaeffer 2011 ). Energy scenarios with high penetrations of variable renewable ","line":21,"x":53.8548088,"y":357.15979003,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"projection of developments in (future) technologies and potential markets; a consis -","line":27,"x":53.8548088,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"tent database of renewable energy potentials and their temporal and spatial distribu -","line":28,"x":53.8548088,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"flows and emissions across all energy subsectors, such as industry, transport, resi -","line":30,"x":53.8548088,"y":249.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"dential, etc.; and a comprehensive assessment of all CO 2 emissions, in order to assess ","line":31,"x":53.8548088,"y":235.6598053,"width":"333.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the time required for infrastructure planning and other substantial trans -","line":40,"x":53.85789871,"y":129.1598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"(Elliston and MacGill 2014 ; Teske and Dominish 2016 ; Klaus etal. 2010 ; Teske and ","line":44,"x":53.85789871,"y":81.15979766,"width":"333.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"Brown 2012 ), only a handful of analyses have been performed on a global level. The ","line":45,"x":53.85789871,"y":69.15979766,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"– A Road Map to 100 Percent Renewable Energy in 139 Countries by 2050, Mark ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"327.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 (Jacobson and Choi 2017 );","line":3,"x":65.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"129.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"– Internet of Energy, A 100% Renewable Electricity System, Christian Breyer, ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"328.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"(Breyer 2016 ; Breyer and Bogdanov 2018 );","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"174.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"– Energy [R]evolution—A sustainable World Energy Outlook 2015, Greenpeace ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"327.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"Germany (Teske and Pregger 2015 ).","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"144.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"Options with large uncertainties in terms of techno-economic, societal, and environ -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":447.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"University and the University of Technology Lappeenranta include an hourly simula -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"insights into the heat and transport sectors. However, all these studies cover only CO 2","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":361.65979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, our project combines these strengths into a single approach by com -","line":22,"x":65.86180114,"y":339.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"2015. It models scenarios of comprehensive pathways for power, heat, and fuel sup -","line":25,"x":53.86180114,"y":303.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"ply in 5-year steps, and includes specific insights from a transport model. The sce -","line":26,"x":53.86180114,"y":291.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"10 to 72 regions. Another significant improvement over existing studies is its com -","line":29,"x":53.86180114,"y":255.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"and a high-resolution integrated energy assessment model (IAM) provides addi -","line":31,"x":53.86180114,"y":231.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"the narratives and assumptions as core step of scenario development (see Chap. 5 ).","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":51.15980148,"width":"327.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"• Global GHG Model: The non-energy GHG emissions scenarios are calculated ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.1597824,"width":"326.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"– Generalized Equal Quantile Walk (GQW): This statistical method is used to ","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":525.1597824,"width":"315.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"complement the CO 2 pathways with the non-CO 2 regional emissions for the ","line":7,"x":77.85829925,"y":511.65978240000004,"width":"310.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"relevant GHGs and aerosols, based on a statistical analysis of the large num -","line":8,"x":77.85630798,"y":501.15978240000004,"width":"307.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5°C.The GQW method calculates the median non-CO 2 gas emission levels ","line":11,"x":77.85630798,"y":463.65978240000004,"width":"309.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"every 5years, conditional on the energy-related CO 2 emission level percentile ","line":12,"x":77.85710906,"y":451.65978240000004,"width":"309.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"– Land-based sequestration design: A Monte Carlo analysis across temperate, ","line":16,"x":65.86192321,"y":405.15978240000004,"width":"316.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"as a quantified literature synthesis of the potential for land-based CO 2 sequestra -","line":20,"x":77.86192321,"y":355.65978240000004,"width":"307.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"– Carbon cycle and climate modelling (MAGICC): This study used the ","line":22,"x":65.8628006,"y":333.15978240000004,"width":"318.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"• Renewable Resource Assessment [R]E-SPACE: This is based on a Geographic ","line":29,"x":53.8628006,"y":243.15978240000004,"width":"327.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"Information Systems (GIS) approach and provides maps of the solar and wind poten -","line":30,"x":65.8628006,"y":231.15978240000004,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"world, at a single point in time or over an extended period (Goodchild 2005 ). The ","line":32,"x":65.8628006,"y":207.15978240000004,"width":"322.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"• Transport model (TRAEM): The transport scenario model allows the representa -","line":36,"x":53.8628006,"y":159.15978240000004,"width":"323.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"• Energy system model (EM): The scenario model is a mathematical accounting ","line":43,"x":53.8628006,"y":75.15977477000003,"width":"326.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"• Power system model [R]E 24/7: This simulates the electricity system on an ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"327.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"hourly basis and at geographic resolution to assess the requirements for infra -","line":14,"x":65.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"(Teske 2015 ). High-penetration or renewable-energy-only scenarios will contain ","line":17,"x":65.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"historical demand curves are used, or—if unavailable—demand curves are cal -","line":24,"x":65.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.1 provides an overview of the interactions between the energy- and ","line":27,"x":65.85829925,"y":279.15979003,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"non-CO 2 emissions modules provide information on additional gases based on the ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":241.6598053,"width":"334.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"energy-related CO 2 emissions (output of the energy model). Besides the climate and ","line":31,"x":53.8580017,"y":229.6598053,"width":"333.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"resources have been calculated (see Sects. 3.6 and 3.7 ).","line":33,"x":53.85960006,"y":207.1598053,"width":"220.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"3.2 Global Mapping—Renewable Energy Potential inSpace-","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":169.1598053,"width":"306.32","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"viewing, editing, and analysis of geo-spatial data. It analyses and edits spatial infor -","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":67.15979766,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"t u p t u O","line":1,"x":322.6599121,"y":117.40640258,"width":"38.27","height":"12.83","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"GIS based renewable energy potentials based on weather & ","line":3,"x":70.53649902,"y":436.006073,"width":"245.42","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by mode full energy balances: final energy demand power, heat & transport, supply structure, primary energy","line":8,"x":82.5167923,"y":293.138031,"width":"484.40","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri","RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"balanced RE power system, storage ","line":11,"x":326.89678955,"y":472.71212768,"width":"149.37","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"& energy intensity development in all sectors and for 10 world regions","line":65,"x":208.58088684,"y":269.96359252,"width":"283.47","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"sustainable use and agroforestry options. ","line":71,"x":281.43780517,"y":195.975708,"width":"109.19","height":"6.42","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"complexity carbon cycle and climate model (MAGICC) to calculate the climatic effects of mult","line":73,"x":207.73228454,"y":100.74089813,"width":"380.63","height":"10.03","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold","RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"i- gas ","line":74,"x":267.63430786,"y":144.51716613,"width":"20.79","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"A list of regions and their respective clusters is given in Table 3.1 .","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":53.76380157,"width":"263.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.1 Overview of regions and sub-regions used in the analysis","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"226.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Regions Cluster/Sub-regions Regions Cluster / Sub-regions","line":9,"x":56.69285581000004,"y":583.9188184899999,"width":"195.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Eurasia Central Asia","line":21,"x":186.14784238000004,"y":571.3048048199998,"width":"67.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"India East India","line":59,"x":186.14782712000004,"y":367.7638197099999,"width":"51.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa Central Africa","line":64,"x":56.69282530000004,"y":295.9473219099998,"width":"70.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"China Central China","line":70,"x":186.14781186000005,"y":295.96432019999986,"width":"67.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East East ME","line":78,"x":56.69281384000004,"y":214.16031934999984,"width":"70.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific South Korea","line":85,"x":186.14781186000005,"y":214.18581677999984,"width":"90.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"from Vaisala 2017 . For this analysis, wind speed at a height of 80m was used to ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"334.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"mapped within the range of 5–12m/s to gain an understanding of the potential gen -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"Land Cover 2015 ), hosted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"334.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar Atlas 2016 ), owned by the World Bank Group and provided by SolarGis. Data ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"333.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"calculated at the cluster level using the Geometry tool in the QGIS-processing tool -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"potentials. The raster tools ‘clipper’ (used to cut a raster file to the size of the clus -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"The regional maps illustrate the different clusters that were identified for sce -","line":27,"x":65.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"The example given in Fig. 3.2 shows OECD North America—one of the 10 ","line":35,"x":65.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"system analysis (see Sect. 3.5 ) calculates an electricity demand and supply scenario ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"333.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"other (see Sect. 3.8 ).","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.15977478,"width":"82.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":85,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.2 OECD North America broken down into eight sub-regions","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":350.6592102,"width":"225.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":85,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.3 Current electricity infrastructure in China","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15200042,"width":"167.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"The example given in Fig. 3.3 shows the current electricity infrastructure—","line":2,"x":65.85829925,"y":579.1597900300001,"width":"317.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"the generation capacity for dispatch and the transmission capacity to transport elec -","line":5,"x":53.85829162,"y":543.1597900300001,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.4 gives an overview of the potential onshore wind-power-generation ","line":9,"x":65.85829162,"y":483.15979003000007,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.5 shows the suitable sites for utility-scale solar power sites in Central ","line":15,"x":65.85829162,"y":399.15979003000007,"width":"322.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.4 Potential sites for onshore wind generation in Africa","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":76.65200042000005,"width":"204.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"3.3 Transport Energy Model-TRAEM","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":311.88650512,"width":"191.31","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"3.3.1 Transport Model Structure","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.88250732,"width":"156.91","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"The transport scenario model TRAEM (TRAnsport Energy Model) allows the mod -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":257.88650512,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"km (pkm) and tonne–km (tkm) activity-based bottom-up approach. The model cal -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":209.88650512,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario (IEA 2017b ). The total energy demands by region for the years 2045 and ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":77.8864975,"width":"334.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.5 Existing and potential solar power sites in Central and South America","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.13931274,"width":"263.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"In the transport model, the CO 2 emissions from biofuels are given a GHG emis -","line":3,"x":65.85829925,"y":571.65978621,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions. The CO 2 emissions from synthetic fuels are also given a value of zero, ","line":5,"x":53.8567009,"y":547.65978621,"width":"334.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"because the CO 2 used for producing the fuels upstream level out the downstream ","line":6,"x":53.8540001,"y":535.65978621,"width":"334.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Light duty vehicles (cars): automobiles, vans and sports utility vehicles with ","line":12,"x":65.85839843,"y":453.15978621,"width":"315.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– 2- and 3-wheel vehicles: includes rollers, motorbikes, and rickshaws;","line":15,"x":65.85839843,"y":417.15978621,"width":"281.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Busses: urban, suburban, and long-distance buses and minibuses serving pub -","line":16,"x":65.85839843,"y":405.15978621,"width":"312.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Small and medium aircrafts for domestic flights;","line":23,"x":65.85839843,"y":297.15978621,"width":"198.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Medium and large aircrafts for international flights, distinguishing narrow-","line":24,"x":65.85839843,"y":285.15978621,"width":"312.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Coastal ships for domestic navigation and maritime shipping are distinguished ","line":35,"x":65.85839843,"y":117.15978620999998,"width":"314.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"We assume that energy efficiency improves over time. The changes in the pow -","line":37,"x":65.85839843,"y":87.15978620999998,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"downstream CO 2 budgets of the world regions are met. The emission reductions are ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":523.65979003,"width":"333.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"modelling—such as powertrain electrification, the use of biomass-based and syn -","line":9,"x":53.8614006,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric powertrains is priori -","line":12,"x":65.86139678,"y":465.15979003,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"ramped up ubiquitously. Therefore, a shift towards more energy-efficient and elec -","line":16,"x":53.8614006,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"transport performance at the current levels. Supply constraints on biomass and espe -","line":20,"x":53.8614006,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"3.3.2 Transport Data","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":217.1598053,"width":"99.90","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"total energy consumption levels according to transport mode from statistical agen -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.1598053,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"– World Bank Open Data;","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":123.15979766,"width":"101.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"– National and supranational statistical bodies;","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":111.15979766,"width":"184.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– EIA Open Data.","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"69.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"3.3.3 Transport Model Output","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":463.15979003,"width":"144.91","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"Based on the TRAEM model, energy consumption and CO 2 emissions can be calcu -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":433.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"mode m in world region wr at time step t [MJ/tkm]","line":36,"x":65.85829925,"y":296.15979003,"width":"203.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":", () : specific passenger mode energy consumption of powertrain i and ","line":39,"x":95.50965881,"y":281.47229003,"width":"291.13","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+ThcfdrXbqwrcQsmprdTimesLTStd-Roman","CYMZWE+VnrsysFlbxnmFwhrfxSymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"mode m in world region wr at time step t [MJ/pkm]","line":40,"x":65.85829925,"y":272.15979003,"width":"205.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– TP Ft mi","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":257.47229003,"width":"63.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CYMZWE+WpwsghBglmvyQfnjxvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"region wr at time step t [tkm/a]","line":44,"x":65.85830688,"y":248.15979003,"width":"124.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":", () : passenger transport performance of powertrain i and mode m in ","line":47,"x":89.10337066,"y":233.4723053,"width":"299.31","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+HgylsfSvfnxsMsbxldTimesLTStd-Roman","CYMZWE+RcgwydFpwfvdCpckssSymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"world region wr at time step t [pkm/a]","line":48,"x":65.85829925,"y":224.1598053,"width":"152.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– TTED(t): total transport (final) energy demand at time step t [PJ/year]","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":212.1598053,"width":"284.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"world region, and year, to estimate the total transport battery demand (Chap. 11 ).","line":53,"x":53.85829925,"y":158.1598053,"width":"323.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"targets in terms of cumulative CO 2 emissions and are then compared with a refer -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":518.29382324,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"power, heat, and fuel generation in the energy systems. The scenarios are repre -","line":9,"x":53.8665886,"y":483.79382324,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"sented in the Energy System model (EM) developed by the DLR, which is imple -","line":10,"x":53.8665886,"y":471.79382324,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"mented in the energy simulation platform Mesap/PlaNet (Seven2one 2012 ; ","line":11,"x":53.8665886,"y":459.79382324,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"Schlenzig 1998 ). Mesap/PlaNet is an accounting framework that allows the calcula -","line":12,"x":53.8665886,"y":447.79382324,"width":"332.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"• a cost calculation module for the calculation of the corresponding investment, ","line":17,"x":53.8665886,"y":381.79382324,"width":"326.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"essential to the success of the scenario-building process. The model acts as a frame -","line":25,"x":53.8665886,"y":279.79382324,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"work for integrating a wide variety of aspects of the transformation of energy sys -","line":26,"x":53.8665886,"y":267.79382324,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"the quantitative interdependences between the individual structural elements at dif -","line":33,"x":53.8665886,"y":183.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"in the heating and transport sectors to be considered, such as electric vehicles, elec -","line":36,"x":53.8665886,"y":147.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.6 gives an overview of its structure.","line":39,"x":53.8665886,"y":111.79380798,"width":"178.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":91,"change":"Addition","str":"by Simon et al. ( 2018 ). The model calculates the energy flows of a system on an ","line":41,"x":53.8665886,"y":87.79380798,"width":"334.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":92,"change":"Addition","str":"1 The sub-sectors include ‘heat’ and ‘non-heat electrical appliances’ in the sectors ‘Industry’ and ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":99.15200042,"width":"333.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":92,"change":"Addition","str":"Input Result s Energy System Model","line":39,"x":64.3714981,"y":597.03387451,"width":"121.12","height":"8.52","fontName":["RXZLYA+KwkmjsLsbmnfFlsmphCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":92,"change":"Addition","str":"• transpor t( see TM)","line":42,"x":105.83139801,"y":485.50750732,"width":"60.04","height":"7.56","fontName":["CYMZWE+MjmxyyBhjnjcWskqfqArialMT","RXZLYA+QkkrpvKrbpfmMvyqmrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":92,"change":"Addition","str":"Fuel production :","line":77,"x":200.93559265,"y":514.39764404,"width":"58.01","height":"8.52","fontName":["RXZLYA+KwkmjsLsbmnfFlsmphCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":92,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.6 Overview of the energy system model (EM) as implemented in Mesap/PlaNet","line":87,"x":53.85829925,"y":383.52801513,"width":"290.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• UED ss (t): useful energy demand / transport services in sub-sector ss at time step ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"325.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"et (t): efficiency of end-sector technology et using energy carrier fe 2 at time step ","line":7,"x":75.64019775,"y":549.15979003,"width":"312.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• TPD(t): total primary energy demand at time step t [PJ/year]","line":28,"x":53.86199951,"y":325.15979003,"width":"245.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"ct (t): market share of conversion technology ct in the generation of final ","line":30,"x":84.97019958,"y":313.15979003,"width":"304.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"ct (t): efficiency of conversion technology 3 ct using the final energy carrier fe at ","line":33,"x":75.64019775,"y":289.15979003,"width":"309.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• pe : (primary) energy carrier","line":36,"x":53.85808944,"y":241.15979003,"width":"114.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• electricity and heat consumption per person and per GDP;","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":169.1598053,"width":"235.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• the ratio of industrial heat demand to GDP;","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.1598053,"width":"176.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"2 Note that some technologies (e.g., electric heat pumps) require two energy carriers as inputs ","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.45469665,"width":"333.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Some conversion technologies produce more than one output, e.g. CHP plants, leading to con -","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":102.45469665,"width":"330.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"4 Power and district heat generation, biofuel, synfuel, and H 2 generation, and refineries.","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":79.17970275,"width":"293.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• demand for energy services, such as useful heat;","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"196.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• different transport modes based on the Transport Model (see Sect. 3.4 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"287.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"For both heat and electricity production, the model distinguishes between differ -","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":531.15979003,"width":"319.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"sector, the model is directly linked to the results of the transport model (Sect. 3.3 ). ","line":11,"x":53.85829162,"y":471.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"For each technology, the market share with respect to total heat or electricity pro -","line":12,"x":53.85829162,"y":459.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"costs, and societal, structural, and economic barriers. The model eventually calcu -","line":14,"x":53.85829162,"y":435.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• IEA World Energy Balances 2017 (IEA 2016a ) for the calibration of the model ","line":17,"x":53.85829162,"y":393.15979003,"width":"326.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• IEA World Energy Outlook 2016/2017 (IEA 2016b , 2017a ) for the parameteriza -","line":19,"x":53.85829162,"y":369.15979003,"width":"323.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• various studies and statistics used for the assumption of further specific values, ","line":21,"x":53.85829162,"y":345.15979003,"width":"326.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"such as the power-to-heat ratios of co-generation plants, coefficients of perfor -","line":22,"x":65.85829162,"y":333.15979003,"width":"319.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• narratives and assumptions regarding the further development of demand and ","line":25,"x":53.85829162,"y":297.15979003,"width":"326.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"imposed by production capacities and regional implementation. These assump -","line":28,"x":65.85829162,"y":261.15979003,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"tions and narratives are described in detail in Chap. 5 , Sect. 4 .","line":29,"x":65.85829162,"y":249.15977478,"width":"247.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• the final and primary energy demands, broken down by fuel, technology, and ","line":31,"x":53.85829162,"y":213.15977478,"width":"326.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• the results broken down by the three main types of energy demand—electricity, ","line":34,"x":53.85829162,"y":177.15977478,"width":"325.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• total energy budget, which is the total cost of energy for the whole power ","line":37,"x":53.85829162,"y":141.15977478,"width":"327.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• energy-related CO 2 emissions over the projected period.","line":39,"x":53.85829162,"y":115.65979766,"width":"227.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"(see Sect. 3.4 ) are used as the input data for the dispatch modelling described in this ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.79382324,"width":"333.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"into hourly load and generation curves. The annual electricity demand is trans -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":531.79382324,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"formed into an hourly load curve (see Sect. 3.2 ) and the annual power generation is ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":519.79382324,"width":"334.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"regional solar and wind data and dispatchable power-generation data via inter -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":495.79382324,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"changeable dispatch orders (see Sect. 3.7 ). The [R]E24/7 model is an accounting ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":483.79382324,"width":"334.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"1. a flow calculation module, which balances the energy supply and demand; and","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.79382324,"width":"321.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"2. a cost calculation module, which calculates the corresponding generation and ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.79382324,"width":"330.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"[R]E 24/7 also calculates load curves for the residential, industry, and transport sec -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"Teske ( 2015 ) has developed a three-level grid model called ‘[R]E 24/7’ as a grid ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":255.79379272,"width":"334.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"and the calculation time. High resolution, with multiple voltage levels, is impracti -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":219.79379272,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"cal for a global energy scenario, because the required input data would not be avail -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":207.79379272,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity (see Sect. 3.8 ). Different voltage levels are not calculated. Figure 3.7 pro -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":159.79379272,"width":"331.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"The data are partly with the GIS tool (see Sect. 3.2 ) and partly from other informa -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":111.79379272,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ), GDP (CIA 2018 ; ST 7- 2018 ), and energy efficiency indicators (WEC 2018 ), ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":87.79379272,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ) and the World Resources Institute (WRI 2018 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":326.30880737,"width":"214.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5.2 Development andCalculation ofLoad Curves","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":282.30880737,"width":"249.98","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"in calculating supply security and the dispatch and storage capacities required, espe -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":242.30880737,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"(a) Actual demand curves are not available for all countries and/or regions and are ","line":9,"x":54.41830062,"y":188.30880737,"width":"328.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"(b) Future load curves with high penetration of storage, electric heating systems ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":164.30880737,"width":"330.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"(c) For developing countries with low access to energy rates or little access to suf -","line":13,"x":54.41830062,"y":140.30880737,"width":"326.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"1. Calculation of each cluste r","line":18,"x":305.40029907,"y":544.6928711,"width":"58.30","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"St an da rd Re po rt","line":22,"x":322.89672851,"y":480.35943603,"width":"37.16","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"5. Result Analysi s","line":23,"x":305.39526367,"y":441.60510253,"width":"34.78","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Re gi on Dist ri bu ti on De ma nd an dL oa d","line":30,"x":153.0269928,"y":569.88104248,"width":"87.42","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Ge ne ra ti on da ta","line":33,"x":72.9467926,"y":441.60748291,"width":"37.07","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Dist ri bu ti on of","line":34,"x":241.27029418,"y":561.35357666,"width":"33.63","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Disp at ch Mo du le","line":36,"x":238.94088745,"y":511.74719238,"width":"39.32","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"generation capacity > by region","line":37,"x":81.12506103,"y":418.74380493,"width":"62.49","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"So ci oe co no mi cd at a","line":38,"x":67.13295745,"y":553.21929931,"width":"53.64","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Re gi on Dist ri bu ti on","line":39,"x":235.82429504,"y":434.24429321,"width":"44.91","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Dist ri bu ti on of","line":40,"x":241.26986694,"y":426.88269042,"width":"33.63","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Ho us eh ol dD eman d","line":41,"x":151.09559631,"y":553.21929931,"width":"47.47","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"In terc o nne ct io n","line":42,"x":155.36729431,"y":410.6072998,"width":"37.49","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"St or ag e","line":43,"x":165.4723053,"y":434.24429321,"width":"17.93","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Re su lt in gD eman d","line":52,"x":152.6442566,"y":503.60339355,"width":"44.07","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"En er gy Cons um er da ta Tr an sp or tD eman d","line":60,"x":65.57972717,"y":519.89233398,"width":"95.13","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Co st Ca lc ul at io n","line":61,"x":239.7223053,"y":472.9921875,"width":"37.32","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"GDP, total & by sector I ndu st ry De ma nd","line":63,"x":69.8455429,"y":536.5592041,"width":"83.82","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light","RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"> selection of dispatch orde r","line":67,"x":230.38993835,"y":488.10760498,"width":"57.74","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Population, Household-size Calculation modul e","line":69,"x":64.42030334,"y":545.07958984,"width":"94.27","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Ge ne ra ti on","line":70,"x":161.20028686,"y":457.10830688,"width":"26.48","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Re gi on al Da ta ba se","line":71,"x":70.2444992,"y":569.87988281,"width":"42.61","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Cu rv eP ro je ct io n","line":72,"x":154.58537292,"y":561.35351562,"width":"40.87","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.7 Schematic representation of the [R] E24/7 model structure","line":73,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.13879394,"width":"225.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• industry and business; and","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"109.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• transport (public and individual electric mobility).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"203.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• electrical applications in use;","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"119.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• efficiency progress (base year 2015) for 2020 until 2050, and individual effi -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"323.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"The model differentiates nine household groups, with various degrees of electrifica -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Rural—phase 2: White goods are introduced and increase the overall demand","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15979003,"width":"312.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Rural—phase 3: Fully equipped western-standard household with electrical ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15979003,"width":"328.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Urban single: Single-person household with minimal equipment","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":201.15979003,"width":"260.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Urban shared flat: 3–5 persons share one apartment; fully equipped western ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15979003,"width":"327.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Urban—Family 1: 2 adults and 2–3 children; middle income, middle western ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15979003,"width":"326.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Urban—Family 2: 2 adults and > 3 children and/or higher income, full western ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15979003,"width":"326.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Suburbia 1: average family, middle income, full equipment, high transport ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.15979003,"width":"328.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Suburbia 2: High-income household, fully equipped, extremely high transport ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.15979003,"width":"326.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Lighting: 4 different light bulb types (LED, three efficiency classes of CFLs),","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":579.15979003,"width":"313.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Entertainment: 3 different efficiency levels of computers, TV, and radio types","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"312.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• White goods: 2 different efficiency levels each for washing machine, dryer, ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":543.15979003,"width":"327.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Climatization: 2 different efficiency levels each for fan, air-conditioning","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":519.15979003,"width":"291.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Water heating: A selection of direct electric, heat-pump, and solar heating ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":507.15979003,"width":"328.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Iron and steel","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"57.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Construction industry","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"90.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Chemical industry","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"77.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Service and trade","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"72.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"Each sector has a definite energy intensity in energy per dollar GDP (MJ/$ GDP ), ","line":21,"x":65.85829925,"y":289.65979003,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"which is been converted to electrical units (kW/$ GDP ) based on an estimated fuel ","line":22,"x":53.86188125,"y":277.65979003,"width":"335.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity intensity per dollar GDP conversion can only show the required con -","line":24,"x":53.8592987,"y":255.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"nected load and the specific consumption of an industrial sector to a first approxima -","line":25,"x":53.8592987,"y":243.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"(b) significant demand differences within one industry sector, such as manufactur -","line":28,"x":53.8592987,"y":201.15979003,"width":"326.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"ing or chemical industry ;","line":29,"x":70.51930236,"y":189.15979003,"width":"100.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"(c) lack of standardized data on industry energy demands, especially for the elec -","line":30,"x":54.41930007,"y":177.15979003,"width":"326.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"because after an initial calibration, the current statistically recorded industrial elec -","line":33,"x":53.85929107,"y":135.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"(e.g., Europe) can be recalculated with a tolerance of ± 10%. However, this method -","line":35,"x":53.85929107,"y":111.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5.5 Load Distribution by Cluster","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"165.46","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"The spatial concept of the [R]E 24/7 is shown in Fig. 3.8 . The model calculates the ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.79382324,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"data availability and the model limitations (maximum of eight clusters) force sim -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":423.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"The distribution of the regional load, calculated in Sects. 3.3 and 3.4 , is con -","line":18,"x":65.85829925,"y":375.79382324,"width":"319.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C 1 C 5","line":20,"x":280.0913086,"y":292.2421875,"width":"11.47","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+SnqygwLhdxftMjmnjdCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"L o c a l G e n e r a t i o n L o c a l G e n e r a t i o n","line":21,"x":264.34921264,"y":283.78131103,"width":"61.49","height":"4.66","fontName":["XZRLEO+SnqygwLhdxftMjmnjdCalibri-Light","XZRLEO+NdbxpqJfpgftNkxfynCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C a p a c i t y C 1 C a p a c i t y C 5","line":23,"x":263.07528686,"y":266.0185852,"width":"41.51","height":"4.66","fontName":["XZRLEO+NdbxpqJfpgftNkxfynCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C 2 C 6","line":24,"x":280.0913086,"y":247.41209411,"width":"11.47","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+NdbxpqJfpgftNkxfynCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C a p a c i t y C 2 C a p a c i t y C 6","line":27,"x":263.07528686,"y":219.48750305,"width":"41.51","height":"4.66","fontName":["XZRLEO+VfmwgdWljmynLnsqqvCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C 3 C 7","line":28,"x":280.0913086,"y":201.72450256,"width":"11.47","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+VfmwgdWljmynLnsqqvCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"L o c a l G e n e r a t i o n L o c a l G e n e r a t i o n","line":29,"x":264.34921264,"y":194.11250305,"width":"61.49","height":"4.66","fontName":["XZRLEO+VfmwgdWljmynLnsqqvCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C 4 C 8","line":32,"x":280.0913086,"y":160.27749633,"width":"11.47","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+WtfqvnJrtbmnLcbvdtCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"L o c a l G e n e r a t i o n L o c a l G e n e r a t i o n","line":33,"x":264.34921264,"y":152.23849487,"width":"61.49","height":"4.66","fontName":["XZRLEO+WtfqvnJrtbmnLcbvdtCalibri-Light","XZRLEO+GflwscLrvqlcXbwcdgCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C a p a c i t y C 4 C a p a c i t y C 8","line":35,"x":263.07528686,"y":135.3204956,"width":"41.51","height":"4.66","fontName":["XZRLEO+GflwscLrvqlcXbwcdgCalibri-Light","XZRLEO+BmhrsqLbtwbhGccrlrCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"D a t a : U S A S t a t i s t i c s D a t a : M e x i c o S t a t i s t i c s","line":36,"x":82.7649002,"y":102.33049774,"width":"87.84","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+BmhrsqLbtwbhGccrlrCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C 5 C 8","line":45,"x":104.88574981,"y":152.23849487,"width":"11.47","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+BmhrsqLbtwbhGccrlrCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C l u s t e r = X U S S t a t e s C l u s t e r = C o u n t r y","line":46,"x":81.06079864,"y":144.20249938,"width":"76.62","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+BmhrsqLbtwbhGccrlrCalibri-Light","XZRLEO+NyqtxmMjhfpwSlhnfgCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"D a t a : U S A S t a t i s t i c s D a t a : C A N A D A S t a t i s t i c s","line":47,"x":82.7649002,"y":169.57850646,"width":"90.84","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+NyqtxmMjhfpwSlhnfgCalibri-Light","XZRLEO+FndbywJvcgvrKlvtcrCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"Power Plant Capacity Power Plant Capacity","line":48,"x":74.27089691,"y":185.65049743,"width":"93.35","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FndbywJvcgvrKlvtcrCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C 1 C 2","line":52,"x":104.88574981,"y":219.48478698,"width":"11.47","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FndbywJvcgvrKlvtcrCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"C l u s t e r = U S S t a t e C l u s t e r = 4 C a n a d i a n S t a t e s","line":53,"x":85.7464981,"y":211.03149414,"width":"90.93","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FndbywJvcgvrKlvtcrCalibri-Light","XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"8. Indi aC 7. South East US A","line":55,"x":74.27089691,"y":257.5604248,"width":"203.53","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"9. China C8 Mexico","line":56,"x":74.27089691,"y":248.2543335,"width":"40.88","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"6. Eurasia C5. South West USA","line":57,"x":74.27089691,"y":275.32507324,"width":"65.67","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"7. Non OECD Asia C6. North East USA","line":58,"x":74.27089691,"y":266.4427185,"width":"80.80","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"4. Africa C3. East Canada","line":59,"x":74.27089691,"y":293.08972167,"width":"53.41","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"5. Middle East C4. North West US A","line":60,"x":74.27089691,"y":284.20739746,"width":"75.74","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"2. La\u001en America C1. Alaska","line":61,"x":74.27088928,"y":310.85437011,"width":"57.97","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"3. Europe C2. West Canada","line":62,"x":74.27088928,"y":301.9720459,"width":"58.80","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"R e g i o n s S u b - R e g i o n s ( C l u s t e r )","line":63,"x":98.07817077,"y":328.61138916,"width":"63.38","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"1. OECD North America e . g . N o r t h A m e r i c a","line":64,"x":74.27089691,"y":319.30569458,"width":"90.77","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+FxrtfwNvntrcSbyrrwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.8 Spatial concept of the [R]E 24/7 model","line":65,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15200042,"width":"159.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"The cluster-specific data for the base year (2015) are taken from the model’s data -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"not available for each sub-region, the input data from the entire region will be bro -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"2050) for all 10 regions and their respective sub-regions. In the next step, the result -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"load curves calculated as described in Sects. 3.3 and 3.4 . Each cluster has an hourly ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"334.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5.6 The [R]E 24/7 Dispatch Module","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":433.15979003,"width":"182.55","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"Island (Dunstan and Fattal 2016 ), the Australian Storage Requirements (Rutovitz ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"335.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"and James 2017 ), and a 100% Renewable Energy Analysis for Tanzania (Teske and ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"334.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"Morris 2017 ). The key objective of this modelling is to calculate the theoretical ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"whole survey region (Tables 3.2 and 3.3 ).","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"165.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.9 provides an overview of the dispatch calculation process for one clus -","line":21,"x":65.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"319.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"ter. The key inputs include the generation capacities by type, the demand projec -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"the meteorological data from which to calculate the solar and wind power genera -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.2 Input parameters for the dispatch model","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":241.4125061,"width":"168.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"Meteo Norm Meteorological data for solar and wind [MW/MW INST ]","line":31,"x":56.687698240000195,"y":165.8919888599999,"width":"218.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"L Post_Var.RE Load after Variable Renewable Supply [MW]","line":32,"x":56.690906400000195,"y":154.05699738999994,"width":"186.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"CapFact Max_Storage Max capacity factor storage technologies [h/year]","line":34,"x":56.687698240000195,"y":130.3869839599999,"width":"224.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"L Post_Storage Load after Storage Supply [MW]","line":35,"x":56.687698240000195,"y":118.55199250999992,"width":"145.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"Cap Dispatch Capacity Dispatch Power Plants [MW]","line":36,"x":56.687698240000195,"y":106.71699341999991,"width":"165.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"CapFact Max_Dispatch Max capacity factor Dispatch Power Plants [h/year]","line":37,"x":56.687698240000195,"y":94.88199433999992,"width":"235.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"L Post_Dispatch Load after Dispatch Power Plant Supply [MW]","line":38,"x":56.687698240000195,"y":83.04698762999992,"width":"196.28","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":101,"change":"Addition","str":"require eight calculation intervals. Table 3.4 shows the four different supply tech -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":400.91879272,"width":"331.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":101,"change":"Addition","str":"dispatch order can be changed. Tables 3.5 , 3.6 , and 3.7 provide an overview of all ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":340.91879272,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":101,"change":"Addition","str":"Limitations: It is important to note that the calculation of possible interconnection ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":166.91879272,"width":"327.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":101,"change":"Addition","str":"of storage or increased interconnection capacities or a mix of both will reduce sys -","line":26,"x":53.85779953,"y":106.91879272,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":101,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.3 Output parameters for the dispatch model","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"174.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":101,"change":"Addition","str":"L Post_Dispatch Load after Dispatch Power Plant Supply [MW]","line":36,"x":56.69639195000062,"y":498.9838104900001,"width":"196.28","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":102,"change":"Addition","str":"I N P U T O U T P U T","line":1,"x":83.04340362,"y":588.6774292,"width":"41.72","height":"7.06","fontName":["XZRLEO+LncywdSphtswRfvyxlCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":102,"change":"Addition","str":"Eq uati on 1","line":2,"x":248.03829956,"y":525.6270752,"width":"25.22","height":"6.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+RttnffJfhwywVfgmdgCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"demand (in megawatts) by 2005 (EMP-BARCELONA 2002 ). The EU developed ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.15979003,"width":"335.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"behaviour. For regions sending generation capacity to other regions, the intercon -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"Two of the key dimensions influencing the social and economic impacts of the tran -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.1598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). ISF has developed a model to estimate the volume of renewable energy jobs ","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.15979766,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ), and an increasing body of research is estimating the jobs created by ","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15979766,"width":"336.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy. The following section provides an overview of the basic method -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"Sydney (UTS) developed a quantitative employment model that calculates employ -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"analysis of future energy pathways (Rutovitz and Dominish 2015 ). Figure 3.10 pro -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"Rutovitz ( 2015b ). The main inputs for the quantitative employment calculations ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"335.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"for each calculated scenario, e.g., the 5.0°C (Sect. 5.1.1 ) and 2.0°C Scenarios ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"322.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the electrical and heating capacity that will be installed each year for each ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":387.15979003,"width":"327.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the primary energy demand for coal, gas, and biomass fuels in the electricity and ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.15979003,"width":"325.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the amount of electricity generated per year from nuclear power, oil, and diesel.","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":339.15979003,"width":"321.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• ‘employment factors’, or the number of jobs per unit of capacity, separated into ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.15979003,"width":"325.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"manufacturing, construction, operation, and maintenance, and per unit of pri -","line":21,"x":65.85829925,"y":291.15979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• for the 2020, 2030, and 2050 calculations, a ‘decline factor’ for each technology, ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":267.15979003,"width":"325.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the percentage of local manufacturing and domestic fuel production in each ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":195.15979003,"width":"327.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the percentage of world trade in coal and gas fuels, and traded renewable compo -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":159.15979003,"width":"323.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"calculation is summarized in Fig. 3.10 .","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":244.75949096,"width":"155.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"required to make these calculations means that employment numbers are only esti -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":112.75949096,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"year in region x Manufacturing ","line":19,"x":122.73919677,"y":591.25170898,"width":"70.48","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"em ploy me nt factor x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":20,"x":189.02929687,"y":591.25170898,"width":"100.12","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"for year x %l ocal","line":21,"x":266.0993042,"y":591.25170898,"width":"39.75","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"(for export ) = MW exported per ","line":24,"x":58.30550003,"y":557.56030273,"width":"72.19","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT","HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"year x Manufacturing ","line":25,"x":122.7409668,"y":557.55456542,"width":"48.39","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"em ploy me nt factor x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":26,"x":189.03123474,"y":557.54882812,"width":"100.12","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"year x Construction ","line":29,"x":122.7352295,"y":523.88232421,"width":"43.93","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"em ploy me nt factor x Regional job mu ltiplier ","line":30,"x":189.02549743,"y":523.88232421,"width":"101.51","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"Maintenance =C um ulative capacit yx O&M em ploy me nt","line":33,"x":58.30550003,"y":490.24798583,"width":"158.44","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+JxtxfxJmclymQkjnvkTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"factor x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":34,"x":189.03123474,"y":490.25372314,"width":"69.97","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+JxtxfxJmclymQkjnvkTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"generatio n xF uel employment factor x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":38,"x":122.73592376,"y":456.5710144,"width":"156.48","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"fo ry ea r","line":39,"x":266.09494018,"y":456.5710144,"width":"19.47","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"gas and biom ass) =","line":41,"x":58.30550003,"y":419.30899047,"width":"43.02","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"de ma nd plus","line":43,"x":122.7409668,"y":422.9382019,"width":"29.19","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":49,"x":255.0975647,"y":422.90371704,"width":"56.51","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"for year x % of local ","line":50,"x":266.1057434,"y":419.32046508,"width":"45.97","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"year x Em ploy me nt factor for ","line":53,"x":122.7352295,"y":382.09173583,"width":"67.07","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"heat x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":54,"x":189.03123474,"y":382.09173583,"width":"67.53","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"Jobs in region = Manufacturin g+ Constructio n+ Operation and maintenance ","line":56,"x":58.30550003,"y":346.88598632,"width":"253.69","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"Em ploy me nt factors at 2020 , ","line":58,"x":58.30550003,"y":315.36801147,"width":"68.21","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NygjffVbyrtwHymvpxTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 or 2050 =2 015 em ploy me nt factor x Technology decline factor [ number of ye ars after 2015 ]","line":59,"x":58.30550003,"y":308.20150756,"width":"216.93","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NygjffVbyrtwHymvpxTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"The quantitative employment model documented in Sect. 3.6.1 were further devel -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"oped to analyse the qualitative occupational composition of employment in the fos -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"provide a richer picture of the composition of this employment change. The meth -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.79382324,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"across a range of developed and developing nations, IRENA has estimated the per -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.79382324,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"and offshore wind farm supply chains (IRENA 2017 ). Figure 3.11 is an example (in ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.79382324,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"application of IRENA’s work. Chapter 10 provides more details about the methodol -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":231.79380798,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"3.7 Material andMetal Resources Analysis (UTS-ISF)","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.79379272,"width":"272.43","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"When assuming that the introduced amount of specific technologies in year t is l t , ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":235.69450378,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"the accumulated stock amount in year t (generation capacity or in-use stock) is S t , and ","line":8,"x":53.85678863,"y":223.69450378,"width":"333.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"the discarded amount in year t is O t , can be expressed by:","line":9,"x":53.85330963,"y":211.69450378,"width":"227.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"Where O t depends on the number of use years of each product. This use year ","line":11,"x":65.85830688,"y":164.69450378,"width":"322.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"distribution. Therefore, if the number of use years of the product is assumed as a , ","line":14,"x":53.86270141,"y":130.19450378,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"lifetime distribution can be defined as g (a) . Hence, is given by following:","line":15,"x":53.86270141,"y":116.69450378,"width":"288.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"OI ga t","line":16,"x":187.23330688,"y":84.50700378,"width":"81.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+RfkmlmCbwfhrNjlfsrTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.11 Distribution of human resources required to manufacture the main components of a ","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":344.02441406,"width":"329.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"50MW solar photovoltaic power plant. (IRENA 2017 )","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":334.02841186,"width":"186.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Where a max is the maximum value of the product life. Therefore ,I t can be calcu -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"319.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"lated with equation ( 3.3 ).","line":2,"x":53.85668945,"y":585.15979003,"width":"100.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"IS SI ga tt t","line":3,"x":168.85830688,"y":551.47229003,"width":"163.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+JnnmwhRppsbdNjtrhcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"the products described above, with the key assumptions shown in Table 3.8 .","line":13,"x":53.8583107,"y":511.15979003,"width":"302.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"equation ( 3.3 ), the metal demand for technology p in year t is estimated as:","line":15,"x":53.8583107,"y":487.15979003,"width":"299.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Where Metal intensity p,t is the amount of required metal in technology p in year ","line":17,"x":65.85830688,"y":437.65979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"t . Because this value can change over time with technological developments, we ","line":18,"x":53.85979843,"y":427.15979003,"width":"335.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"The demand estimated with equation ( 3.4 ) indicates the total metal requirements ","line":21,"x":65.85980224,"y":391.15979003,"width":"321.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, we evaluated the effects of recycling by estimating the potential reduction ","line":26,"x":53.85979843,"y":331.15979003,"width":"333.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"in primary production entailed. When the recycling of end-of-life products is con -","line":27,"x":53.85979843,"y":319.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"sidered, primary production is given by equation ( 3.5 ).","line":28,"x":53.85979843,"y":307.15979003,"width":"218.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Primar yp roduction Demand Discar dR ecyclin gr at e pt pt pt p ,, , =− ⋅ (3.5)","line":29,"x":91.35829925,"y":281.47229003,"width":"495.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+LkkmwjJfmwhjJqsdrnTimes-Italic","RYSWYA+SttfqgYhbwvtSrrmhqTimes-Roman","CYMZWE+StydcbYcsxcnRbpthnSymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Where Discard p,t is end-of-life technology in year , and is estimated from the ","line":30,"x":65.85830688,"y":257.65979003,"width":"322.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Weibull distribution, and the Recycling rate p indicates the proportion of metals ","line":31,"x":53.85950088,"y":245.6598053,"width":"335.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"recovered from end-of-life technology. Since this value can be increased by techno -","line":32,"x":53.85499954,"y":235.1598053,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"This recycling rate is based on the rate of recycling of the metal within the tech -","line":35,"x":65.85500335,"y":199.1598053,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"nology (e.g., silver discarded from solar panels can be recycled into new solar pan -","line":36,"x":53.85499954,"y":187.1598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"Ultimately, the mineral requirements estimated with equations ( 3.4 ) and ( 3.5 ) ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"under the various assumptions were compared with metal reserves and annual pro -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"with the current technologies and at the current metal price, and can change signifi -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"rapid increase in requirements. The key results are presented in Chap. 11 .","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"293.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"This section provides an overview of the methodology that has been used to com -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":403.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"plement the energy-related CO 2 emission pathways for non-energy-related CO 2","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"The energy-related CO 2 emissions were derived using energy-system modelling ","line":15,"x":65.86180114,"y":365.65979003,"width":"322.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"frameworks, but two different approaches have been used to derive the land-use CO 2","line":16,"x":53.8586998,"y":353.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"statistical analysis of currently published scenarios. To derive non-CO 2 pathways ","line":19,"x":53.86180114,"y":317.65979003,"width":"335.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"that are consistent with the relevant emission mitigation levels, the non-CO 2 emis -","line":20,"x":53.85599136,"y":305.65979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"sions were regressed against the fossil fuel and industrial CO 2 emissions. These ","line":21,"x":53.86241912,"y":293.65979003,"width":"335.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"regression characteristics were then used to derive the non-CO 2 emissions. This ","line":22,"x":53.8630104,"y":281.65979003,"width":"335.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"gas- emission scenarios in the literature is that regional and sectoral definitions differ ","line":27,"x":53.85881042,"y":223.15979003,"width":"333.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"categories and regions have been adopted in this analysis of non-CO 2 emission path -","line":30,"x":53.85881042,"y":185.6598053,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"First, the regional energy-related CO 2 emissions developed in the previous sections ","line":33,"x":53.86288833,"y":113.65979766,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"membership status as of 1990), ASIA (Asian countries), REF (economies in transi -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":460.47140502,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"tion), LAM (Latin America), and MAF (Middle East and Africa). Table 3.9 (above) ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":448.47140502,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"regions described in this report. As an indicator of how different the regional defini -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":424.47140502,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"tions are, we used the fossil fuel and industrial emissions for the year 2015 accord -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":412.47140502,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"ing to the 2017 update of the PRIMAP database (Gütschow etal. 2016 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":400.47140502,"width":"288.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.9 provides an overview to the regional definitions used in this study. The ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":388.47140502,"width":"322.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"top row indicates the regions for the CO 2 fossil and industrial emissions, and the ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":374.97140502,"width":"335.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"various rows refer to the five regions used in IAMs. To derive the non-CO 2 emis -","line":9,"x":53.86320114,"y":362.97140502,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial emissions in the year 2015in MtCO 2 , aggregated from country-level data. ","line":11,"x":53.86310958,"y":338.97140502,"width":"333.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.9 Regional definitions according to the Integrated Assessment Modelling ","line":13,"x":65.86190795,"y":316.47140502,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"shown with the 2015 fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions. For example, the first row ","line":16,"x":53.86191177,"y":278.97140502,"width":"333.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"MtCO 2 of emissions.","line":18,"x":53.85948944,"y":254.97140502,"width":"83.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"The transfer of the energy-related CO 2 emission results to fit the IAM’s regional ","line":19,"x":65.8580017,"y":242.97140502,"width":"322.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"applied to the 2015 energy-related country-level CO 2 emissions from the PRIMAP ","line":22,"x":53.86000061,"y":206.97140502,"width":"334.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Before proceeding with the application of CO 2 versus non-CO 2 statistical relation -","line":26,"x":53.85419082,"y":122.9713974,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"ships, a harmonization step is necessary. Various IAM use slightly different catego -","line":27,"x":53.85739898,"y":112.4713974,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Am er Eurasia Chin a Indi a","line":36,"x":204.60629272,"y":569.53692626,"width":"50.77","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+WynkvtXxtvxvNkvlxmTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Oceani a Subtotal","line":41,"x":335.38031005,"y":569.53692626,"width":"34.52","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+WynkvtXxtvxvNkvlxmTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.9 Regional definitions according to the Integrated Assessment Modelling community","line":50,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.18432617,"width":"314.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"have either been scaled or shifted towards a common reference point. A recent his -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"were related to the CO 2 fossil and industrial emission categories (such as waste-","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":511.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 emission chapters. The scenarios from which these ‘other’ energy-related CO 2","line":10,"x":53.85609817,"y":487.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario). In the second harmonization step, the overall sum of the complemented ","line":14,"x":53.86180114,"y":441.15979003,"width":"334.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C and 1.5°C scenario CO 2 emissions were compared with the overall fossil and ","line":15,"x":53.86180114,"y":427.65979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial sum of CO 2 emissions in the year 2015, which were used for scenario ","line":16,"x":53.8600998,"y":415.65979003,"width":"335.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"harmonization under the CMIP6 ScenarioMIP process (Meinshausen etal., in prep -","line":17,"x":53.86148834,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"complemented energy scenarios (see Chapter 8 ) and the harmonization emission ","line":19,"x":53.86148834,"y":381.15979003,"width":"335.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"levels for the various regions. These differences could again have resulted from dif -","line":20,"x":53.86148834,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"raw and regionally disaggregated energy scenario emissions towards the harmoni -","line":24,"x":53.86148834,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"zation emission levels. Figure 3.12 shows the differences between the raw emission ","line":25,"x":53.86148834,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"harmonization fossil and industrial CO 2 emission levels for 2015 (in GtC). The dif -","line":27,"x":53.86148834,"y":283.65979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"Harmonisation of Fossil & Industry CO 2 Emissions","line":46,"x":145.01119995,"y":217.63310241,"width":"180.25","height":"9.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+RgptjqBjcnlgPrdbsmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.12 Differences between the raw LDF emission scenario data","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15200042,"width":"225.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8.1.3 A New Quantile Regression Method forNon-CO 2 Gases","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"264.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"The completed fossil and industrial CO 2 emission time series can now be compared ","line":2,"x":53.85588836,"y":571.65979003,"width":"333.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"literature- reported studies are either reference scenarios or mitigation scenarios ","line":5,"x":53.85549926,"y":537.15979003,"width":"336.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"levels of change, others for 450ppm CO 2 -equivalence concentrations, and yet oth -","line":7,"x":53.85549926,"y":511.65979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"approach. In summary, the input assumptions of all these literature-reported sce -","line":9,"x":53.86019897,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"behind them that provides first-level assurance that the envisaged CO 2 , methane, ","line":11,"x":53.86019897,"y":463.65979003,"width":"335.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"This study and the approach it uses are not dependent on absolute levels of miti -","line":17,"x":65.85559844,"y":393.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"required to reduce CO 2 emissions. Therefore, using the emission characteristics ","line":20,"x":53.85559844,"y":355.65979003,"width":"335.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"technological feasibility, economic mitigation costs, and implementation opportuni -","line":22,"x":53.86289978,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"ties will be required to reduce emissions of CO 2 and various other gases.","line":23,"x":53.86289978,"y":319.65979003,"width":"289.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"More specifically, we derived the non-CO 2 emissions in a particular year by ","line":24,"x":65.85610961,"y":307.65979003,"width":"323.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"ranking all the scenarios against the indicator of fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions ","line":25,"x":53.85770034,"y":295.65979003,"width":"333.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"in that year (see Fig. 3.11 below). By comparing them to the ‘crowd’ of other ","line":26,"x":53.85660171,"y":285.15979003,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"literature- reported scenarios, the LDF pathways could also be ranked. Specifically, ","line":27,"x":53.85660171,"y":273.15979003,"width":"334.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"distribution of the fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions across all 811 scenarios con-","line":29,"x":53.85660171,"y":247.6598053,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario distribution (see Fig. 3.13 ).","line":35,"x":53.8603897,"y":177.1598053,"width":"144.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.13 shows the 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C Scenarios, their absolute fossil and ","line":36,"x":65.8603897,"y":165.1598053,"width":"322.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"industry CO 2 emissions until 2050 (upper panel), and their respective locations in ","line":37,"x":53.8603897,"y":151.6598053,"width":"334.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario extensions were extrapolated differently for fossil and industrial CO 2 and ","line":39,"x":53.8611908,"y":127.65979766,"width":"334.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"the non-CO 2 gases. To derive the non-CO 2 gases, the 2050 percentile location was ","line":40,"x":53.86019897,"y":115.65979766,"width":"334.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial CO 2 emissions in the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, which do not assume ","line":42,"x":53.85519027,"y":91.65979766,"width":"334.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"emission level was assumed (straight constant emission level in the upper panel cor -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":202.35710144,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8.1.4 ‘Pseudo’ Fossil andIndustrial CO 2 Extensions Beyond 2050","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":140.85710144,"width":"281.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"By the end of the century, almost 40% of all of 811 scenarios will feature net nega -","line":6,"x":53.85710144,"y":118.35710144,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"tive fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions, largely because there is some level of bio -","line":7,"x":53.85710144,"y":104.85710144,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"within set of 811 scenarios (incl. BEC CS)","line":43,"x":226.0832367,"y":391.72686767,"width":"110.44","height":"6.76","fontName":["RYSWYA+BbhhmtKhhfrxDfrlsdMyriadPro-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.13 The 2.0°C and 1.5°C scenarios and their absolute fossil and industry CO 2 emissions ","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":317.9119873,"width":"328.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"until 2050. The energy-related CO 2 emissions pathways from the other chapters are used until ","line":49,"x":53.85900878,"y":307.9119873,"width":"334.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"2050, and then extended beyond 2050 by either keeping the CO 2 emissions constant (in the case of ","line":50,"x":53.86100006,"y":297.9119873,"width":"333.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"level of mitigation effort. Therefore, to derive non-CO 2 emissions that involve a ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":583.65979003,"width":"335.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"energy-related CO 2 emissions, we assumed that the energy scenarios developed for ","line":4,"x":53.85931015,"y":559.65979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"the twenty-first century. Therefore, whereas the actual fossil and industrial CO 2","line":7,"x":53.85990142,"y":523.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions in the LDF scenarios are assumed to remain constant at zero, the non-CO 2","line":8,"x":53.86180114,"y":511.65979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"(see the lower panel in Fig. 3.13 ).","line":11,"x":53.86180114,"y":477.15979003,"width":"134.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"We now have the fossil and industrial CO 2 emission levels throughout the twenty-","line":12,"x":65.86180114,"y":463.65979003,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"‘pseudo’ CO 2 emission levels for the second half of the twenty-first century. ","line":14,"x":53.86040115,"y":439.65979003,"width":"336.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, we can derive the corresponding non-CO 2 emissions.","line":15,"x":53.86100006,"y":427.65979003,"width":"256.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"In the first step, we derived the total non-CO 2 emissions for a specific year and ","line":16,"x":65.8556137,"y":415.65979003,"width":"322.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"for the world as a whole. In the second step, we determined the shares of global fos -","line":17,"x":53.86080932,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"against the overall fossil CO 2 emission level as an indicator of the ‘stringency’ of the ","line":19,"x":53.86080932,"y":379.65979003,"width":"333.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario. In the third step, we disaggregated these fossil and land-use-specific emis -","line":20,"x":53.86040115,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"were derived with the same quantile regressions shown in Fig. 3.13 above. With ","line":22,"x":53.86040115,"y":345.15979003,"width":"333.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"ranges are chosen), medium (for a median 50% quantile regression), or higher emis -","line":24,"x":53.86040115,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"method developed earlier (Meinshausen etal. 2006 ) is that the negative correlations ","line":29,"x":53.86040115,"y":261.15979003,"width":"333.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"between CO 2 and other gases can also be taken into account. By performing all ","line":30,"x":53.86040115,"y":247.6598053,"width":"335.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"quantile regressions in the space defined by the global fossil and industrial CO 2","line":31,"x":53.86260986,"y":235.6598053,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions in a particular year, any kind of non-linear, positive or negative relation -","line":32,"x":53.86180114,"y":225.1598053,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"ship with other non-CO 2 gas emission levels, sectoral divisions, or regional divi -","line":33,"x":53.86180114,"y":211.6598053,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios contained details of all the sectoral and regional divisions, but the step -","line":36,"x":53.86008834,"y":177.1598053,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"wise approach of this method can incorporate the characteristics from all the sce -","line":37,"x":53.86008834,"y":165.1598053,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.14 shows sample distributions of the emission scenario characteristics for ","line":39,"x":65.86009216,"y":141.1598053,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"and industrial CO 2 emissions, and the y-axis shows the global emission levels of ","line":41,"x":53.8600998,"y":115.65979766,"width":"335.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"another GHG, with one marker (blue dot) for each literature-reported scenario consid -","line":42,"x":53.85700988,"y":105.15979766,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"total gas emissions correlate strongly with the fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions ","line":45,"x":53.85700988,"y":67.65979766,"width":"335.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (kt) Global Emissions (kt)","line":206,"x":176.34977722,"y":270.08322143,"width":"59.95","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (kt) Global Emissions (kt) Global Emissions (kt)","line":207,"x":80.61859893,"y":341.6166687,"width":"89.92","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (Mt) Global Emissions (MtN)","line":208,"x":80.61859893,"y":412.8196106,"width":"64.35","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (Mt) Global Emissions (Mt)","line":209,"x":80.61859893,"y":482.34759521,"width":"62.06","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (MtCH4) Global Emissions (MtN2O-N) Global Emissions (MtS)","line":210,"x":80.61859893,"y":550.73321533,"width":"111.43","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.14 Example distributions of emissions scenario characteristics","line":213,"x":53.85829925,"y":82.10009765,"width":"231.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"(such as the SO X aerosols in the top-right panel), whereas others correlate less strongly. ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"334.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"reported as a negative emission in the fossil and industrial CO 2 emission categories. ","line":6,"x":53.854599,"y":499.65979003,"width":"333.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the quantile regression approach can also be applied to the land-use CO 2","line":7,"x":53.86001968,"y":487.65979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"various land-use scenarios, we developed a new (probabilistic) scenario in conjunc -","line":9,"x":53.86180114,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"tion with another land-use emission project (Dooley etal. 2018 )","line":10,"x":53.86180114,"y":453.15979003,"width":"255.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"ecosystem restoration’, ‘reforestation’, ‘sustainable use of forests’, and ‘agrofor -","line":13,"x":53.86180114,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"better management of terrestrial ecosystems should allow previously degraded car -","line":15,"x":53.86180114,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"bon stocks to be restored, entailing the removal of significant atmospheric CO 2","line":16,"x":53.86180114,"y":379.65979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"(DeCicco and Schlesinger 2018 ; Law et al. 2018 ; Mackey et al. 2013 ; Mackey ","line":17,"x":53.86180114,"y":369.15979003,"width":"335.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"2014 ; Nabuurs etal. 2017 ). We derived the overall pathways separately for the tem -","line":18,"x":53.86180114,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"the other. This distinction is largely consistent with the dominant distinction of dif -","line":20,"x":53.86180114,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"ferent climate domain characteristics in the literature (Grace etal. 2014 ; Houghton ","line":21,"x":53.86180114,"y":321.15979003,"width":"334.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"and Nassikas 2018 ; Pan etal. 2011 ), although the temperate and boreal biomes are ","line":22,"x":53.86180114,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"because several of the RCP regions cross both temperate and boreal biomes. A nar -","line":25,"x":53.86180114,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"rative for each of these pathways is available in Table 3.10 below.","line":26,"x":53.86180114,"y":261.15979003,"width":"261.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"Based on literature studies and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statis -","line":27,"x":65.86180114,"y":249.15979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"equilibrium, termed the ‘saturation’ period. At the equilibrium point, these ecosys -","line":36,"x":53.86180114,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"tems have a net zero effect on atmospheric CO 2 over the time scales of interest here ","line":37,"x":53.86180114,"y":127.65979766,"width":"333.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"(Houghton and Nassikas 2018 ). The period over which the maximal sequestration ","line":38,"x":53.85678863,"y":117.15981292,"width":"334.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"change that is achieved over the full period. The difference between a degraded for -","line":42,"x":53.85678863,"y":69.15979766,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.10 Narrative for each sequestration pathway per climatic biome","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.17034912,"width":"242.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"Te,B Assume 25% of degraded natural forest put aside for full ","line":11,"x":143.76689144999997,"y":561.2878379999999,"width":"211.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"S,Tr Assume 25% of degraded natural forests across the tropics ","line":19,"x":143.76689144999997,"y":479.4838218799998,"width":"215.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"than in temperate and boreal biomes (Anav etal. 2015 ), ","line":24,"x":181.58338926,"y":429.50381089999985,"width":"191.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"Te Forest expansion on recently deforested land via natural ","line":36,"x":143.77539059999998,"y":337.7123069999998,"width":"200.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"S,Tr Natural forest expansion on recently deforested land as ","line":47,"x":143.77539059999998,"y":225.9203147999998,"width":"203.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"are in tropical regions (Wheeler etal. in press ). All ","line":50,"x":181.5918884,"y":195.9323234699998,"width":"174.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"biodiversity values (Grace etal., 2014 ; Wheeler etal. in ","line":53,"x":181.5918884,"y":165.9443168699998,"width":"191.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"press ). Saturation of tropical regrowth forests is assumed at ","line":54,"x":181.5918884,"y":155.9483146799998,"width":"203.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"hectare carbon density of undisturbed forest ecosystems (Keith etal. 2009 ), rather ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":145.58380126,"width":"334.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"than average global biome values (Liu etal. 2015 ), to define the maximum carbon ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":133.58380126,"width":"334.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"Te,B Sustainable use of natural production forests (i.e. excluding ","line":19,"x":143.76689908999998,"y":561.4422092699999,"width":"220.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"mitigation values (Houghton and Nassikas 2018 ; Nabuurs ","line":29,"x":181.5833969,"y":461.48221781999996,"width":"198.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"etal. 2017 ), but the life-time of HWP is generally too short ","line":30,"x":181.5833969,"y":451.48621562000005,"width":"203.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"forest biomass (Law etal. 2018 ; Keith etal. 2015 ).","line":32,"x":181.5833969,"y":431.49421123,"width":"172.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"S,Tr Reduced harvest intensity and management practices such ","line":33,"x":143.76689908999998,"y":419.66221049,"width":"214.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"T,B We calculate biome-average sequestration rates from the ","line":48,"x":143.77539824,"y":287.87821391,"width":"205.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"range of agroforestry practices (Watson etal. 2000 ; ","line":50,"x":181.59189604,"y":267.88620951999997,"width":"176.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"etal. ( 2016 ). We apply this uptake to 20% of permanent ","line":53,"x":181.59189604,"y":237.89821818000001,"width":"192.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"be sustained for 50years (Watson etal. 2000 ).","line":55,"x":181.59189604,"y":217.90621379,"width":"157.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"narrative overlaps with another land-use-related study (Dooley etal. 2018 )","line":58,"x":53.879390699999995,"y":194.57372477,"width":"253.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.11 . Our method of combining these input assumptions is a basic Monte Carlo ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"the factors provided, we then created normal, lognormal, or skewed normal distribu -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"Scaling Area’ (see third column in Table 3.11 ), so that the climate domain aggregate ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8.2 Model fortheAssessment ofGHG-Induced Climate ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":366.15979003,"width":"282.89","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"(MAGICC), as described by Meinshausen et al. ( 2011 ). The model has recently ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":288.15979003,"width":"335.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"described in Nauels etal. ( 2016 ).","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":264.15979003,"width":"132.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"equilibrium too quickly). In the short term, the MAGICC modelling structure pro -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":204.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"vides faster warming, but a lower approach to equilibrium, due to the effective cool -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":192.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"Although simple in its general structure, the MAGICC model uses a broad cover -","line":33,"x":65.85829925,"y":168.15979003,"width":"319.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"GHGs that MAGICC can model, its calibrated carbon cycle, and its calibrated cli -","line":37,"x":53.85829162,"y":120.1597824,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":122,"change":"Addition","str":"IPCC Assessment Reports also frequently use MAGICC as the modelling frame -","line":41,"x":65.85829162,"y":72.1597824,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Climatic domain (Te = Temperature; B = Boreal; S = Subtropical; Tr = Tropical)","line":3,"x":73.93218989999994,"y":114.6590306000005,"width":"278.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumed available area (Mha)","line":5,"x":93.91569513999994,"y":220.7985264400005,"width":"103.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumed maximum sequestration rate (MgC/ha/ year)","line":10,"x":83.88568873999994,"y":333.1345097100005,"width":"182.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Saturation period (Years)","line":12,"x":103.86919398999994,"y":455.7725102000005,"width":"85.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Phase in period (Years)","line":14,"x":103.86069483999994,"y":551.9500004400005,"width":"79.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Phase out period (Years)","line":15,"x":103.85219568999995,"y":587.9474980000005,"width":"83.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Forest ecosystem restoration (set aside areas of secondary forest to restore to primary forest—25% of total)","line":16,"x":136.49219507999993,"y":56.9865261600005,"width":"364.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Other Natural Forest Area 2015","line":18,"x":136.45819849999995,"y":174.8560215600005,"width":"107.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Forest expansion via reforestation (land-use change from non-forest to forest through natural regeneration)","line":58,"x":240.03919214999993,"y":56.9780384600005,"width":"362.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"Change in total forest area from 1990 to 2015","line":60,"x":240.00519556999993,"y":174.84753767000052,"width":"155.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"30 (90%: 10 to 100)","line":77,"x":239.97119898999995,"y":587.9390141100005,"width":"68.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumed available area (Mha)","line":5,"x":93.90578458999994,"y":218.29853428000055,"width":"103.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumed maximum sequestration rate (MgC/ha/ year)","line":10,"x":83.87578580999994,"y":330.63451755000057,"width":"182.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"Phase in period (Years)","line":14,"x":103.85078428999994,"y":549.4500082800006,"width":"79.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"Sustainable use of forests (secondary forests under continued but reduced forest harvest )","line":16,"x":136.33778379999993,"y":54.486534000000574,"width":"302.80","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"upper end estimate, possibly too high, ","line":23,"x":146.29978940999993,"y":291.21151340000057,"width":"131.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"cf. Liu etal. 2015","line":24,"x":186.28378293999992,"y":302.3040121800006,"width":"60.44","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"Houughton and Nassikas (2018)","line":44,"x":218.08229062999993,"y":391.5710409900006,"width":"109.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"60 (80%: 42 to 78)","line":45,"x":218.08229062999993,"y":453.2640341600006,"width":"64.22","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"Agroforestry (trees in croplands)","line":52,"x":259.8937835499999,"y":54.47804630000057,"width":"111.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"Permanent crop area 2015","line":54,"x":259.88529966999994,"y":172.34754551000057,"width":"88.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":124,"change":"Addition","str":"50 (80%: 35 to 65)","line":69,"x":259.82579038999995,"y":453.2640341600006,"width":"64.22","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":125,"change":"Addition","str":"Explanatory Notes, for a summary. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4631.0E","line":7,"x":65.86029815,"y":481.16378784,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":125,"change":"Addition","str":"xplanatory+Notes12015-16 . Accessed September 16, 2018.","line":8,"x":65.86029815,"y":471.16778564,"width":"201.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":125,"change":"Addition","str":"vation and recovery in Malaysian Borneo. Biological Conservation 217, 289–310. https://doi.","line":19,"x":65.86029815,"y":361.211792,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":125,"change":"Addition","str":"Breyer (2016), Christian Breyer, Internet of Energy—A 100% renewable electricity sys -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":311.231781,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":125,"change":"Addition","str":"protection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, 9642–9645. https://doi.","line":35,"x":65.86029815,"y":201.27578735,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":125,"change":"Addition","str":"Climate, Land, Ambition and Rights Alliance. https://www.climatelandambitionrightsalliance.","line":39,"x":65.86029815,"y":161.29179382,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":126,"change":"Addition","str":"States of a level of electricity interconnections equivalent to at least 10% of their installed pro -","line":5,"x":65.86029815,"y":558.2033081,"width":"319.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":126,"change":"Addition","str":"duction capacity by 2005”; https://cordis.europa.eu/programme/rcn/805_en.html","line":6,"x":65.86029815,"y":548.20733642,"width":"273.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":126,"change":"Addition","str":"Group on electricity interconnection targets, November 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/","line":8,"x":65.86029815,"y":528.21533203,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":126,"change":"Addition","str":"and New York, NY, USA, Chapter 9, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/","line":28,"x":65.86029815,"y":328.2953186,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":126,"change":"Addition","str":"Accessed 25 October 2018; ONLINE, http://forobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/glc2000/prod-","line":32,"x":65.86029815,"y":288.31130981,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":126,"change":"Addition","str":"Accessed 25 October 2018 ONLINE; https://globalsolaratlas.info/downloads","line":35,"x":65.86029815,"y":258.32333374,"width":"261.37","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":126,"change":"Addition","str":"2016), Implications of the 1.5 °C limit in the Paris Agreement for climate policy and decar -","line":44,"x":65.86029815,"y":168.35931396,"width":"319.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":126,"change":"Addition","str":"degradation, globally. Global Change Biology 24, 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13876","line":48,"x":65.86029815,"y":128.37532043,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":126,"change":"Addition","str":"Model. https://www.iea.org/etp/etpmodel/transport/ . Accessed 10 Oct 2018","line":54,"x":65.86029815,"y":68.3993225,"width":"254.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":127,"change":"Addition","str":"IRENA, Abu Dhabi; http://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/","line":4,"x":65.85662841,"y":568.19934082,"width":"319.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":127,"change":"Addition","str":"Stanford University, USA, September 2017, https://cee.stanford.edu/news/","line":8,"x":65.85662841,"y":528.21533203,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":127,"change":"Addition","str":"Stromerzeugung in 2050“,FKZ 363 01 277 Dessau-Roßlau, July 2010, https://www.umwelt-","line":20,"x":65.85662841,"y":408.26330566,"width":"319.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":127,"change":"Addition","str":"National Academy of Sciences 115, 3663–3668. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720064115","line":24,"x":65.85662841,"y":368.2793274,"width":"306.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":127,"change":"Addition","str":"D.W., Thompson, J., Uriarte, M., Valencia, R., Vicentini, A., Vr š ka, T., Wang, X., Weiblen, ","line":40,"x":65.85662841,"y":208.34332275,"width":"322.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","RYSWYA+PmnpkbRmcwpfVfxgccTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":127,"change":"Addition","str":"importance of large-diameter trees. Global Ecology and Biogeography 27, 849–864. https://","line":42,"x":65.85662841,"y":188.35131835,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":127,"change":"Addition","str":"Grace, J., 2008. Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455, 213–215. https://doi.","line":45,"x":65.85662841,"y":158.36332702,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"2 °C, Nature volume 534, pages 631–639 (30 June 2016), https://www.nature.com/articles/","line":7,"x":65.86251068,"y":538.21130371,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Carbon sequestration potential. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 1149–1159. https://doi.","line":11,"x":65.86251068,"y":498.22732543,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Alexander, D. 2017. Storage Requirements for Reliable Electricity in Australia. Report pre -","line":19,"x":65.86251068,"y":418.25930786,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Sarah (2018) – Online database of “renewable.ninja,” https://dx.doi.org/10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/","line":21,"x":53.86051177,"y":398.26733398,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"ST 7 (2018), Statistic Times viewed July 2018, http://statisticstimes.com/economy/countries-by-","line":29,"x":53.86051177,"y":318.2993164,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Teske, S (2015), Thesis, Bridging the Gap between Energy- and Grid Models, Developing an inte -","line":31,"x":53.86051177,"y":298.30731201,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Generation; Report prepared by ISF for GetUp! and Solar Citizens, March 2016, https://www.","line":39,"x":65.86251068,"y":218.33932495,"width":"319.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"it charts a new course in the global climate effort. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/","line":1,"x":65.86029815,"y":598.1873169,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"(Vaisala 2017) Free Wind and Solar Resource Maps; Accessed 25 October 2018; ONLINE; https://","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":578.1953125,"width":"331.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"Wang, M., 2016. Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribu -","line":21,"x":65.86029815,"y":398.26733398,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"tion of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets. Scientific Reports 6. https://doi.","line":22,"x":65.86029815,"y":388.27133178,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.08232116,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.08631896,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman","CYXXAZ+MsmhspSvdlrcKdwslgTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Presentation of non-energy emission pathways in line with the new ","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"330.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold","KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"mitigation scenarios calculated to complement the energy-related CO 2 emissions ","line":12,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":391.64169311,"width":"335.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"derived in Chap. 8 .","line":13,"x":53.856318459999976,"y":381.14169311,"width":"75.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"In this section, we present the results for the land-use CO 2 and non-CO 2 emissions ","line":14,"x":53.856318459999976,"y":341.64169311,"width":"334.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"pathways that complement the 2.0°C and 1.5°C energy-related CO 2 scenarios.","line":15,"x":53.85779856999998,"y":329.64169311,"width":"316.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"4.1 Land-Use CO 2 emissions","line":16,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":285.34170532,"width":"141.28","height":"12.00","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"designed for this study. Figure 4.1 below shows the annual sequestration in the ","line":18,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":247.14169311,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"sequestration pathways over time, differentiated into climate domains. The path -","line":19,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":235.14169311,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"ways shown are the results of the Monte Carlo analysis described in Table 3.11 in ","line":20,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":223.14169311,"width":"334.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"Sect. 3.8.1.5 and the text. We focus on the median values (thick lines in Fig. 4.1 ). ","line":21,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":211.14169311,"width":"333.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"Note that the area under the curve for a given pathway is an indication of the cumu -","line":22,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":199.14169311,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"lative CO 2 uptake. By far the most important sequestration may result from large-","line":23,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":185.64169311,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"pathways in Fig. 4.1 below). The second most important pathway in terms of the ","line":25,"x":53.85669993999998,"y":163.14169311,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"amount of CO 2 sequestered is the sustainable use of existing forests, which basically ","line":26,"x":53.85669993999998,"y":149.64169311,"width":"333.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"M. Meinshausen ( * ) · K. Dooley","line":28,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":110.82099914,"width":"114.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman","TIMVER+BbklpkVqlbhqRxrgbrWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"achieved in the tropics (Martin et al. 2015 ), in the temperate and boreal regions, ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":341.54559326,"width":"335.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"2008 ). The ‘forest ecosystem restoration’ pathway is also important, which basi -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":281.54559326,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"and resilience due to biodiversity (Mackey 2014 ).","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":245.54559326,"width":"198.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"Overall, the median of all the assumed sequestration pathways, shown in Fig. 4.1 , ","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":233.54559326,"width":"322.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"would result in the sequestration of 151.9GtC by 2150. This is approximately equiv -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":221.54559326,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"alent to all historical land-use-related CO 2 emissions to date (Houghton and Nassikas ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":208.04559326,"width":"333.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ; Mackey etal. 2013 ). The magnitude of these figures indicates the substantial ","line":13,"x":53.86289978,"y":197.54559326,"width":"334.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"challenges that go hand in hand with these sequestration pathways. Given the com -","line":14,"x":53.86289978,"y":185.54559326,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"peting forms of land use that exist today, the challenge of converting overall terres -","line":15,"x":53.86289978,"y":173.54559326,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"used instead of mitigation. The benefits are clearly manifold, ranging from biodiver -","line":18,"x":53.86289978,"y":137.54559326,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"potentially a reduction in air pollution (Mackey 2014 ). Despite this, terrestrial car -","line":20,"x":53.86289978,"y":113.5456009,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"carbon. Similarly, prolonged droughts in some areas could reverse the gains in ter -","line":23,"x":53.86289978,"y":77.5456009,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"risk (DellaSala, 2019 ; Lindenmayer and Sato 2018 ), a future mitigation pathway ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"335.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"that relies on sequestration instead of mitigation action is ultimately always more ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"334.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman","CYXXAZ+MsmhspSvdlrcKdwslgTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"However, in this study, the land-use CO 2 sequestration pathways complement some ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":559.65979003,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 concentrations that have arisen from the overly high emissions in the past.","line":7,"x":53.86219024,"y":523.65979003,"width":"313.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"The thin lines in Fig. 4.1 indicate individual draws in the Monte Carlo analysis. ","line":8,"x":65.8560028,"y":513.15979003,"width":"322.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"The thick lines are the median values from the ensemble of draws for each seques -","line":9,"x":53.855999,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"the five RCP regions (Fig. 4.2 ). The country-level data were subject to substantial ","line":12,"x":53.855999,"y":465.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.1 , whereas for the 2.0 °C pathway, we assumed that only a third of that ","line":19,"x":53.855999,"y":381.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"modelling team. As illustrated in Fig. 4.2 , the reference scenario does not assume a ","line":22,"x":53.855999,"y":345.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"The 2.0 °C pathway (brighter blue in Fig. 4.2 ) aligns relatively well with the ","line":25,"x":65.8560028,"y":309.15979003,"width":"322.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"consistent with the lower land-use CO 2 scenarios analysed here—with mitigation ","line":28,"x":53.85599136,"y":271.65979003,"width":"335.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"rates of up to − 2GtC perannum from 2040 to 2050.","line":29,"x":53.86270141,"y":261.15979003,"width":"210.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman","SJXPQT+TvvygxPgfrmyDsgrxlSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 4.2 shows the land-use-related CO 2 emission and sequestration rates of ","line":30,"x":65.86270141,"y":247.6598053,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"4.1.1 Other GHG andAerosol Emissions","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.1598053,"width":"198.70","height":"12.00","fontName":["IXVCGN+SxrqdfCghnmcVxpnrxTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"This section examines the other main GHGs (methane and N 2 O) and gives examples ","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.65979766,"width":"333.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"Methane (CH 4 ) emissions are the second-largest contributor to anthropogenically ","line":39,"x":65.85851287,"y":91.65979766,"width":"322.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":134,"change":"Addition","str":"2 emission and sequestration rates","line":3,"x":393.22061157,"y":172.9611969,"width":"114.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"the lower end of the fossil fuel CO 2 emissions is relatively narrow, and there is a ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"335.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"strong correlation between the fossil CO 2 and total CH 4 emissions in the scenarios in ","line":2,"x":53.85459136,"y":583.65979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"any given year (see top-left methane panel in Fig. 3.14 ). As with almost all literature-","line":3,"x":53.8633194,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"reported scenarios, a lower plateau of methane emissions is associated with agricul -","line":4,"x":53.8633194,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"lower SSP scenarios, SSP1 1.9 and SSP1 2.6 (Fig. 4.3 ). The derived CH 4 pathways for ","line":7,"x":53.8633194,"y":523.65979003,"width":"334.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is one of the longer-lived GHGs, although the overall ","line":9,"x":65.85542297,"y":499.65979003,"width":"324.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"amounts in the atmosphere are much smaller than those of methane or CO 2 . The ","line":10,"x":53.85791015,"y":487.65979003,"width":"334.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"relatively high plateau of global emissions, around 5MtN 2 O-N for N 2 O, are reflected ","line":11,"x":53.854599,"y":475.65979003,"width":"333.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"in the SSP1. 1.9 and SSP1 2.6 scenarios (dark green lines in Fig. 4.4 ) and in the ","line":12,"x":53.86019897,"y":465.15979003,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"and combined with the long lifetime of N 2 O, it means that the N 2 O concentrations ","line":15,"x":53.86019897,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"fluorinated gases (such as tetrafluoromethane, CF 4 ) are only produced and emitted ","line":23,"x":53.86299896,"y":331.65979003,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"bromide, which is used for soil fumigation. SF 6 is one of the strongest GHGs on a ","line":26,"x":53.85960006,"y":295.65979003,"width":"334.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"per mass basis. It is controlled under the Kyoto Protocol and included in the nation -","line":27,"x":53.85340118,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"Our applied quantile regression method practically phases-out many of the haloge -","line":29,"x":53.85340118,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"nated species over the course of the next 10–20years, although some small back -","line":30,"x":53.85340118,"y":249.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"ground emissions remain. The full results for 40 halocarbons, HFCs, PFCs, and SF 6","line":31,"x":53.85340118,"y":235.6598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"are provided in a data appendix (Figs. 4.5 and 4.6 ).","line":32,"x":53.86188888,"y":225.1598053,"width":"203.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"Aerosols have an important temporary masking effect on GHG-induced warm -","line":33,"x":65.8618927,"y":213.1598053,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"system is sulfur dioxide or SO X . With higher fuel standards and concerns about local ","line":35,"x":53.86188888,"y":187.6598053,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"air pollution, future SO X emissions are projected to be substantially lower than cur -","line":36,"x":53.8611908,"y":175.6598053,"width":"332.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"rent levels. In fact, most emission inventories assume that SO X emissions peaked in ","line":37,"x":53.8607788,"y":163.6598053,"width":"334.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"SO X emissions are projected to decrease. Asia produces by far the most SO X emis -","line":39,"x":53.8589096,"y":139.6598053,"width":"332.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"Similarly, the projected emissions of NO X , which is largely a by-product of fossil ","line":44,"x":65.86109924,"y":79.65979766,"width":"322.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel burning, are highest in Asia. In the derived 1.5°C and 2.0°C Scenarios, NO X","line":45,"x":53.86310958,"y":67.65979766,"width":"332.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"twenty-first century (Figs. 4.7 and 4.8 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":200.0928955,"width":"156.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"East and Africa, largely from biomass burning (Figs. 4.9 and 4.10 ). Similar to other ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":176.0928955,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"Although black carbon is a substantial warming agent, organic carbon is a net cool -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":152.0928955,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"studies. Furthermore, the correlation between fossil CO 2 emissions and black or ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":66.59290313,"width":"335.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.5 Global SF 6 emission levels from literature-reported scenarios and the LDF pathways ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":437.07321166,"width":"329.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold","KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.6 Global tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) emissions from the collection of assessed literature-","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":245.64779663,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold","KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":139,"change":"Addition","str":"X ) emissions in the literature-reported scenarios considered and the LDF pathways derived in this study","line":3,"x":396.22039794,"y":236.63450622,"width":"350.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":140,"change":"Addition","str":"X ) emissions in the literature-reported scenarios considered and the LDF pathways derived in this study","line":3,"x":394.47039794,"y":236.23460388,"width":"350.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"organic carbon is less pronounced than the correlations of fossil CO 2 with other ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"335.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"aerosols, such as NO X and SO X , partly because it results from biomass burning, ","line":2,"x":53.8594017,"y":583.65979003,"width":"336.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"as low as those found in the lower SSP scenarios (see Figs. 4.9 and 4.10 ).","line":5,"x":53.85680007,"y":549.15979003,"width":"293.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Lindenmayer, D.B., Sato, C., 2018. Hidden collapse is driven by fire and logging in a socioeco -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.17977905,"width":"331.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Grace, J., 2008. Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455, 213–215. https://doi.","line":17,"x":65.86029815,"y":377.19580078,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Carbon sequestration potential. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 1149–1159. https://doi.","line":29,"x":65.86029815,"y":257.24380493,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.08229064,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold","KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.08628845,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","AZIDKT+VmsxmqTkhlllPmtgrmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract The aim of this chapter is to make the scenario calculations fully trans -","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"325.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"hybrid bottom- up/top-down approach, with no cost optimising objective functions. ","line":25,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":213.13771057,"width":"335.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"The analysis considers the key technologies required for a successful energy transi -","line":26,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":201.13771057,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"T. Pregger ( * ) · S. Simon · T. Naegler","line":29,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":147.17100524,"width":"130.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","PGTPMP+ThtwdtDpjsrdHjhhnqWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario modelling was performed for three main scenarios that can be related to dif -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"ferent overall carbon budgets between 2015 and 2050 and derived mean global tem -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy Outlook 2017 (IEA 2017 ), and the emission budget for this scenario simply ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"5.1.1 The 5.0°C Scenario (Reference Scenario)","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":361.15979003,"width":"231.99","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"The reference case only takes into account existing international energy and envi -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"the IEA’s projections only extend to 2040, we have extrapolated their key macroeco -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"nomic and energy indicators forward to 2050. This provides a baseline for compari -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"5.1.2 The 2.0°C Scenario","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.1598053,"width":"124.14","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"zero by 2050 and a global energy-related CO 2 emissions budget between 2015 and ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.6598053,"width":"334.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"Advanced E[R] scenario published in 2015 by Greenpeace (Teske et al. 2015 ). ","line":27,"x":53.86109924,"y":141.1598053,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"However, the scenario includes an updated base year, more coherent regional devel -","line":28,"x":53.86109924,"y":129.1598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"5.1.3 The 1.5°C Scenario","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"124.14","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"The second alternative scenario aims to achieve a global energy-related CO 2 emis -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":566.29382324,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"options without taking into account societal risks or barriers. Efficiency and renew -","line":6,"x":53.85961914,"y":519.79382324,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"Furthermore, avoiding inefficient technologies and behaviours are essential strate -","line":8,"x":53.85961914,"y":495.79382324,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2 Scenario World Regions andClusters","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":439.79379272,"width":"206.41","height":"12.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"to the breakdown of the ten world regions of the IEA WEO 2016 (IEA 2016a , b ). ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.79379272,"width":"333.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"This approach has been chosen because the IEA also provides the most comprehen -","line":13,"x":53.86832046,"y":387.79379272,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"WEO 2017, it is also consistent with the Energy [R]evolution study series. Table 5.1","line":15,"x":53.86832046,"y":363.79379272,"width":"331.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"Regional conditions play an important role in the layout of the scenario path -","line":17,"x":65.86831665,"y":339.79379272,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"be found in Sect. 5.3 .","line":22,"x":53.86832046,"y":279.79379272,"width":"85.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.1 OECD North America","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.79379272,"width":"134.23","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"The energy system in OECD North America (USA, Canada, and Mexico) is domi -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":207.79379272,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"demand for energy by increasing efficiency will play a crucial role in decarbonisa -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":171.79379272,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"climate- neutral fuels to bridge the gap until new powertrain technologies dominate ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":54.58879852,"width":"334.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.1 World regions used in the scenarios","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"153.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"China People’s Republic of China, including Hong Kong","line":31,"x":56.69290161,"y":423.98282246999986,"width":"191.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, ","line":63,"x":56.69290161,"y":164.91981892999985,"width":"316.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"and biogas will be required as alternative fuels until the (direct or indirect) electrifi -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.2 Latin America","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":529.15979003,"width":"95.23","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"particularly high demand for electrification and a strong increase in CO 2 emissions ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":475.65979003,"width":"334.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ) and the largest biomass potential of all regions. It already meets more than ","line":12,"x":53.8628006,"y":417.15979003,"width":"335.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"research (Nascimento etal. 2017 ; Barbosa etal. 2017 ; Gils etal. 2017 ). However, in ","line":14,"x":53.8628006,"y":393.15979003,"width":"334.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"than 12 EJ from residues (Seidenberger etal. 2008 ). Biomass will also play a signifi -","line":18,"x":53.8628006,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"where bioethanol for transport is already competitive (Lora and Andrade 2009 ; La ","line":21,"x":53.8628006,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"Rovere etal. 2011 ; Nass etal. 2007 ). However, the high urbanization rate in Latin ","line":22,"x":53.8628006,"y":297.15979003,"width":"334.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"extensions will contribute to inter-regional stability (Nascimento etal. 2017 ).","line":26,"x":53.8628006,"y":249.15977478,"width":"303.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"development of an interconnected European grid, which would be able to imple -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa (MENA) region and Eastern Europe/Eurasia. The possible large-scale impor -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.5 The Middle East","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":241.1598053,"width":"106.01","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"combined heat and power generation (CHP), which is primarily seen as a transi -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.15979766,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"low- value biomass wastes. However, because the Middle East has extraordinary ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15979766,"width":"334.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"solar and wind potentials (Nematollahi etal. 2016 ; Hess 2018 ), the solar market is ","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":57.15980148,"width":"333.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"taking off. Projects with a capacity of 11 GW are planned for 2018 (MESIA 2018 ). ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"to use high-temperature solar heat. These resources also provide excellent condi -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"two-thirds of its people (IEA 2014 ). Its energy supply is characterized by a high ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"335.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"services (van der Zwaan etal. 2018 ). A broad variety of renewable energy sources, ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"power sources under the present economic conditions (van der Zwaan etal. 2018 ). ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"to electricity for more than 85% of its population (IEA 2014 ). The dependence on ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"biogas stoves (with an average efficiency of 65%) (IEA 2014 ), will reduce the bio -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":151,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios thus cover the whole band-width of renewable resources and technologi -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":423.79382324,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":151,"change":"Addition","str":"for cooking in 2012. Due to population and GDP growth, increasing living stan -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":231.79379272,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"provides over two-thirds of China’s primary energy supply today (IEA WEO 2014 ). ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"The increase in electricity use due to higher electrification rates will be a major fac -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"the traditional use of biomass for cooking in 2012. China has pledged to reduce CO 2","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":487.65979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions before 2030, and already has some ambitious political targets for renew -","line":11,"x":53.86180114,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.1 Population Growth","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":191.1558075,"width":"118.07","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"up to 2050 are based on United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) projec -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.1598053,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"tions for population growth (UNDP 2017 (medium variant)). Table 5.2 shows that ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.15979766,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"needs of a growing population in the developing regions of the world in an environ -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":298.7538147,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.2 GDP Development","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":230.75379943,"width":"116.13","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.2 Population growth projections (in millions)","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"179.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"economic development in the IEA World Energy Outlook 2016 (WEO 2016a , b ) ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"333.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"(Table 5.3 ). It is assumed that world GDP will grow on average by 3.2% per year ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD’s share of global PPP- adjusted GDP will decrease from 45% in 2015 to 28% ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"333.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.3 GDP development projections based on average annual growth rates for 2015–2040 ","line":21,"x":53.85820007,"y":328.5031128,"width":"328.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"from IEA (WEO 2016a , b ) and on our own extrapolations","line":22,"x":53.85820007,"y":318.5071106,"width":"196.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":52,"x":53.862451309999564,"y":623.67808637,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"The parameterization of the models requires many assumptions about the develop -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"must define plausible and transparent assumptions based on background informa -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":531.79382324,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies and their fossil and nuclear counterparts. For our scenarios, the projec -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":483.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"During the last decade, fossil fuel prices have seen huge fluctuations. Figure 5.1","line":17,"x":65.85829925,"y":387.79382324,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"shows oil prices since 1997. After extremely high oil prices in 2012, we are cur -","line":18,"x":53.85829162,"y":375.79382324,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"rently in a low-price phase. Gas prices saw similar development (IEA 2017 ). ","line":19,"x":53.85829162,"y":363.79382324,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"2013 , 2017 ) and have had a considerable influence on scenario results ever since.","line":21,"x":53.85829162,"y":339.79382324,"width":"324.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"Although in the past, oil-exporting countries provided the best oil price projec -","line":22,"x":65.85829162,"y":327.79382324,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"International Energy Agency (IEA) leading the way in 2018 (Roland Berger 2018 ). ","line":24,"x":53.85829162,"y":303.79382324,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"Price (USD 2013/b) Production (Mb/d)","line":39,"x":53.85908217999997,"y":266.97803051,"width":"97.89","height":"5.89","fontName":["ENJBOL+VtsxnfQmctmlNtjjmtArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.1 Historic development and projections of oil prices (bottom lines) and historical world oil ","line":58,"x":53.85828108999998,"y":79.15203226999998,"width":"327.90","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"production and projections (top lines) by the IEA according to Wachtmeister etal. ( 2018 )","line":59,"x":53.85828108999998,"y":69.15603006999999,"width":"303.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"et al. ( 2018 ) showed that price projections have varied significantly over time. ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"336.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"$140 per barrel, providing significant uncertainty regarding future costs in the sce -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"to comparatively expensive energy crops. Because bioenergy holds significant mar -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"ket shares in all sectors in many regions, a detailed assessment of future price pro -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"future installations and markets (McDonald and Schrattenholzer 2001 ; Rubin etal. ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"334.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ). Therefore, the reliability of cost projections largely depends on the uncer -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"Fossil technologies provide a large cost data set featuring well-established mar -","line":26,"x":65.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"319.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"costs. Other technologies, such as PV and wind, are currently experiencing tremen -","line":31,"x":53.85829162,"y":237.15977478,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"Outlook series (compare for example IEA 2007 , 2014 , 2017 ). For PV and wind, ","line":36,"x":53.85829162,"y":177.15977478,"width":"333.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"same progressive cost developments for all scenarios. In the next sections, we pres -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"ent a detailed overview of our assumptions for power and renewable heat technolo -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"gies, including the investment and fuel costs, and the potential CO 2 costs in the ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":523.65979003,"width":"335.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.3.1 Power andCHP Technologies","line":9,"x":53.86159133,"y":477.15979003,"width":"153.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"2012 , 2015 ), which were based on a variety of studies, including the European ","line":12,"x":53.86159133,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"Commission-funded NEEDS project (NEEDS 2009 ), projections from the European ","line":13,"x":53.86159133,"y":417.15979003,"width":"333.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable Energy Council (Zervos etal. 2010 ), investment cost projections by the ","line":14,"x":53.86159133,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"IEA ( 2014 ), and current cost assumptions by IRENA and IEA (IEA 2016b ). We ","line":15,"x":53.86159133,"y":393.15979003,"width":"334.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"found that investment costs generally converged, except for PV. Therefore, for con -","line":16,"x":53.86159133,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"2016b ) up to 2040, including their regional disaggregation. We extended the projec -","line":19,"x":53.86159133,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario from IEA 2016b . For technologies not distinguished in the IEA report ","line":22,"x":53.86159133,"y":309.15979003,"width":"336.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"from the Energy [R]evolution Scenario 2015 (Teske etal. 2015 ). As the cost assump -","line":24,"x":53.86159133,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"assumptions on a more recent analysis by Steurer etal. ( 2018 ), which projects lower ","line":26,"x":53.86159133,"y":261.15979003,"width":"333.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"investment costs for PV in 2050 than does the IEA.The costs for onshore and off -","line":27,"x":53.86159133,"y":249.15977478,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"analysis in the PlanDelyKaD project (Michalski etal. 2017 ). Table 5.4 summarizes ","line":30,"x":53.86159133,"y":213.15977478,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"above for OECD Europe. It is important to note that the cost reductions are, in real -","line":32,"x":53.86159133,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"dynamic market development is required to achieve a significant reduction in spe -","line":34,"x":53.86159133,"y":165.15977478,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"are in the same range, but differ slightly for different renewable energy technolo -","line":39,"x":53.86159133,"y":105.1597824,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"In contrast, several renewable technologies have seen considerable cost reduc -","line":5,"x":65.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.4 Investment cost assumptions for power generation plants (in $2015/kW) in the scenarios ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.43301391,"width":"327.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass power plant $/kW 2400 2350 2300 2200 2110","line":33,"x":56.70148034000169,"y":187.20449846,"width":"175.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal power plant $/kW 12,340 2800 2650 2500 2400","line":34,"x":56.70147270000169,"y":175.37249770999998,"width":"192.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro power plant a $/kW 2650 2650 2650 2650 2650","line":35,"x":56.701461260001686,"y":163.49699417,"width":"170.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy power plant $/kW 6950 6650 4400 3100 2110","line":36,"x":56.69674248000169,"y":151.66499344,"width":"192.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"PV power plant $/kW 1300 980 730 560 470","line":37,"x":56.69673104000169,"y":139.83299270999998,"width":"140.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP power plant b $/kW 5700 5000 3700 3050 2740","line":38,"x":56.696711960001686,"y":127.99199691999999,"width":"163.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen production $/kW 1380 1220 920 700 570","line":41,"x":56.696711960001686,"y":92.49600235999999,"width":"164.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"a Costs for a system with solar multiple of two and thermal storage for 8h of turbine operation","line":42,"x":53.85845131000169,"y":79.15200057999998,"width":"318.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"b Values apply to both run-of-the-river and reservoir hydro power","line":43,"x":53.85845131000169,"y":69.15200057999998,"width":"218.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":44,"x":53.85845131000169,"y":623.64953629,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, hydrogen is introduced as a substitute for natu -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"etal. 2017 ), we assume that costs could decrease to $570/kW in the long term.","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"307.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"sector. Costs for new installations differ significantly between regions and are inter -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Our cost assumptions are based on a previous survey of renewable heating tech -","line":14,"x":65.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.5 presents the investment cost assumptions for heating technologies for ","line":23,"x":65.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.5 Specific investment cost assumptions (in $2015) for heating technologies in the ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":232.38920593,"width":"330.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"heating purposes at investment costs ranging from €500/kW th (shallow) to €3000/","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"kW th (deep), with the costs strongly dependent on the drilling depth. The cost reduc -","line":2,"x":53.85789108,"y":583.65979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"For all sectors, we assume a cost reduction of 20% by 2050. In contrast, solar col -","line":17,"x":53.85609817,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"optimized already, whereas their integration in large systems is neither technologi -","line":20,"x":53.85609817,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"cally nor economically mature. For larger applications, especially in heat grid sys -","line":21,"x":53.85609817,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"market for such grid-connected solar systems, we assume there will be a cost reduc -","line":23,"x":53.85609817,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). Beyond 2040, we extrapolated from the price developments between 2035 ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.1598053,"width":"334.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ), corrected by the cumulative inflation rate for the Eurozone of 1.82% between ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.1598053,"width":"333.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"2012 and 2015 (Table 5.6 ).","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":145.1598053,"width":"108.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"the regional supply and demand. The variability is large. Lamers etal. ( 2015 ) found ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":188.55830383,"width":"333.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"a price range of €4–4.8/GJ for forest residues in Europe in 2020, whereas agricul -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":176.55830383,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"curve on a global level for 2030 (see Fig. 5.2 ), ranging from $3/GJ for a potential of ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":140.55830383,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"35 EJ/year. up to $8–10/GJ for a potential up to 90–100 EJ/year (IRENA 2014 ) (and ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":128.55830383,"width":"333.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.6 Development projections for fossil fuel prices in $2015 (IEA 2017 )","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"261.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Oil All $/GJ 8.5 12.3 21.5 24.2 35.1","line":13,"x":56.68463064000031,"y":559.7619221700005,"width":"107.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas OECD North America $/GJ 2.5 3.3 5.5 6.2 8.9","line":14,"x":56.67612005000031,"y":547.9298909200005,"width":"158.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe $/GJ 6.6 7.2 9.2 10.0 12.9","line":15,"x":99.96660924000031,"y":536.0979207000005,"width":"127.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Coal OECD North America $/GJ 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.0 5.3","line":19,"x":56.59955907000031,"y":488.7699177700005,"width":"161.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe $/GJ 2.6 3.1 4.1 4.3 5.3","line":20,"x":99.8900482700003,"y":476.9379170500005,"width":"118.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear All $/GJ 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1","line":24,"x":56.52300954000031,"y":429.60991411000055,"width":"106.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Oil all $/GJ 8.5 10.2 12.6 13.0 14.3","line":26,"x":56.51449895000031,"y":405.94591265000054,"width":"105.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas OECD North America $/GJ 2.5 2.8 4.5 5.1 7.6","line":27,"x":56.50598073000031,"y":394.1139119100005,"width":"158.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe $/GJ 6.6 6.6 8.5 9.4 13.0","line":28,"x":99.7964661200003,"y":382.2819111800005,"width":"123.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Coal OECD Europe $/GJ 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.4","line":32,"x":56.42943120000031,"y":334.95390825000055,"width":"135.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America $/GJ 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.7","line":33,"x":99.71992040000032,"y":323.12190752000055,"width":"145.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear All $/GJ 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1","line":37,"x":56.352870230000306,"y":275.7939045900005,"width":"106.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 based on a global biomass use of around 108 EJ, using current primary bio -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":339.149292,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"mass prices as a proxy (see Table 5.7 ). Liquid biofuels demand higher prices because ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.149292,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"available for a considerable range of residues. Therefore, the average primary bio -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":255.149292,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"The prices for primary biomass will increase proportionately to the IRENA ref -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":135.149292,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.2 Global supply curve for primary biomass in 2030 (IRENA 2014 )","line":21,"x":53.83179855,"y":390.97918701,"width":"246.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":22,"x":53.8572998,"y":623.6496582,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"100 EJ/year. However, the international trade in biomass may heavily influence bio -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.08670043,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.5 CO 2 Costs","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.2868042,"width":"73.94","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"The WEO 2017 (IEA 2017 ) considers the future price of CO 2 in the power and ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.586792,"width":"335.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"industry sectors. There is considerable variation between the current policy sce -","line":10,"x":53.85900878,"y":293.086792,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"in regional range. Various studies have indicated a close relationship between decar -","line":12,"x":53.85900878,"y":269.086792,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"bonisation and the implicit or explicit CO 2 price (regardless of the most efficient ","line":13,"x":53.85900878,"y":255.58680725,"width":"335.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"decarbonisation of the energy sector (Lucena et al. 2016 ), but on the other hand, ","line":15,"x":53.86040115,"y":233.086792,"width":"335.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"decarbonisation may limit the costs of CO 2 emissions if an efficient pricing measure ","line":16,"x":53.86040115,"y":219.58680725,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"is in place (Jacobson etal. 2017 ). Because the scenarios in this study rely heavily on ","line":17,"x":53.85520935,"y":209.08680725,"width":"333.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"effective reductions in CO 2 emissions, we used the CO 2 prices of the 450ppm sce -","line":18,"x":53.85520935,"y":195.58680725,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"WEO 2017, which applies rather low CO 2 emission costs. Instead, we applied CO 2","line":20,"x":53.86130905,"y":171.58680725,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"costs equivalent to the cost of the resulting climate damage. Based on existing stud -","line":21,"x":53.86180114,"y":161.08680725,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"ies of fossil-energy-induced damage (Anthoff and Tol 2013 ; Stern etal. 2006 ), we ","line":22,"x":53.86180114,"y":149.08680725,"width":"334.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"assumed that $78/t of CO 2 is a plausible cost estimate in the wide range of estimates ","line":23,"x":53.86180114,"y":135.58680725,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"of the social costs of CO 2 emissions (Table 5.8 ).","line":24,"x":53.854599,"y":123.58679962,"width":"192.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.7 Biomass price projections for 2030 at 108 EJ of the biomass demand (IRENA 2014 )","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.6727295,"width":"319.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"Liquid biofuel reference price Other biomass reference price","line":26,"x":132.27629083999997,"y":583.4171925100001,"width":"203.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"US $/GJ US $/GJ","line":27,"x":132.27629083999997,"y":571.9082203300001,"width":"58.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"North America 34 15","line":31,"x":56.69429009999997,"y":523.76417736,"width":"67.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin America 59 12","line":33,"x":56.69429009999997,"y":500.10020641,"width":"65.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4 Energy Scenario Narratives andAssumptions forWorld ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":506.06079101,"width":"305.10","height":"12.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"systems, may develop under the overall objective of ‘deep and rapid decarbonisa -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":440.06079101,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"• Efficiency improvement and demand reduction: stringent implementation of ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":410.06079101,"width":"327.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"These will lead to a continuous reduction in both final and primary energy con -","line":9,"x":65.85829925,"y":386.06079101,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"• Deployment of renewable energies: massive implementation of new technolo -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":350.06079101,"width":"323.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"gies for the generation of power and heat in all sectors. These will include vari -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":338.06079101,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"considerable cost reductions in recent years, but also more expensive technolo -","line":15,"x":65.85829925,"y":314.06079101,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"• Sector coupling: stringent direct electrification of heating and transport technolo -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":278.06079101,"width":"323.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"Some alternative or probably complementary future technical options are explic -","line":22,"x":65.85829925,"y":224.06079101,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"storage (CCS), and geoengineering, are not considered on the supply side as mitiga -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":176.06079101,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.8 CO 2 cost assumptions in the scenarios","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":596.397583,"width":"162.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"Reference All regions $/t CO 2 0 42 69 78 78","line":39,"x":56.68417727000018,"y":557.9865770699998,"width":"136.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C and 1.5°C OECD Economies $/t CO 2 0 62 87.6 138 189.0","line":40,"x":56.68656527000018,"y":546.1516771699999,"width":"208.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"Other regions $/t CO 2 0 42 69.5 124 177.5","line":41,"x":129.31056964000015,"y":534.3167162299999,"width":"131.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":42,"x":53.856067530000175,"y":623.6516771699999,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"development implausible). This is the case for the IEA estimates of demand devel -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel- based heat and power generation.","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"152.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"It is obvious that a major increase in energy efficiency is the backbone of each ambi -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"• Population growth, which affects the number of people consuming energy or ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.15979003,"width":"326.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"factor, bearing in mind that this could mean power grid access or the implemen -","line":16,"x":65.85829925,"y":363.15979003,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"• Economic development, which is commonly measured as GDP.In general, GDP ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":339.15979003,"width":"325.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"• Energy intensity, which is a measure of how much final energy is required in the ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":291.15979003,"width":"325.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"to the per capita demand for final energy (for electrical appliances and heat gen -","line":26,"x":65.85829925,"y":243.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"The reference scenario and both target scenarios are based on the same projec -","line":30,"x":65.85829925,"y":189.15979003,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"future development of energy intensities differs between the reference and alterna -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"the successful implementation of measures to intensify required investments in effi -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"the Current Policies scenario of the IEA WEO 2017 (IEA 2017 ). The upper bench -","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.1597824,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"marks for efficiency potentials per world region are taken from Graus etal. ( 2011 ), ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"Kermeli etal. ( 2014 ), and recently published low-energy-demand scenarios devel -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"oped by Grubler etal. ( 2018 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"119.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"‘Industrial electricity demand’ refers to many appliances of different sizes and pur -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"in most branches of industry. This particularly applies to electric drives for com -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity demands are constrained by the abovementioned lower and upper bench -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"shown in Table 5.9 . The average global electricity demand for electric appliances in ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario and 23 kWh/$1000in the 1.5°C Scenario. However, the increased electri -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"10% lower between 2025 and 2035. However, between 2035 and 2050, the electric -","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.9 Assumed average development of specific (per $GDP) electricity use for electrical ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":214.3224945,"width":"329.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":42,"x":53.675534989999925,"y":623.68200309,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"up only a small percentage of the industrial energy demand for heat. Regional dif -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"introducing such a pathway requires strong support from various industry stake -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"holders and regional or even global governance to overcome the economic and tech -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"assume that the conditions exist to allow rapid technological change. Table 5.10","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"330.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.10 Assumed average development in final energy use for heating in the industry sector ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":204.0724945,"width":"328.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"in households, for commercial purposes, and in the service and trade sectors, fish -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"amount of electricity is used for cooking, cooling, and hot water. It has been esti -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"the final energy use for heating. It is assumed that this share will increase signifi -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"These increases are attributed to sector coupling, the provision of storage for vari -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"more than 50% relative to today’s energy consumption. The average global electric -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.11 shows the changes in electricity use for appliances in OECD and non-","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.11 Assumed average developments of per capita electricity use in the ‘Residential and ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":226.95610046,"width":"329.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":40,"x":53.675534989999925,"y":623.68023877,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"The fuel demand for heat in households has quite different characteristics depend -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"ing on the consumption structures in each world region and their climatic condi -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"cooking and heating in some regions. In contrast to traditional biomass, the effi -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"direct emissions and no air pollution. Table 5.12 shows the assumed average final ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.12 Assumed average development of specific final energy use for heating in the ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":270.3479004,"width":"331.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.1.5 Resulting Energy Intensities by Region","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"193.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 5.3 shows the final energy intensities related to $GDP for each of the ten ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"be larger (and faster) in OECD countries. This will result in smaller regional differ -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"with the very ambitious assumptions of Grubler etal. ( 2018 ) for the specific final ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"this study are conservative. In Grubler etal. ( 2018 ), the annual global final energy ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"the reference case (see Chap. 8 ). Because the 1.5 °C target requires a significant ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"335.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.2 RES Deployment forElectricity Generation","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":277.15979003,"width":"239.10","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"P D G $ r e p y g r e n e l a n i f","line":38,"x":59.9165001,"y":129.91470336,"width":"55.50","height":"6.63","fontName":["CKFPMP+CgrknhSnfrvdWkrmfbCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"P OE CD North Americ a","line":51,"x":196.97999572,"y":188.32374572,"width":"48.01","height":"6.63","fontName":["CKFPMP+CgrknhSnfrvdWkrmfbCalibri-Bold","DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"OE CD Pacifi c","line":52,"x":335.98699951,"y":182.289505,"width":"27.07","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"OE CD Europe","line":53,"x":335.98699951,"y":173.81350708,"width":"28.50","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Eastern Europe /E urasia","line":54,"x":335.98699951,"y":165.34179687,"width":"49.82","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Af ri ca","line":58,"x":335.98699951,"y":131.44239807,"width":"12.48","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OE CD Asia","line":60,"x":335.98699951,"y":114.4878006,"width":"32.66","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"weight ed aver ag e","line":61,"x":335.98699951,"y":106.0102005,"width":"38.18","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.3 Development of the specific final energy use (per $GDP) in all stationary sectors (i.e., ","line":62,"x":54.5,"y":79.15200042,"width":"328.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"power generation and their costs vary from region to region. Therefore, the scenar -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"results of the REMix EnDat tool developed (Scholz 2012 ; Stetter 2014 ; Pietzcker ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"334.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"etal. 2014 ). The technical potentials for solar and wind power in each world region ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"were estimated while taking into account the different exclusion criteria and con -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"straints documented by Stetter ( 2014 ). The analysis was used to estimate the ‘eco -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"The harvesting of global solar radiation by PVs has enormous economic poten -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"cost degression for PV modules, and large PV production capacities have been cre -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"short-term storage to support the major expansion of PV.The storage options con -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"and heat generation, with high capacity factors due to high-temperature heat stor -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"are for PV or wind, and investment costs for batteries for short-term electricity stor -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro power generation will increase only moderately under the alternative sce -","line":18,"x":65.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the average global power generation share will decrease in the alterna -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"power generation shares in 2050 are assumed to be in Latin America (24%), fol -","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"offer complementary characteristics and availabilities that may stabilize future elec -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"thermal power generation, as a substitute for natural gas in gas turbines and com -","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"cells to co-generation. Figure 5.4 shows the basic storyline in global power genera -","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.3 RES Deployment forHeat Generation","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":383.4389038,"width":"212.43","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"from co-generation or public heating plants), direct heating in buildings, and pro -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.4389038,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"cess heat in industry, commerce, and other sectors. Different technologies are con -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.4389038,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"in the building sector. No strong expansion of heat grids is assumed in regions with -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":259.4389038,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"Electricity for heating is assumed to play a significant role in future energy sys -","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":235.4389038,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"used with relatively low investment for space heating and is therefore easily com -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.4389038,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"bined with other heating technologies. For example, simple electric heaters can eas -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.4389038,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"process heat in industry at high-temperature levels. The alternative scenarios glob -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.4389038,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"n o i t a r e n e g r e w o p l a b o l g e g a r e v a","line":40,"x":82.33979797,"y":463.83923329,"width":"106.17","height":"8.14","fontName":["CKFPMP+YdydknWqttqwSpnmxmCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.4 Development of the average global RES shares in total power generation in the 2.0°C ","line":50,"x":53.85829925,"y":419.63488758999995,"width":"328.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":174,"change":"Addition","str":"However, the need for process heat at high temperature levels, problems associ -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":174,"change":"Addition","str":"process-specific strategies for replacing fossil fuels in the industry sector. As men -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":174,"change":"Addition","str":"such as synthetic methane, which can be generated from hydrogen and a (renew -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":174,"change":"Addition","str":"Overall, biomass use for heating in the ‘Residential and other’ sector is decreas -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":174,"change":"Addition","str":"system. Thus, the average global share of biomass as a final energy source for heat -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":174,"change":"Addition","str":"(4%) and China (7%) in both alternative scenarios because of their limited sustain -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15977478,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":174,"change":"Addition","str":"the seasonal variations in regions with significant space heat demand. In the alterna -","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":174,"change":"Addition","str":"between 15% and 22%, considering the limited applicability of concentrated sys -","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps allow very efficient heat supply. System-wide CO 2 emissions depend ","line":3,"x":65.85829925,"y":571.65979003,"width":"321.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"on the CO 2 emissions in the power mix. Because of their generation of low-","line":4,"x":53.85707855,"y":559.65979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"heat for industrial processes and tap the enormous potential of waste heat. A con -","line":7,"x":53.85969924,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"of MW th ) is assumed to be limited by the low temperature of the heat provided, the ","line":12,"x":53.85969924,"y":463.65979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"increasing share of the grid-connected heat supply, the assumed increase in exten -","line":13,"x":53.85720062,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"of 12–14% in final energy for heating in the ‘Industry’ sector under the two alterna -","line":20,"x":53.85720062,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific (6–8%) and OECD Europe (up to 9%) (Figs. 5.5 and 5.6 ).","line":28,"x":53.85720062,"y":273.15979003,"width":"290.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.5 Development of the average global RES shares of future heat generation options in ","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":79.15200652999998,"width":"329.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":176,"change":"Addition","str":"smaller plants in the ‘Residential and other’ sector. Power-to-heat ratios, efficien -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":200.51599121,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":176,"change":"Addition","str":"parameters according to a defined advanced state of technology, with overall effi -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":152.51599121,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":176,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.6 Development of the average global shares of future heat-generation options in the ","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":410.71191381999995,"width":"329.86","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"due to the decommissioning of fossil-fuel generators, the limited availability of bio -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":278.57580566,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"leading to higher overall efficiency. Tables 5.13 and 5.14 show the resulting devel -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.57580566,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario, higher CHP power production is assumed to be higher than in the refer -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":206.57580566,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.13 Development of power from co-generation per $GDP","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"218.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.14 Development of heat from co-generation per $GDP","line":29,"x":53.675534989999925,"y":438.35233882999984,"width":"211.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.5 Other Assumptions forStationary Processes","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"241.46","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"and processes in which the direct use of other renewable sources, including renew -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":543.79382324,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"efficiency 1 of electrolytic hydrogen generation, from 66% today to 77% by 2050 ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":519.79382324,"width":"335.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"(ratio of energy output [H 2 ] to energy input [electricity]). The generation of syn -","line":7,"x":53.85760116,"y":506.29379272,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"thetic fuels (such as Fischer-Tropsch fuels) from hydrogen, using CO 2 as the carbon ","line":8,"x":53.85630035,"y":494.29379272,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"transport modes (according to Sect. 6.3.3 .) is a result of the sectoral allocation of the ","line":13,"x":53.85578918,"y":435.79379272,"width":"333.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"limited biomass potentials in each world region. The assumed efficiency 2 of synfuel ","line":14,"x":53.85578918,"y":423.79379272,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"Traditional biomass use is strongly reduced, but biomass remains an important pil -","line":26,"x":53.85731887,"y":279.79379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"plants. This goes along with the decreasing utilization rates that result from the vari -","line":32,"x":53.85731887,"y":207.79379272,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"1 Ratio energy output (H 2 ) to energy input (electricity)","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":85.70529937,"width":"181.61","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"2 Ratio of energy output (synfuels) to energy input (electricity).","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":74.9803009,"width":"212.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":179,"change":"Addition","str":"Anthoff D, Tol RS (2013) The uncertainty about the social cost of carbon: A decomposition analy -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":569.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":179,"change":"Addition","str":"the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies. ","line":14,"x":65.86029815,"y":449.8418274,"width":"321.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":179,"change":"Addition","str":"Nature Energy 3 (6):515–527. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6","line":15,"x":65.86029815,"y":439.8458252,"width":"264.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":179,"change":"Addition","str":"in Brazil. World Development 39 (6):1026–1036. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.","line":46,"x":65.86029815,"y":129.96981811,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":179,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe under different sustainability constraints. GCB Bioenergy 7 (4):618–634. doi: https://","line":50,"x":65.86029815,"y":89.98581695,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"(2017) Hydrogen generation by electrolysis and storage in salt caverns: Potentials, econom -","line":10,"x":65.8600235,"y":508.22332763,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen Energy 42 (19):13427–13443. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.02.102","line":12,"x":65.8600235,"y":488.23132324,"width":"312.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"NEEDS (2009) The NEEDS Life Cycle Inventory Database. http://www.needs-project.org/need-","line":19,"x":53.85802078,"y":418.25930786,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"swebdb/index.php . Accessed 15th April 2016 2016","line":20,"x":65.8600235,"y":408.26330566,"width":"172.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"Pietzcker RC, Stetter D, Manger S, Luderer G (2014) Using the sun to decarbonize the power sec -","line":24,"x":53.85802078,"y":368.2793274,"width":"331.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"Rubin ES, Azevedo IML, Jaramillo P, Yeh S (2015) A review of learning rates for electricity sup -","line":30,"x":53.85802078,"y":308.3033142,"width":"331.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"ply technologies. Energy Policy 86:198–218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.06.011","line":31,"x":65.8600235,"y":298.30731201,"width":"316.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"Seidenberger T, Thrän D, Offermann R, Seyfert U, Buchhorn M, Zeddies J (2008) Global bio -","line":37,"x":53.85802078,"y":238.33131408,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions forEnergy Pathways","line":53,"x":53.85802078,"y":623.8572998,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"Zittel W, Rutovitz J, Harris S, Ackermann T, Ruwahata R, Martensen N (2012) Energy [R]evo -","line":2,"x":65.86029815,"y":588.19134521,"width":"319.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. https://population.un.org/wpp/ . Accessed ","line":16,"x":65.86029815,"y":448.24731445,"width":"322.22","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"Wachtmeister H, Henke P, Höök M (2018) Oil projections in retrospect: Revisions, accu -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":398.26733398,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"racy and current uncertainty. Applied Energy 220:138–153. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.","line":22,"x":65.86029815,"y":388.27133178,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.09080505,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.09480285,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Detailed background for all transport scenarios and development path -","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"325.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"road-, rail- and aviation transport technologies. Explanations of all vehicle tech -","line":9,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":429.13769531,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"Global transport accounted for 23% of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions in 2010 ","line":16,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":301.64169311,"width":"334.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2010 according to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Sims et al. 2014 ). The ","line":18,"x":53.860388739999976,"y":279.14169311,"width":"335.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"J. Pagenkopf ( * ) · B. van den Adel · Ö. Deniz · S. Schmid","line":30,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":120.82099914,"width":"199.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","NTYQUD+QsxhxnXrhjhcBxybfmWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, if we are to cater to people’s desire for mobility while keeping the econ -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"omy running and meeting the Paris climate goals, fundamental technical, opera -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C were translated into transport CO 2 budgets. We structured our scenario ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":475.65979003,"width":"336.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"designs around the following key CO 2 -reducing measures 1 :","line":12,"x":53.86289978,"y":463.65979003,"width":"236.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"• Enhancement of energy efficiency through technological development;","line":14,"x":53.85601043,"y":435.15979003,"width":"286.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"• Use of bio-based and synthetically produced fuels;","line":15,"x":53.85601043,"y":423.15979003,"width":"206.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"• Modal shifts (from high- to low-energy intensity modes) and overall reductions ","line":16,"x":53.85601043,"y":411.15979003,"width":"325.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"6.2 Global Transport Picture in2015","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.15979003,"width":"184.21","height":"12.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"The world final energy demand in the transport sector totalled 94,812 PJ 2 in 2015, ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":315.15979003,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"according to the IEA Energy Balances (IEA 2017a , b , c ). Based on this estimate, we ","line":21,"x":53.85860824,"y":303.15979003,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"used TRAEM (Sect. 3.3 to model the freight and passenger transport performance ","line":22,"x":53.85860824,"y":291.15979003,"width":"334.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"As can be seen from Fig. 6.1 , road passenger transport had the biggest transport ","line":26,"x":65.85861206,"y":243.15979003,"width":"322.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"oriented, and has a 42% share of total tonne–km (tkm), as shown in Fig. 6.2 . The ","line":33,"x":53.85860824,"y":159.15979003,"width":"333.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 6.3 shows the powertrain split of all transport modes in 2015 (by pkm or ","line":36,"x":65.85861206,"y":123.15979003,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"1 See also Teske etal. ( 2015 ).","line":40,"x":53.85820007,"y":59.2126007,"width":"97.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"2 International aviation and navigation bunkers are not included in this figure.","line":41,"x":53.85820007,"y":47.2126007,"width":"260.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"also battery- powered electric buses, predominantly in China. China also has a par -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.59919738,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"extent (e.g., metro and high-speed trains), whereas freight trains were predomi -","line":4,"x":53.85829162,"y":199.59919738,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"demand (Fig. 6.4 ), and China is almost on the same level as OECD Europe, although ","line":7,"x":53.85829162,"y":163.59919738,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3 Measures toReduce andDecarbonise Transport Energy ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":113.59919738,"width":"304.39","height":"12.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Road Public Passenge r","line":22,"x":275.74160766,"y":568.03271484,"width":"72.34","height":"7.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TtwmfwXdcnvvHqxjnwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Aviation (International )","line":27,"x":275.74160766,"y":475.76208496,"width":"75.52","height":"7.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TtwmfwXdcnvvHqxjnwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.1 World final energy use by transport mode in 2015","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":427.64260864,"width":"195.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.2 Transport mode performances of road, rail, and aviation","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":260.42919921,"width":"216.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"We found that urgent and profound measures must be taken because the emis -","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":100.3219986,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel- related transport activities (in terms of pkm and tkm of passenger cars, trucks, ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":76.3219986,"width":"334.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"e c n a","line":27,"x":60.14339828,"y":566.43444824,"width":"14.80","height":"7.69","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"m r o f r e p t r o p s n a r t r e p t i l p s n i a r t r e w o P","line":28,"x":60.14339828,"y":446.3591919,"width":"113.53","height":"7.69","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.3 Powertrain split for all transport modes in 2015 by transport performance (pkm or tkm)","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":377.25048828,"width":"323.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.4 Final energy use ","line":51,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.14160156,"width":"84.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"insignificant, but because road transport is by far the largest CO 2 emitter in overall ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"electrification, we cluster the world regions into three groups, according to the dif -","line":13,"x":53.86249923,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"fusion theory (Rogers 2003 ):","line":14,"x":53.86249923,"y":393.15979003,"width":"115.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"• Innovators : OECD North America (excluding Mexico), OECD Europe, OECD ","line":15,"x":53.86249923,"y":375.15979003,"width":"326.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"• Moderate : Mexico, Non-OECD Asia, India, Eurasia, and Latin America","line":17,"x":53.86249923,"y":351.15979003,"width":"290.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"• Late adopters : Africa and the Middle East.","line":18,"x":53.86249923,"y":339.15979003,"width":"174.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.1.1 The 5.0°C Scenario","line":22,"x":53.86249923,"y":261.15979003,"width":"112.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"The 5.0°C Scenario follows the IEA Current Policies Scenario (IEA 2017a ) until ","line":23,"x":53.86249923,"y":237.15979003,"width":"334.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"transport modes (see Fig. 6.5 ), with passenger cars and buses making relevant gains ","line":25,"x":53.86249923,"y":213.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"in electric vehicle (EV) shares. For example, we project a share of 30% for battery ","line":26,"x":53.86249923,"y":201.15979003,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"electric vehicles (BEV) in China by 2050 due to foreseeable legislation and techno -","line":27,"x":53.86249923,"y":189.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"logical advancements in that country (Cui and Xiao 2018 ), whereas for the world ","line":28,"x":53.86249923,"y":177.15979003,"width":"334.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.1.2 The 2.0°C Scenario","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.82250976,"width":"112.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"the innovator regions will experience strong electrification, encouraged by purchase ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":283.82250976,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"incentives, EV credit systems, and tightened CO 2 fleet emission targets. Passenger ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":270.32250976,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"years. Electric city buses and some trolley trucks will make a significant contribu -","line":10,"x":53.85850906,"y":211.82250976,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"the fuel-cell-electric vehicle (FCEV) market introduction, which will account for up ","line":13,"x":53.85850906,"y":175.82250976,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"South Korea the main market drivers. Higher shares of FCEV in innovator regions ","line":15,"x":53.85850906,"y":151.82250976,"width":"334.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"Pa ss en ge r Ca rB us 2- & 3- Wh eel er Tr uc kP as se ng er Tr ai nF re ig ht Tr ai n","line":34,"x":129.91108703,"y":409.53100585,"width":"254.90","height":"7.31","fontName":["MPJKGF+SxntvpQkvpwpPvkvbgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"In te rn al Co mb us ti on En gi ne Pl ug -I n Hy br id Elec tr ic","line":36,"x":130.8710022,"y":386.51098632,"width":"144.60","height":"7.31","fontName":["MPJKGF+SxntvpQkvpwpPvkvbgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.5 Powertrain split for all transport modes in 2050 under the 5.0°C Scenario in terms of ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":366.65249633,"width":"328.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"Looking ahead to 2050, 60–70% of buses and heavy trucks will probably be (bat -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"In the moderate regions, the BEV share of road transport vehicles is set in a ","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"323.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"range of 1–15%. Except for Latin America, the moderate regions will have an ICE ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"334.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"powered by 2030. It is likely that ICE will dominate buses and trucks in the moder -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"ate regions in 2030. Fuel-cell cars now have small shares of 1–2%. Non-OECD Asia ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"is positively influenced by its innovator neighbour region, OECD Pacific. In the ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"335.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C Scenario, moderate regions will reach BEV shares of up to 67% for passen -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"heavy trucks by 2050. Compared with the innovator regions, the moderate regions ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"electrification will occur in Africa, with small and cheap BEVs (Fig. 6.6 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"294.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"regions, Fig. 6.7 shows the uptake of electric and fuel-cell drivetrains in buses and ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"two- and three-wheel vehicles, region by region, in terms of pkm. In 2015, a sub -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"India, Non-OECD Asia, and Eurasia after 2030. The remaining regions will elec -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 6.8 plots the projected electrification of passenger and freight rail in terms ","line":29,"x":65.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific China India Africa Powertrain split per transport performance","line":49,"x":57.44520187,"y":112.0401001,"width":"136.55","height":"5.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+GvjjsfFgdlscXjlcgjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacifi cC hina Indi aA frica","line":55,"x":289.28811645,"y":114.85990142,"width":"95.85","height":"5.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+GvjjsfFgdlscXjlcgjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"Internal Combustion Engine Plug-In Hybrid Electric Hydrogen","line":57,"x":145.75770568,"y":98.35990142,"width":"117.52","height":"4.90","fontName":["MPJKGF+GvjjsfFgdlscXjlcgjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.6 Powertrain split (fleet) of passenger cars in selected regions in 2030 ( left ) and 2050 ","line":58,"x":53.85829925,"y":79.15200042,"width":"329.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"( right ) under the 2.0°C Scenario","line":59,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15599822,"width":"112.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":60,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Aviation will probably remain predominantly powered by liquid fossil fuels (ker -","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":192.52270507,"width":"319.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"osene and bio- and synfuel derivatives) in the medium to long term because of limi -","line":8,"x":53.85829162,"y":180.52270507,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"because the flight distances are shorter than, for example, in the USA (Fig. 6.9 ). ","line":11,"x":53.85829162,"y":144.52270507,"width":"333.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"e of ","line":41,"x":58.43529891,"y":584.39062501,"width":"8.85","height":"5.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"US A Ca na da Me xi co La ti n Am er ic a","line":48,"x":125.0821991,"y":509.91171265,"width":"61.04","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Fuel cell eletric share of total bus pkm","line":49,"x":233.75039672,"y":522.18798829,"width":"151.29","height":"5.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"OE CD Eu ro pe Eu ra si a","line":50,"x":270.22338867,"y":509.29159546,"width":"38.09","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Af ri ca Mi dd le Ea st In di a Ch in a No n- OE CD As ia OE CD Pa ci fi c","line":51,"x":124.30290222,"y":499.16879273,"width":"100.65","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.7 Battery and trolley electric bus share of total bus pkm in the 2.0°C Scenario ( left ) and ","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":480.03518677,"width":"328.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel-cell electric bus share of total bus pkm in the 2.0°C Scenario ( right )","line":53,"x":53.85829925,"y":470.03918458,"width":"248.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Total Freight Rai l","line":65,"x":304.79598163,"y":318.95420079,"width":"38.20","height":"5.57","fontName":["CAJCWZ+GjnqwsGflkdySsphlrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.8 Electrification of passenger rail ( left ) and freight rail ( right ) under the 2.0°C Scenario (in ","line":66,"x":53.83259126000001,"y":299.35269933,"width":"327.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.1.3 The 1.5°C Scenario","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":352.66668701,"width":"112.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"penetration is required than in the 2.0°C Scenario and the innovative regions will ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":316.66668701,"width":"334.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"be at the forefront. The moderate regions will also need to electrify more rapidly ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":304.66668701,"width":"334.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"between 2030 and 2050. In the late adopter regions, there is no difference between ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":256.66668701,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.2 Mode-Specific Efficiency andImprovements Over Time","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":176.66670227,"width":"297.54","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"only electric drivetrains are compared (Fig. 6.11 ). It is apparent that railways and ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.66670227,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"(Fig. 6.12 ). The 2015 figures are the starting point for a more detailed discussion, ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":100.66670227,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"of our discussion in terms of modal shift (Chap. 6 , Sect. 4 ). The efficiency data are ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":76.66670227,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Ca na da","line":30,"x":335.9413147,"y":573.6660175300001,"width":"24.44","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin Am eric a","line":32,"x":335.9413147,"y":542.3602924300001,"width":"44.30","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Midd le Ea st","line":36,"x":335.9413147,"y":479.78921699000006,"width":"36.35","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Paci fi c","line":40,"x":335.9413147,"y":417.18811417000006,"width":"40.91","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.9 Electricity-performed pkm in domestic aviation under the 2.0°C Scenario","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":377.4966163600001,"width":"278.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.6533241300001,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"based on literature-reported and transport operator information. The efficiency lev -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":199.56100463,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"els in terms of pkm or tkm depend to a large extent on the underlying capacity uti -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.56100463,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"in energy efficiency, and their implementation will steadily improve energy intensity ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.56100463,"width":"333.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"over time. Regardless of the types of powertrains and fuels used, efficiency improve -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.560997,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"• Reductions in powertrain losses through more-efficient motors, gears, power ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":97.560997,"width":"327.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"• Reductions in aerodynamic drag;","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":73.560997,"width":"135.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.11 Final energy demand in urban and inter-urban passenger transport modes in 2015 (world ","line":22,"x":53.55669397000004,"y":234.39100575999996,"width":"327.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Powertrain split of world passenger car fleet","line":35,"x":57.94569391000004,"y":504.12770388,"width":"174.26","height":"5.19","fontName":["MPJKGF+BrhdtnByrnwhNjjbxtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"Internal Combustion Engine Plug-In Hybrid Electric Hydrogen","line":36,"x":155.52529138000003,"y":495.93898318,"width":"114.18","height":"4.76","fontName":["MPJKGF+BrhdtnByrnwhNjjbxtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.10 Powertrain split of the world passenger car fleet in the 2.0°C Scenario ( left ) and 1.5°C ","line":40,"x":53.85829156000004,"y":476.7673829,"width":"327.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario ( right )","line":41,"x":53.85829156000004,"y":466.77138071,"width":"54.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"• Reductions in vehicle mass through light-weighting;","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":376.5704956,"width":"213.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"• The use of smaller vehicles;","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":364.5704956,"width":"115.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"electric vehicles (HEV), and 0.7% PHEV (BCG 2017 ). Only about 0.9% of the cars ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":206.5704956,"width":"333.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"and it is around 15–20% for diesel engines (van Basshuysen and Schäfer 2015 ). ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":158.5704956,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"Maximum efficiencies of 38–40% can be reached by ICE (Schäfer 2016 ), whereas ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":146.5704956,"width":"334.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.12 Final energy demand in freight transport modes in 2015 (world averages)","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.40039062,"width":"279.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"basis (the same for all drivetrains) for the 5.0 °C and 2.0 °C Scenarios. The effi -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":350.26098632,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"ICE.With a market share of 84% of diesel-fuelled vehicles in 2015 (IEA 2017c ), ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.26098632,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"the global fleet of trucks was predominantly operating on diesel (IEA 2017b ). In ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":242.26098632,"width":"335.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"advantages to road carriers (Fig. 6.14 ). Compared with diesel-powered trucks, fuel-","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":182.26098632,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"diesel powertrains, especially those operating in stop-and-go intensive urban envi -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":134.26098632,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"ronments, is promising (Burke and Hengbing 2017 ; Lischke 2017 ). However, after ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":122.2609787,"width":"334.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"and fuel-cell electric). Therefore, the development of battery recharging and hydro -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":86.2609787,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"Ga so li ne Diesel Natural Ga sE lectri cH ydroge n","line":43,"x":116.26850126999999,"y":477.13339233,"width":"231.08","height":"8.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+XdrhgxGjldxtShtqqvCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.13 World average energy consumption development for passenger cars per powertrain in ","line":45,"x":53.858299239999994,"y":457.09091186,"width":"328.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ( left ) and 2050 ( right )","line":46,"x":53.858299239999994,"y":447.09490966,"width":"93.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"truck sector will require considerable public spending on the installation of over -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":328.4801941,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"Sweden, and California (USA) (Siemens 2017 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":292.4801941,"width":"191.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"option, complemented by fuel cells for routes with higher ranges or difficult ter -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":172.4801941,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"fleet since 2016 (over 16,000 battery electric buses) (Sisson 2018 ). Fuel-cell electric ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.48018646,"width":"333.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy Ltd. 2018 ) and 26in the USA (Eudy and Post 2017 ). Full battery operation ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":88.48018646,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"Gasoline Diesel Hybrid Diesel CNG/LPG Electric Hydrogen","line":43,"x":90.41519927,"y":397.65771484,"width":"176.54","height":"8.00","fontName":["CAJCWZ+NmmcwvTfgpnlFlpvwgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.14 Average global energy intensities of truck drivetrain technologies in 2015 and 2050","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":377.31021118,"width":"314.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"divided the regions into innovators (i.e., China and OECD countries) and all the ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":294.51730346,"width":"335.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"all three scenarios (Fig. 6.15 ).","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":234.51730346,"width":"119.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"traffic. India alone is reported to have 2.5 million rickshaws on the road, each travel -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":90.51730346,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"ling 70–150 km/day (Abu Mallouh et al. 2010 ). Most three-wheel vehicles are ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":78.51730346,"width":"335.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"fuelled by gasoline and some by liquid petroleum gas (LPG), although some com -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":66.51730346,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural Gas Electric Hydrogen","line":37,"x":213.71929931,"y":406.07479858,"width":"83.93","height":"7.16","fontName":["CAJCWZ+SvyqmgTdqmvkTwxynnCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.15 Average global energy intensities of bus drivetrain technologies in 2015 ( left ) and 2050 ","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":377.34729003,"width":"328.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"( right )","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":367.35128784,"width":"22.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"together with battery swap stations and solar-powered rickshaws (Moran 2018 ; ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":436.23361206,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Reddy etal. 2017 ). Thailand has announced that it plans to convert all existing two-","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":424.23361206,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"stroke- powered tuk-tuks to battery electric powertrains within 5 years (Coconuts ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":412.23361206,"width":"335.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Bangkok 2017 ). In India, too, plans are repeatedly announced to electrify all new ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":400.23361206,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"two- and three-wheel vehicles within the next two decades (Ghoshal 2017 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":388.23361206,"width":"301.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"The efficiency of battery electric drivetrains is much better than that of conven -","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":376.23361206,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"tional two-stroke engines in two- and three-wheel vehicles (Fig. 6.16 ). We project a ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":364.23361206,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). However, in terms of transport performance (pkm or tkm), the ratio of elec -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":220.23361206,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"has been the state-of-the-art technology for decades and new lines are almost exclu -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":184.23361206,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"with little or no electrification whatsoever could be feasible fully electric alterna -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":100.2335968,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Gasoline/Diesel NG/LP GE lectric Hydrogen","line":44,"x":76.71510314,"y":514.58642578,"width":"130.06","height":"5.09","fontName":["CAJCWZ+VqyvllXwdksyYtwngtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Gasoline/Diesel NG/LP GE lectri cH ydrogen","line":54,"x":237.65029907,"y":514.51611328,"width":"167.90","height":"5.09","fontName":["CAJCWZ+VqyvllXwdksyYtwngtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.16 Average global energy intensities of two-wheel vehicles ( left ) and three-wheel vehicles ","line":57,"x":53.85829925,"y":495.06359863,"width":"328.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"( right ) by drivetrain technology in 2015 ( left bar ) and 2050 ( right bar )","line":58,"x":53.85829925,"y":485.06759643,"width":"239.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":59,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"all drivetrains) in all three scenarios (Fig. 6.17 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":281.61871337,"width":"190.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.18 for freight and passenger trains.","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":245.61871337,"width":"165.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.3.6 Water andAir Transport","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":209.61871337,"width":"134.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"preparation (DNV GL 2015 ). We assumed the same increase in the share of bio- and ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":149.61871337,"width":"333.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"enhanced air traffic management systems (Madavan 2016 ; Vyas et al. 2013 ). We ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":101.61871337,"width":"334.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"D - Freigh tN G - Freigh tE - Freigh tE - Intermoda l","line":32,"x":78.57202148,"y":511.99664306,"width":"133.73","height":"4.35","fontName":["MPJKGF+LjqcspFtgfxfYpmpmjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"D - REG/IC NG - REG/IC E - REG/IC E -Metro/LRT E - HS T","line":57,"x":246.4953003,"y":506.70370483,"width":"92.99","height":"4.35","fontName":["MPJKGF+LjqcspFtgfxfYpmpmjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.17 MJ/tkm of freight rail trains ( left ) and MJ/pkm of passenger rail trains ( right ) for 2015 ","line":59,"x":53.85829925,"y":487.61871337,"width":"328.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"( left ) and 2050 ( right )","line":60,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.62271118,"width":"74.37","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"1.4 r o t c a f y c n e i c i f f e c i f i c e p s","line":68,"x":60.59410095,"y":406.72155761,"width":"50.68","height":"4.84","fontName":["MPJKGF+VbgdrlXnpwdkQkmhkcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"n o i g e R","line":69,"x":60.59410095,"y":392.0454712,"width":"13.51","height":"4.84","fontName":["MPJKGF+VbgdrlXnpwdkQkmhkcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.18 Region-specific MJ/tkm and MJ/pkm in 2015 and 2050 for freight rail trains ( left ) and ","line":81,"x":53.85829925,"y":340.44869995,"width":"328.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"passenger rail trains ( right )","line":82,"x":53.85829925,"y":330.45269775,"width":"92.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.4 Replacement ofFossil Fuels by Biofuels andSynfuels","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":376.18930053,"width":"290.18","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"The use of biofuels in the transport sector offers a potential lever to reduce the CO 2","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":346.68930053,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"replace fossil fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and kerosene. Figure 6.19 shows the ","line":8,"x":53.86180114,"y":276.18930053,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.5 Operational Improvements andNovel Service Concepts","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":160.18919372,"width":"296.94","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.19 Shares of ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.33428955,"width":"64.80","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"They include traditional car sharing (e.g., Zipcar), free-floating car sharing busi -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"private ride-sharing mobility platforms, such as BlaBlaCar , are seen as alternative ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"334.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"car is no longer considered a status symbol, but has become simply a mode of trans -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"Schorndorf (Brost et al. 2018 ). Under these business models, innovative vehicle ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"335.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"usage. However, decision-makers and transport planners must consider the poten -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"(Pakusch etal. 2018 ). For example, an increase in total energy consumption may ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"334.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"The automatization of road freight traffic can reduce fuel consumption. The tech -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"3 (SAE 2018 ), (multi-brand) truck platooning has become possible, which is a ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"335.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"driver-assistance technology (Janssen et al. 2015 ). With communication between ","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"335.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"up to 5% (Daimler 2018 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"103.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"Further novel logistic concepts, such as the use of drones for delivery and decen -","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"6.4 Transport Performance","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":409.15979003,"width":"135.87","height":"12.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"To complement the anticipated technologically driven mode-inherent improve -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"ments in efficiency that we took as the input for our modelling in the previous sec -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"then discuss the rationales for the mode choices that will result in the transport per -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"are particularly projected to grow strongly (Fig. 6.20 ). These modes consume more ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"energy than trains, ships, and buses, as discussed in Sect. 6.3.2 . Even if the full ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"335.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"in the use of the other modes in all world regions (Fig. 6.21 ). The next two sections ","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"6.4.1 Passenger Transport Modes","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":190.45599365,"width":"161.75","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"To reduce transport-related CO 2 emissions, a shift towards low-energy-intensity ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":160.95599365,"width":"335.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"are shown in Table 6.1 . The mode shift potential differs, depending predominantly ","line":7,"x":53.86169052,"y":102.45599365,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"Pass enge r Tr ai n Aviation (Domes ti c) Pass enge r Ca r Bu s","line":22,"x":87.3085022,"y":419.6348877,"width":"141.75","height":"6.63","fontName":["MPJKGF+QhdtprPxfjyfTpxldkCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"2- & 3-Wheele r Freight Trai n Truc k","line":23,"x":87.3085022,"y":406.72188867,"width":"90.30","height":"6.63","fontName":["MPJKGF+QhdtprPxfjyfTpxldkCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.20 Relative growth in world transport demand (2015 = 100% pkm/tkm) in the 5.0 °C ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":387.04928588,"width":"329.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.21 Relative growth in world transport demand (2015 = 100% pkm/tkm) in the 2.0 °C ","line":44,"x":53.85829925,"y":226.6519928,"width":"329.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario ( left ) and 1.5°C Scenario ( right )","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":216.6559906,"width":"142.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"from larger cars and SUVs will also allow lower energy intensity. Whereas occu -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.29541015,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 6.22 shows the development of pkm in all scenarios for sample world ","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":145.29541015,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"also increase in the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, but at a slower rate (Figs. 6.23 and ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"differently in the world regions, both quantitatively and in relative terms (Fig. 6.25 ) ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"pkm must decrease by 2020 and in subsequent years to meet the CO 2 reduction ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":451.65979003,"width":"335.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.24 World pkm development in the 2.0°C Scenario","line":46,"x":54.37009811,"y":71.82189770999999,"width":"191.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":204,"change":"Addition","str":"buses. In China, the pkm split among modes is more balanced. All modes are pro -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":253.98120117,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":204,"change":"Addition","str":"more slowly in the 2.0°C Scenario (Fig. 6.26 ). In the 1.5°C Scenario, freight trans -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.98120117,"width":"331.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":204,"change":"Addition","str":"other regions, such as China and India (Figs. 6.26 and 6.27 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":121.98120117,"width":"241.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":204,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.25 Pkm development in OECD Europe ( left ) Africa (middle), and China ( right ) in the ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":355.8111811400002,"width":"329.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":205,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.26 World tkm development in all scenarios","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":406.9981155699999,"width":"166.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"in additional rail infrastructure. Table 6.2 shows the assumed global tkm shift from ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":449.31170654,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 1.5°C Scenario, the shift is projected to reach up to 27%. The ramp- up of ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.31170654,"width":"334.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"road tkm in numbers by 2050 (Fig. 6.28 ).","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":317.31170654,"width":"165.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 2.0°C Scenario, road tkm will decrease in the OECD countries and stag -","line":15,"x":65.85829925,"y":305.31170654,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"nate or increase slightly in China (Fig. 6.29 ). Rail tkm is projected to increase in all ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":293.31170654,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"other world regions (Fig. 6.29 ). Rail tkm in China will temporarily decrease slightly ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":281.31170654,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"because of an anticipated medium-term decline in coal transport (Fig. 6.30 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":269.31170654,"width":"304.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"and 2050. The transport energy scenario results are outlined in Chap. 8 .","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":167.31170654,"width":"285.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 6.2 Global tkm shifts from truck to train in the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios (in %)","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"298.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":207,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.28 World tkm development in the 5.0°C, 2.0°C, and 1.5°C Scenarios","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.95471191,"width":"259.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":207,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.29 Road tkm in the 2.0°C Scenario","line":43,"x":53.85832198000013,"y":105.29538641999993,"width":"141.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":208,"change":"Addition","str":"2040. In: The Guardian Online Edition. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/18/","line":6,"x":65.86029815,"y":104.7334137,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":208,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.30 Rail tkm in the 2.0°C Scenario","line":32,"x":53.85830684999995,"y":429.8062282600001,"width":"137.39","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":208,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.31 Share of rail tkm in total rail + road tkm in the 2.0°C Scenario","line":57,"x":53.85830684999995,"y":211.14172233000005,"width":"244.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"of a Demand-Responsive Transport System. World Electric Vehicle Journal 9:. doi: https://doi.","line":2,"x":65.86029815,"y":588.19134521,"width":"319.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"powered tuk-tuks to electric vehicles. https://coconuts.co/bangkok/news/","line":7,"x":65.86029815,"y":538.21130371,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"Daimler (2018) Grünes Licht von ganz oben. https://blog.daimler.com/2015/10/05/highway-","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":498.22732543,"width":"331.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"Moran G (2018) Battery swapping: The future of electric vehicle charging. In: Forbes India. http://","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":258.32333374,"width":"331.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"ing/ . Accessed 8 Oct 2018","line":37,"x":65.86029815,"y":238.33131408,"width":"89.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"A Study on Mobility Preferences in the Future. Sustainability 10:. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/","line":39,"x":65.86029815,"y":218.33932495,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"Electric Auto-Rickshaw for a Sustainable Transport System. Energies 10:. doi: https://doi.","line":42,"x":65.86029815,"y":188.35131835,"width":"319.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"Schäfer K (2016) Motoren: Mit Vollgas in die Sackgasse. https://www.heise.de/tr/artikel/Motoren-","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":138.37132263,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"rechargeable automotive batteries. Nature Energy 3:267–278. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/","line":50,"x":65.86029815,"y":108.38332366,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"Siemens AG (2017) eHighway– Solutions for electrified road freight transport. https://www.sie-","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":88.39131927,"width":"331.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":209,"change":"Addition","str":"mens.com/press/en/feature/2015/mobility/2015-06-ehighway.php . Accessed 5 Oct 2018","line":53,"x":65.86029815,"y":78.39531707,"width":"298.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":210,"change":"Addition","str":"Sisson P (2018) How a Chinese city turned all its 16,000 buses electric. https://www.curbed.","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":538.20831298,"width":"331.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":210,"change":"Addition","str":"com/2018/5/4/17320838/china-bus-shenzhen-electric-bus-transportation . Accessed 5 Oct 2018","line":8,"x":65.86029815,"y":528.2123413,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":210,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.0623169,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":210,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.0663147,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":210,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Literature overview of published global and regional renewable energy ","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"328.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"There is a wide range of estimates of global and regional renewable energy poten -","line":14,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":343.13769531,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"(IPCC/SRREN 2011 ). Furthermore, the IPCC has concluded that the global techni -","line":17,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":307.13769531,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"(IPCC/SRREN 2011 ). However, the technical potential is also much higher than the ","line":19,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":283.13769531,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"Chap. 3 )—[R]E-SPACE.The [R]E-SPACE results provide the upper limit for the ","line":25,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":211.13771057,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske ( * ) · K. Nagrath · T. Morris","line":28,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":145.82099914,"width":"127.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","RFLFOL+YhsyhkHxlndjRrbbqvWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"7.1 Global Renewable Energy Potentials","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"202.31","height":"12.00","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"obtained from the continuing or repetitive flows of energy occurring in the natural environ -","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":507.80181884,"width":"307.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"environment (Sect. 3.2 in Chap. 3 )—has been analysed and utilized in this study.","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":145.79379272,"width":"322.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"potential of solar energy, shown in Table 7.1 (Turkenburg etal. 2012 ), could supply ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":109.79379272,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"considered. One of the main constraints on deploying renewable energy tech -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":61.7937889,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"Towards Sustainable Energy Systems, Chap. 3 , page 44, published in 2003 : ","line":22,"x":64.94329833,"y":431.5476074200001,"width":"312.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"be the total solar radiation falling on a particular surface. This potential does there -","line":26,"x":76.94329833,"y":383.55560302000004,"width":"285.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"each technology and is derived from the theoretical potential and the annual effi -","line":30,"x":76.94329833,"y":343.57162475000007,"width":"285.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"therefore not a strictly defined value, since the efficiency of a particular technol -","line":32,"x":76.94329833,"y":323.57962036000004,"width":"285.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"Technological potential: The technological potential is derived from the conver -","line":34,"x":88.94529724,"y":303.58761596,"width":"273.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"sion potential, taking account of additional restrictions regarding the area that is real -","line":35,"x":76.95179748,"y":293.59161376,"width":"285.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"sustainability, which usually requires careful consideration and evaluation of differ -","line":43,"x":76.95179748,"y":213.62361145000003,"width":"285.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"or even impossible (Teske and Pregger 2015 ). The energy policy framework in a ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":316.09381103,"width":"335.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"particular country or region will have a profound impact on the expansion of renew -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":304.09381103,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"ables, in terms of both the economic situation and the social acceptance of renew -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":292.09381103,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"The discrepancy between the technical potential for bioenergy and the likely sus -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":208.09379577,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"tainable potential raises some issues that warrant further discussion. Recent analy -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":196.09379577,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"(GEA 2012 ; Smith etal. 2014 ). However, the dedicated use of land for bioenergy—","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":172.09379577,"width":"331.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ; Searchinger et al. 2017 ). Research that focused on the trade-offs between ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":136.09379577,"width":"335.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"year. could be produced sustainably (Boysen etal. 2017 ; Heck etal. 2018 ), although ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":112.09378814,"width":"333.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"such production levels would be dependent on strong global land governance sys -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":100.09378814,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"The carbon neutrality of bioenergy is based on the assumption that the CO 2","line":25,"x":65.85829925,"y":74.5938034,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.1 Theoretical and technical renewable energy potentials versus utilization in 2015","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"303.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar energy 3,900,000 62,000–280,000 1.3","line":40,"x":56.69297019000013,"y":541.30030349,"width":"142.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind energy 6000 1250–2250 1.9","line":41,"x":56.69297019000013,"y":529.46833328,"width":"109.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 7400 3240–10,500 0.0018","line":47,"x":56.69297019000013,"y":472.13584427,"width":"131.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":51,"x":53.85397711000013,"y":623.70783523,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"regrows (EASAC 2017 ). Most land is part of the terrestrial carbon sink or is used ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"for food production, so that harvesting for bioenergy will either deplete the exist -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"ing carbon stock or displace food production (Searchinger etal. 2015 , 2017 ). The ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"leads to a permanent increase in the atmospheric CO 2 concentration (Sterman etal. ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":535.65979003,"width":"333.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ; Smyth et al. 2014 ; Ter Mikaelian et al. 2015 ). Leaving carbon stored in ","line":7,"x":53.855999,"y":525.15979003,"width":"335.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"Schlesinger 2018 ), because increased atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 from the ","line":9,"x":53.855999,"y":499.65979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"the forests can grow back to compensate the increase (EASAC 2017 ; Booth 2018 ; ","line":11,"x":53.86059951,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"Bioenergy sourced from wastes and residues rather than harvested from dedi -","line":13,"x":65.86060333,"y":453.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity of land) (Searchinger etal. 2017 ). The supply of waste and residues as ","line":16,"x":53.86059951,"y":417.15979003,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"a bioenergy source is always inherently limited (Miyake etal. 2012 ). Although ","line":17,"x":53.86059951,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"in some cases, burning residues can still release more emissions into the atmo -","line":18,"x":53.86059951,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"sphere in the mid-term (20–40years) than allowing them to decay (Booth 2018 ), ","line":19,"x":53.86059951,"y":381.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"there is general agreement that specific and limited waste materials from the for -","line":20,"x":53.86059951,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"climate effects (EASAC 2017 ). The use of secondary residues (cascade utiliza -","line":22,"x":53.86059951,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"7.2 Economic Renewable Energy Potential inSpace-","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":277.15979003,"width":"263.63","height":"12.00","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"Land is a scarce resource. The use of land for nature conservation, agricultural pro -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.1598053,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"ten world regions defined in Table8in Sect. 1 of Chap. 5 were analysed with the [R]","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.1598053,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"E-SPACE methodology described in Sect. 3 of Chap. 3 .","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.1598053,"width":"222.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"7.2.1 Constrains forUtility-Scale Solar andWind Power ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"276.73","height":"12.00","fontName":["QGBZAN+YwbvtqSkgyfxTlwlybTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Residential and urban settlements;","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":523.79382324,"width":"140.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Infrastructure for transport (e.g., rail, roads);","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":511.79382324,"width":"181.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Intensive agricultural production land;","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":487.79382324,"width":"156.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Nature conservation areas and national parks;","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":475.79382324,"width":"185.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Wetlands and swamps;","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":463.79382324,"width":"94.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Closed grasslands (a land-use type) (GLC 2000 ).","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":451.79382324,"width":"199.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"7.2.2 Mapping Solar andWind Potential","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":407.79379272,"width":"196.27","height":"12.00","fontName":["QGBZAN+YwbvtqSkgyfxTlwlybTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"of 2000 kilowatt hours per square meter and year (kWh/m 2 year) is assumed as the ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":355.79379272,"width":"334.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"plants was mapped for all regions with WRI ( 2018 ) data. Figure 7.1 provides an ","line":19,"x":53.85990905,"y":307.79379272,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"in some parts of Canada, the United States, and Australia. For some countries, cov -","line":27,"x":53.85990905,"y":211.79379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"true for renewable energy generation assets such as solar, wind, biomass, geother -","line":29,"x":53.85990905,"y":187.79379272,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 7.2 shows the solar potential for utility-scale solar power plants—both ","line":31,"x":65.85990905,"y":163.79379272,"width":"322.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"example of very good solar resources far from existing infrastructure. While roof- top ","line":37,"x":53.85990905,"y":91.79379272,"width":"333.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":216,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.2 Solar potential in Africa","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":67.76560211,"width":"108.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":216,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.1 Electricity infrastructure in Africa—power plants (over 1MW) and high-voltage trans -","line":2,"x":53.83179855,"y":348.73928833,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 7.3 shows Europe’s potential for utility-scale solar power plants. Only the ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"utility- scale solar, whereas roof-top solar can be deployed economically across ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"335.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"there is already a mature wind industry in Canada and the USA.Figure 7.4 shows ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.3 Europe’s potential for utility-scale solar power plants","line":23,"x":53.83179855,"y":69.15200042,"width":"207.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":24,"x":53.8572998,"y":623.64953613,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"stages and the industry, which has great potential, is still in its infancy. Figure 7.5","line":5,"x":53.88470077,"y":278.66931152,"width":"331.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.2 provides an overview of the key results of the [R]E-SPACE analysis. ","line":14,"x":65.88469696,"y":170.66931152,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"assumptions (see Sect. 2.1in Chap. 7 ). The installed capacities are calculated based ","line":16,"x":53.88470077,"y":146.66931152,"width":"333.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"on the following space requirements (Table 7.2 ):","line":17,"x":53.88470077,"y":134.66931152,"width":"194.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"• Solar photovoltaic: 1MW=0.04km 2","line":18,"x":53.88470077,"y":116.66931152,"width":"154.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"• Concentrated solar power: 1MW=0.04km 2","line":19,"x":53.88470077,"y":104.66929626,"width":"183.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.4 OECD North America: existing and potential wind power sites","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.49920654,"width":"239.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.5 Latin America: potential and existing wind power sites","line":1,"x":53.83179855,"y":351.0192871,"width":"212.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.2 [R]E-SPACE: key results part 1","line":2,"x":53.8572998,"y":303.32577514,"width":"140.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":38,"x":53.86511975000009,"y":623.66832267,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia North West 184,503 4613 43,710 219","line":26,"x":94.21820462000116,"y":474.5953325600005,"width":"136.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":75,"x":53.86027538000116,"y":623.7108110900006,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"bioenergy. Environmental Research Letters 13, 035001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/","line":3,"x":65.86029815,"y":559.79779052,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Creutzig, F., 2017. Govern land as a global commons. Nature 546, 28–29. https://doi.","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":509.81781005,"width":"331.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"protection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, 9642–9645. https://doi.","line":11,"x":65.86029815,"y":479.82983398,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"GLC 2000, Joint Research Center, The European Commission’s science and knowledge ser -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.87380981,"width":"331.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"vice, Global Land Cover 2000, webbased database, viewed October 2018, http://forobs.jrc.","line":23,"x":65.86032104,"y":359.87780761,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Heck, V., Gerten, D., Lucht, W., Popp, A., 2018. Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to rec -","line":25,"x":53.85831832,"y":339.88583374,"width":"331.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"oncile with planetary boundaries. Nature Climate Change 8, 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1038/","line":26,"x":65.86032104,"y":329.88983154,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"bioenergy crop expansion: A review. Journal of Rural Studies , 28(4), pp.650–658.","line":29,"x":65.86032104,"y":299.90182495,"width":"280.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"seek to cut emissions by cutting food? Science 347, 1420–1422. https://doi.org/10.1126/","line":42,"x":65.86032104,"y":169.9538269,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Searchinger, T.D., Beringer, T., Strong, A., 2017. Does the world have low-carbon bioenergy poten -","line":44,"x":53.85831832,"y":149.9618225,"width":"331.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"tial from the dedicated use of land? Energy Policy 110, 434–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.","line":45,"x":65.86032104,"y":139.96582031,"width":"319.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Schlesinger, W.H., 2018. Are wood pellets a green fuel? Science 359, 1328–1329. https://doi.","line":47,"x":53.85831832,"y":119.97382354,"width":"331.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/","line":1,"x":65.85401916,"y":598.1873169,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"2014. Quantifying the biophysical climate change mitigation potential of Canada’s forest sec -","line":4,"x":65.85401916,"y":568.19934082,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"Sterman, J.D., Siegel, L., Rooney-Varga, J.N., 2018. Does replacing coal with wood lower CO 2","line":11,"x":53.85202026,"y":496.90930175,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"A sustainable World Energy Outlook 2015 , Greenpeace International with the German ","line":24,"x":65.86081695,"y":368.2362976,"width":"324.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"WBGU 2003, World in Transition Towards Sustainable Energy Systems; German Advisory ","line":28,"x":53.85882186,"y":328.25228881,"width":"335.61","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"data download June 2018, http://datasets.wri.org/dataset/globalpowerplantdatabase","line":32,"x":65.86081695,"y":288.26831054,"width":"281.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":33,"x":53.86732101,"y":189.07330322,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":34,"x":53.86732101,"y":179.07730102,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Results for the 5.0°C, 2.0°C and 1.5°C scenarios for ten world regions ","line":7,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":453.13769531,"width":"328.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"demand. Furthermore, the electricity demand and generation scenarios are pro -","line":10,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":417.13769531,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"global scale, for each of the ten world regions. The descriptions include a presenta -","line":17,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":309.13769531,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"following sectors: industry, residential and other, and transport) and of supply strat -","line":19,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":285.13769531,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"also discussed based on key indicators. Graphs, tables, and descriptions are pro -","line":22,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":249.13771057,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"in international aviation and navigation. Section 8.2 outlines a global demand and ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"334.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"additional CO 2 emissions from fossil bunker fuels between 2015 and 2050.","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":535.65979003,"width":"299.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1 Global: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":493.15979003,"width":"207.32","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.1 Global: Projection ofOverall Energy Intensity","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":467.15579223,"width":"253.49","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.1 . Compared with the 5.0°C case based on the Current Policies Scenario of ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":415.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0° C 5.0° C 1.5° C","line":31,"x":170.63452529999998,"y":89.67630004000003,"width":"52.47","height":"6.99","fontName":["RZTODG+BpjqmsKpnhmpYtdqvcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.1 Global: projection of final energy (per $ GDP) intensity by scenario","line":32,"x":53.85830687999997,"y":69.15200042000002,"width":"256.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.2 Global: Final Energy Demand bySector ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"226.86","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"Combining the assumptions for population growth, GDP growth, and energy inten -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":553.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"shown in Fig. 8.2 for the 5.0°C, 2.0°C, and 1.5°C Scenarios. In the 5.0°C Scenario, ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":529.79382324,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"9% lower than in the 2.0°C Scenario. The electricity demand for ‘classical’ electri -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":457.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"Demand reduction (compared to 5.0 ° C)","line":29,"x":121.59120178,"y":94.3682022,"width":"144.75","height":"7.82","fontName":["RZTODG+FlcxkgKyjpvhYwdvldArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.2 Global: projection of total final energy demand by sector in the scenarios (without non-","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":63.40200042,"width":"325.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"there will be an increase of about 23,400 TWh/year due to increased electric mobil -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"through efficiency gains by 2050 compared with the 5.0°C Scenario (Figs. 8.3 , ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4 , 8.5 , and 8.6 ).","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"72.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable sources. In the 2.0°C Scenario, 100% of the electricity produced glob -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.3 Global: development of gross electricity demand by sector in the scenarios","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":51.65200042,"width":"280.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.1 shows the development of different renewable technologies in the ","line":4,"x":65.85829925,"y":67.52429962,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"world over time. Figure 8.7 provides an overview of the global power-generation ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":55.52429962,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.4 Global: development of final energy demand for transport by mode in the scenarios","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":383.08691406,"width":"309.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry Residential & other sectors Efficiency","line":30,"x":163.6493988,"y":146.68699645,"width":"164.72","height":"7.62","fontName":["RZTODG+PhhxyqYcmpwdKfypyjArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.5 Global: development of heat demand by sector in the scenarios","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":125.9315033,"width":"240.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":229,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.1 Global: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios","line":0,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.08718872,"width":"310.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":229,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuels Transport electricity","line":45,"x":90.51252698999987,"y":438.49967225999995,"width":"117.34","height":"6.95","fontName":["RZTODG+LrvhtlKgrxgvMtytqgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":229,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuels Industry electricity","line":46,"x":90.51252698999987,"y":426.72867616999997,"width":"107.31","height":"6.95","fontName":["RZTODG+LrvhtlKgrxgvMtytqgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":229,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuels Residential & other sectors electricity","line":47,"x":90.51252698999987,"y":414.94767031,"width":"232.38","height":"6.95","fontName":["RZTODG+LrvhtlKgrxgvMtytqgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":229,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.6 Global: development of the final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":49,"x":53.830433289999874,"y":382.67026513,"width":"278.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":230,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.8 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":260.9637146,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":230,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated average ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":247.46369934,"width":"333.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":230,"change":"Addition","str":"costs do not take into account integration costs such as power grid expansion, stor -","line":16,"x":53.85979843,"y":164.96369934,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":230,"change":"Addition","str":"costs will be $5050 billion/year in 2050. Therefore, the long-term costs for electric -","line":21,"x":53.85979843,"y":104.96369934,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":230,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.7 Global: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":50,"x":53.85829925,"y":422.73498535,"width":"268.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":230,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":51,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":231,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs (without including CO 2 emis -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":335.08758544,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":231,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 costs are not considered, the total electricity supply costs in the 5.0°C case will ","line":10,"x":53.85739898,"y":227.0876007,"width":"333.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":231,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.8 Global: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity generation ","line":41,"x":53.858300450000016,"y":371.41751064000005,"width":"328.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":232,"change":"Addition","str":"investment in conventional power plants will comprises around 40% of total cumu -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":329.74090576,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":232,"change":"Addition","str":"generation and co-generation (Fig. 8.9 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":305.74090576,"width":"159.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":232,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.6 Global: Energy Supply forHeating","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.74090576,"width":"197.89","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":232,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.9 Global: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":52,"x":53.85160064,"y":353.04019165,"width":"242.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.10 shows the development of different technologies for heating world -","line":4,"x":65.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"319.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"wide over time, and Table 8.2 provides the resulting renewable heat supply for all ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"Hy dr ogen","line":44,"x":336.206604,"y":431.24429321,"width":"23.03","height":"4.88","fontName":["RZTODG+VsnkljMmqfsjVhnpfsArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"El ec tr ic h eat in g","line":45,"x":336.206604,"y":417.54748535,"width":"37.26","height":"4.88","fontName":["RZTODG+VsnkljMmqfsjVhnpfsArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"So la r heat in g","line":48,"x":336.206604,"y":390.1539917,"width":"30.63","height":"4.88","fontName":["RZTODG+VsnkljMmqfsjVhnpfsArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"Bi om as s","line":49,"x":336.206604,"y":376.45568847,"width":"20.32","height":"4.88","fontName":["RZTODG+VsnkljMmqfsjVhnpfsArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"Fo ss il","line":50,"x":336.206604,"y":362.7591858,"width":"13.83","height":"4.88","fontName":["RZTODG+VsnkljMmqfsjVhnpfsArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.10 Global: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":51,"x":53.83160018,"y":308.83969116,"width":"267.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.2 Global: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the direct ","line":52,"x":53.85710144,"y":279.57418823,"width":"328.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"lower heat demand (compared with the 2.0°C Scenario) will result in a lower aver -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":423.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"age annual investment of around $344 billion per year (Table 8.3 , Fig. 8.11 ).","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":411.15979003,"width":"304.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.3 Global: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":265.08248901,"width":"282.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":37,"x":53.8583868300002,"y":59.15198345999982,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":38,"x":53.8583868300002,"y":623.6533033499999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"of 74% (or 108,000 PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0 °C case (Table 8.4 , ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":239.09629821,"width":"333.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"to ta l 3, 025 bi lli on $","line":29,"x":182.07110595,"y":519.11657714,"width":"57.60","height":"6.92","fontName":["RZTODG+LnxrcrKhcstpLrmsnsArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"to ta l 13 ,2 00 bi llio n $","line":42,"x":95.46829986,"y":371.5954895,"width":"61.74","height":"6.92","fontName":["RZTODG+LnxrcrKhcstpLrmsnsArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"to ta l 12, 400 b illi on $","line":55,"x":266.58139038,"y":373.63949584,"width":"61.62","height":"6.92","fontName":["RZTODG+LnxrcrKhcstpLrmsnsArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.11 Global: development of investment in renewable heat-generation technologies in the ","line":56,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.92630004,"width":"328.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.9 Global: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.18119812,"width":"218.76","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0°C Scenario, the annual global energy-related CO 2 emissions will increase ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":149.48120117,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"with further reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C Scenario, the cumula -","line":6,"x":53.85881042,"y":102.98120117,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"tive CO 2 emissions from 2015 until 2050 will add up to 1388 Gt. In contrast, in the ","line":7,"x":53.85881042,"y":89.48120117,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.4 Global: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"277.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Na tu ra l Ga s","line":66,"x":325.77920548000014,"y":272.19475095000024,"width":"29.35","height":"5.27","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrdqvHvlqbpVxjfsfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.12 Global: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":68,"x":53.85829941000013,"y":205.17724912000023,"width":"242.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":69,"x":53.85829941000013,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"Thus, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 58% in the 2.0°C Scenario ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":339.2330017,"width":"321.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"and other’ and ‘Transport’ sectors (Fig. 8.13 ).","line":5,"x":53.8589096,"y":292.7330017,"width":"183.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.10 Global: Primary Energy Consumption","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":248.7330017,"width":"219.70","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"above in the three scenarios are shown in Fig. 8.14 . In the 2.0°C Scenario, the pri -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":208.7330017,"width":"331.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 92% in 2050 (this will includes non-energy con -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":100.7330017,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"of natural gas in the 5.0°C Scenario will be 5580 EJ, the cumulative coal consump -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":64.7330017,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"'Residential & other sectors' Savings","line":48,"x":121.53500751,"y":414.44879093000003,"width":"105.15","height":"6.09","fontName":["RZTODG+BxmbvdKngwykVbjjdfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.13 Global: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (since ","line":51,"x":54.108303100000015,"y":379.69750919,"width":"328.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"coal demand to 2340 EJ, and the cumulative oil demand to 2960 EJ.Even lower fos -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":324.06469726,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and pose great challenges regarding their substi -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":192.06469726,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"The annual CO 2 emissions from bunker fuels accounted for 1.3 Gt in 2015, approxi -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":142.56469726,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"mately 4% of global energy-related CO 2 emissions. In the 5.0 °C Scenario, the ","line":15,"x":53.8592987,"y":130.56469726,"width":"335.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"IEA World Energy Outlook 2017 Current Policies scenario. This will lead to a fur -","line":17,"x":53.86019897,"y":108.06469726,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"in the base year, 2015. Because no substitution with ‘green’ fuels is assumed, CO 2","line":19,"x":53.86019897,"y":82.56459808,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.14 Global: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the ","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":382.89471435,"width":"329.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"fuels are only replaced by biofuels or synthetic liquid fuels. Figure 8.15 shows the ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"limited use of sustainable biomass potentials and the complementary central produc -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"aviation and navigation. Finally, the expansion of the power- to- liquid infrastructure ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"334.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"for the generation of bunker fuel will be closely associated with the assumed devel -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"world region. Figure 8.15 also shows the resulting cumulative CO 2 emissions from ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.65979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.5 provides more-detailed data for the three bunker fuel scenarios.","line":26,"x":53.85919952,"y":297.15979003,"width":"288.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.15 Global: scenario of bunker fuel demand for aviation and navigation and the resulting ","line":51,"x":53.205091759999995,"y":78.65199279999996,"width":"329.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"cumulative CO 2 emissions","line":52,"x":53.205091759999995,"y":67.37699127999997,"width":"89.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"Primary energy demand crude oil","line":73,"x":167.55518519999993,"y":72.22500521000073,"width":"111.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumed regional structure of synthetic bunker production Africa","line":164,"x":285.9052065599999,"y":72.25880342000073,"width":"221.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"Primary energy demand crude oil","line":194,"x":333.2331789699999,"y":72.36079317000073,"width":"111.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"RES electricity demand for PtL","line":214,"x":368.7291811699999,"y":72.42879396000073,"width":"109.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":224,"x":53.858293409999916,"y":623.6536322200008,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":241,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumed regional structure of synthetic bunker production Africa","line":94,"x":191.07519707999998,"y":72.25875025000055,"width":"221.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":241,"change":"Addition","str":"Primary energy demand crude oil","line":154,"x":273.8992022,"y":72.46273737000055,"width":"111.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"(e.g., via Fischer- Tropsch plants). Other options for renewable synthetic fuel pro -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"in Sect. 3.3 of Chap. 3 .","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"91.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"plants. This estimate does not include solar PV roof-top systems, which have sig -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"beyond the scope of this analysis (Table 8.6 ).","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15979003,"width":"180.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"synthetic bunker fuels from hydrogen to supply global transport energy for interna -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":243,"change":"Addition","str":"Economic Potential within available space","line":3,"x":185.72379008999974,"y":71.98667100999988,"width":"144.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":243,"change":"Addition","str":"Installed capacity by 2050","line":8,"x":141.20079509999974,"y":476.3996653899999,"width":"89.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":243,"change":"Addition","str":"Tech. space potential","line":18,"x":174.21478740999976,"y":164.8236918799999,"width":"71.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4 Global: Power Sector Analysis","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"170.30","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"power sector analysis with the methodology described in Sect. 3.5 of Chap. 3 . Both ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.79382324,"width":"334.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios rely on high shares of variable solar and wind genera -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":543.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies are required. The results presented in this chapter are projections calcu -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":495.79382324,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"and countries discussed in this chapter were not available and, in some cases, the rel -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":471.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"regarding the available power grid infrastructure. Furthermore, power sector projec -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":435.79382324,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4.1 Global: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.79379272,"width":"259.07","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"from close to 100 GW in 2017 (REN21-GSR 2018 ) by a factor of 4.5 to an average ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.79379272,"width":"334.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"about three times higher than in 2017 (REN21-GSR 2018 ). The offshore wind mar -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":255.79379272,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"than in 2017 (GWEC 2018 ). Concentrated solar power plants will play an important ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":219.79379272,"width":"333.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"role in dispatchable solar electricity generation for the supply of bulk power, espe -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":207.79379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"only 0.1 GW in 2017 (REN21-GSR2018) (Table 8.7 ).","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":171.79379272,"width":"215.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 1.5°C Scenario, the phase-out of coal and lignite power plants is acceler -","line":32,"x":65.85829925,"y":159.79379272,"width":"319.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"ated and a total capacity of 618 GW—equivalent to approximately 515 power sta -","line":33,"x":53.85829162,"y":147.79379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"tions 1 —must end operation by 2025. The replacement power must come from a ","line":34,"x":53.85829162,"y":135.79379272,"width":"335.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"1 Assumption: average size of one coal power plant side contains multiple generation blocks, with ","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":75.79380035,"width":"333.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"On a global scale, in the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, the shares of variable renew -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":227.57879638,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity. Table 8.8 shows the increasing shares of variable renewable power ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":71.57878875,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.7 World: average annual change in the installed power plant capacity","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"260.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.8 Global: power system shares by technology group","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"202.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"world regions 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":5,"x":56.69284216999931,"y":553.9309286800004,"width":"90.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"Note: Variable renewable generation shares in long term energy pathways and power sector analy -","line":58,"x":53.86219183999931,"y":127.81741855000044,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":62,"x":53.85823980999931,"y":623.6534018300005,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.9 Global: capacity factors for variable and dispatchable power generation","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.25540161,"width":"277.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"fuels for the export market, as fuel for both renewable power plants and the trans -","line":34,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":537.15979009,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.9 provides an overview of the capacity factor developments by technol -","line":36,"x":65.85837531000027,"y":513.15979009,"width":"320.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"the result of [R]E 24/7 modelling under the ‘Dispatch case’, which assumes that ","line":38,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":489.15979009,"width":"334.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"the highest priority is given to the dispatch of power from variable sources, fol -","line":39,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":477.15979009,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"lowed by dispatchable renewables. Conventional power generation will only pro -","line":40,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":465.15979009,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"supply cascade is the high level of uncertainty about whether these interconnec -","line":44,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":417.15979009,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"On the global level, the average capacity factor across all power-generation tech -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Limited dispatchable fossil and nuclear power plants : coal, lignite, and ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"328.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"power plants are historically categorized as ‘baseload power plants’. Power sys -","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":531.15979003,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"tems dominated by renewable energy usually contain high proportions of vari -","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":519.15979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Limited dispatchable renewable systems are CSP plants with integrated stor -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":471.15979003,"width":"323.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Dispatchable fossil fuel power plants are gas power plants that have very quick ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":411.15979003,"width":"325.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Dispatchable renewable power plants are hydropower plants (although they ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":387.15979003,"width":"326.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"load-balancing services and is vital for the stability of the power system, as stor -","line":22,"x":65.85829925,"y":339.15979003,"width":"319.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Variable renewables are solar PV plants, onshore and offshore wind farms, and ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":315.15979003,"width":"325.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.9 shows the development of the utilization of limited and fully dispatch -","line":27,"x":65.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"able power generators—both fossil and renewable fuels—and variable power gen -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4.3 Global: Development ofLoad, Generation, ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":145.1598053,"width":"238.14","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.10 shows the development of the maximum and average loads for the 10 ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":103.15979766,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"world regions, the average and maximum power generation in each region in mega -","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":91.15979766,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":249,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure in 10 world regions","line":3,"x":116.56087565999964,"y":71.98640096000076,"width":"159.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":250,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":113,"x":53.858313380000155,"y":623.6532097500007,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":251,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe Middle East Africa Eurasi a Other Asi a Indi a China OECD Pacific","line":13,"x":136.85261535,"y":118.73549652,"width":"212.89","height":"5.64","fontName":["RZTODG+NbjvfyKshkypPlxmyqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":251,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0C Max Load Development (Base year 2020) [%] 1.5C Max Load Development (Base year 2020) [%]","line":15,"x":93.96099853,"y":98.83249664,"width":"269.63","height":"6.66","fontName":["RZTODG+NbjvfyKshkypPlxmyqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":251,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.16 Development of maximum load in 10 world regions in 2020, 2030, and 2050 in the ","line":16,"x":53.62310028,"y":79.15200042,"width":"328.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":251,"change":"Addition","str":"defined as curtailment .","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"91.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":251,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.16 illustrates the development of the maximum loads across all 10 ","line":28,"x":65.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"322.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":252,"change":"Addition","str":"has slightly higher loads in response to the accelerated electrification of the indus -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":252,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4.4 Global System-Relevant Technologies—Storage ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":457.15979003,"width":"263.11","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":252,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.8 . The first part of this section documents the required power plant markets, ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":403.15979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":252,"change":"Addition","str":"of loads in response to high electrification rates in the industry, heating, and trans -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":379.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":252,"change":"Addition","str":"Diversity in the locally deployed renewable power-generation structure. For exam -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.15979003,"width":"325.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":252,"change":"Addition","str":"Flexibility involves a significant number of fast-reacting dispatch power plants ","line":36,"x":53.85760116,"y":103.15979766,"width":"330.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":252,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":253,"change":"Addition","str":"Inter-sectorial connectivity involves the connection of the heating (including pro -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"325.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":253,"change":"Addition","str":"be increased by a factor of 2.5in the 1.5°C Scenario. Co-generation heating sys -","line":8,"x":53.86260986,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":253,"change":"Addition","str":"tems with heat storage capacities and heat pumps operated with renewable electric -","line":9,"x":53.86260986,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":253,"change":"Addition","str":"Resource efficiency In addition to energy and GHG modelling, a resource assess -","line":14,"x":53.86260986,"y":417.15979003,"width":"325.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":253,"change":"Addition","str":"ment of selected metals has been undertaken (see Chap. 11 ). A variety of technolo -","line":15,"x":53.8567009,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":253,"change":"Addition","str":"mobility and the silver required for solar technologies. Therefore, the choice of stor -","line":18,"x":53.8567009,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":253,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.11 shows the storage volumes (in GWh per year) required to avoid the ","line":20,"x":65.85669708,"y":345.15979003,"width":"322.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":254,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":76.66176677999978,"y":65.29162130000019,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":254,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":98.16677166999978,"y":134.0991087800002,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":254,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":98.14126659999978,"y":369.0901213600002,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":254,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America","line":27,"x":152.26927257999978,"y":65.30863485000019,"width":"76.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":254,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":231,"x":53.85826946999978,"y":623.6527434300002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":255,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.91919304999993,"y":71.98677356999899,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":255,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":95.42419792999993,"y":140.79427631999897,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":255,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":95.39869286999993,"y":375.785258369999,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"end of the modelling period. It is assumed that this higher throughput can be man -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"battery and hydro pump storage of around 5–6% by 2050 (Table 8.12 ).","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"282.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.13 shows the average global investment costs for the battery and hydro ","line":16,"x":65.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"322.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5 OECD North America","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":325.15979003,"width":"129.65","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1 OECD North America: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":299.15579223,"width":"285.53","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.1 OECD North America: Final Energy Demand by Sector","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":275.15979003,"width":"265.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"Combining the assumptions for population growth, GDP growth, and energy inten -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":251.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"demand shown in Fig. 8.17 under the 5.0°C, 2.0°C, and 1.5°C Scenarios. Under ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":227.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"energy demand in 2050 will be 10% lower than in the 2.0°C Scenario. The electric -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":155.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"2050), the efficiency measures in the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios will save a maxi -","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":107.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":256,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":257,"change":"Addition","str":"Global storage and H2-dispatch market volume under 2 scenarios Batteries","line":3,"x":160.6809815599999,"y":122.14541418000056,"width":"252.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":258,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":47,"x":53.85830971000003,"y":623.6533279199999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":259,"change":"Addition","str":"the electricity sector. Under the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios, a final energy con -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":253.11499023,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":259,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.2 OECD North America: Electricity Generation","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":193.11499023,"width":"224.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":259,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy market and an increasing proportion of total power from renew -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.11499023,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":259,"change":"Addition","str":"North America will come from renewable energy sources by 2050. ‘New’ renew -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":133.11499023,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":259,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuels Transport electricity","line":48,"x":81.71920013,"y":436.63250732,"width":"106.10","height":"7.40","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrfhwJdsfhhPkvgprCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":259,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuels Industry electricity","line":49,"x":81.71920013,"y":426.36151123,"width":"97.04","height":"7.40","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrfhwJdsfhhPkvgprCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":259,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuels Residential & other sectors electricity","line":50,"x":81.71920013,"y":416.0934143,"width":"210.05","height":"7.40","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrfhwJdsfhhPkvgprCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":259,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.17 OECD North America: development of final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":52,"x":53.85831162000002,"y":385.94488439,"width":"323.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.14 shows the development of the installed capacities of different renew -","line":5,"x":65.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"319.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"able technologies in OECD North America over time. Figure 8.18 provides an over -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"332.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.14 OECD North America: development of renewable electricity generation capacity in ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":416.59750366,"width":"328.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":16,"x":56.69266172999867,"y":392.34203752000013,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 5.0 °C 194 202 207 216 217","line":17,"x":56.701168499998666,"y":379.6940272600001,"width":"107.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 194 199 202 206 206","line":18,"x":124.61616941999867,"y":367.8620265300001,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 194 199 202 203 203","line":19,"x":124.62466855999867,"y":356.03002579000014,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 22 25 27 30 35","line":20,"x":56.726681199998666,"y":344.19802506000013,"width":"93.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 22 27 32 42 52","line":21,"x":124.64168211999866,"y":332.36602433000013,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":260,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 22 35 39 43 45","line":22,"x":124.65018125999867,"y":320.5340236000001,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":261,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.18 OECD North America: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":407.44839477,"width":"325.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":261,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.3 OECD North America: Future Costs ofElectricity Generation","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":370.93380737,"width":"292.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":261,"change":"Addition","str":"supply costs in 2050 will be around $690 billion/year The long-term costs for elec -","line":46,"x":53.8576889,"y":166.93380737,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"occur in 2030. In the 1.5°C Scenario, compared with the 5.0°C Scenario, the maxi -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":364.5987854,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"mum difference in generation costs will be 2 ct/kWh in 2030. If the CO 2 costs are ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.0987854,"width":"334.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"ment after the end of their economic lifetimes. This value is equivalent to approxi -","line":9,"x":53.86219024,"y":232.5987854,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"and co-generation (Fig. 8.20 ). However, under the 2.0°C (1.5°C) Scenario, OECD ","line":16,"x":53.86219024,"y":148.5987854,"width":"334.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":263,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.21 shows the development of different technologies for heating in ","line":14,"x":65.85829925,"y":127.36580657,"width":"322.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":263,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.20 OECD North America: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":51,"x":53.85829925,"y":344.19570922,"width":"299.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.21 OECD North America: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":20,"x":53.83160018,"y":442.22671508,"width":"320.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":31,"x":56.69291470999881,"y":391.5845205100003,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 1868 2142 2334 2787 3279","line":32,"x":56.70992443999881,"y":378.9365102500003,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1868 2758 3019 3493 3686","line":33,"x":184.3544289999988,"y":367.1045095200003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 107 210 277 451 695","line":35,"x":56.76093456999881,"y":343.4405080600003,"width":"130.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 107 887 1772 2639 2962","line":36,"x":184.4054391199988,"y":331.6085073400003,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 107 1290 2169 2839 3128","line":37,"x":184.4224374099988,"y":319.7765371100003,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 17 17 18 18 19","line":38,"x":56.81194470999881,"y":307.9445363800003,"width":"176.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 17 875 1378 3031 5257","line":39,"x":184.4564492499988,"y":296.11253565000027,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 17 1076 2185 3463 4152","line":40,"x":184.4734475399988,"y":284.28053491000026,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 144 276 1014 3045","line":42,"x":184.5074593799988,"y":260.6165334500003,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 22 677 2100 2666","line":43,"x":184.52445767999882,"y":248.78453272000027,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 1991 2369 2629 3256 3994","line":44,"x":56.91396496999881,"y":236.9525319800003,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1991 4664 6445 10,176 14,949","line":45,"x":184.55846951999882,"y":225.12053125000028,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1991 5095 8180 11,592 12,324","line":46,"x":184.57546780999883,"y":213.28853052000028,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.16 OECD North America: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the ","line":0,"x":53.85829925,"y":625.23181152,"width":"329.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 292 315 330 366 411","line":3,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":588.3283550000004,"width":"114.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 292 381 387 355 272","line":4,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":576.4963848000004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 29 331 557 728 793","line":11,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":493.6723796600005,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 324 375 410 494 605","line":15,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":446.3063518300005,"width":"105.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 324 752 1071 1489 1781","line":16,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":434.4743511000005,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 324 868 1290 1622 1649","line":17,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":422.6423503600005,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":18,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":409.3013469400005,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.22 OECD North America: development of investments in renewable heat generation tech -","line":59,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":65.59824483000048,"width":"325.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"per year (Table 8.16 , Fig. 8.22 ).","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"126.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.7 OECD North America: Transport","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"171.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C case. Additional modal shifts, technology switches, and a reduction in trans -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"(or 21,100 PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0°C case (Table 8.17 , Fig. 8.23 ).","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"328.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.17 OECD North America: projection of the transport energy demand by mode in the ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":280.27780151,"width":"328.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":25,"x":56.693008330000104,"y":256.02227896999983,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 674 628 609 570 529","line":26,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":243.37428397999986,"width":"99.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 674 660 655 523 516","line":27,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":231.54228324999985,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 674 743 730 773 806","line":28,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":219.71028250999984,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 26,686 25,691 24,838 24,222 23,414","line":29,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":207.87828177999984,"width":"156.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 26,686 21,257 15,933 7731 5124","line":30,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":196.04628104999983,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 26,686 18,612 11,973 6717 5251","line":31,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":184.21428032999984,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 2421 2978 3274 3398 3186","line":32,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":172.38227957999987,"width":"168.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2421 2309 2026 1530 1242","line":33,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":160.55027884999987,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2421 2167 1689 1063 840","line":34,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":148.71827812999987,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 461 482 493 514 535","line":35,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":136.88627738999986,"width":"155.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 461 481 489 489 473","line":36,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":125.05428427999985,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 461 479 484 483 473","line":37,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":113.22228354999984,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 30,241 29,779 29,214 28,704 27,664","line":38,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":101.39028282999985,"width":"155.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 30,241 24,707 19,104 10,273 7354","line":39,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":89.55828208999985,"width":"132.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 30,241 22,000 14,875 9036 7370","line":40,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":77.72628134999985,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":41,"x":53.858405970000106,"y":623.6532909399999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.8 OECD North America: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":307.1954956,"width":"261.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0°C Scenario, OECD North America’s annual CO 2 emissions will decrease ","line":6,"x":53.85591888,"y":283.1954956,"width":"333.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"Mt. in 2040in the 2.0°C Scenario and to 120 Mt. in the 1.5°C Scenario, with fur -","line":9,"x":53.86130905,"y":248.6954956,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"ther reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C case, the cumulative CO 2 emis -","line":10,"x":53.86130905,"y":235.1954956,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 54% in the 2.0 °C ","line":14,"x":65.86299896,"y":187.1954956,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"the ‘Transport’ and ‘Residential and other’ sectors (Fig. 8.24 ).","line":18,"x":53.86100006,"y":140.6954956,"width":"248.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.23 OECD North America: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":39,"x":53.83110046,"y":405.52539062,"width":"295.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.9 OECD North America: Primary Energy Consumption","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.35900878,"width":"258.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"consumption under the three scenarios are shown in Fig. 8.25 . In the 2.0°C Scenario, ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.35900878,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"will be even lower (56,600 PJ in 2050) because the final energy demand and conver -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.35900878,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2050in the 2.0°C Scenario. In the 1.5°C Scenario, renewables will have a pri -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.35899353,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"'Residential & other sectors' Savings","line":53,"x":149.70440313,"y":408.20318481000004,"width":"106.46","height":"6.17","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.24 OECD North America: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2","line":56,"x":53.85829565000002,"y":370.45071289000003,"width":"325.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":58,"x":53.85829565000002,"y":623.6533190900001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"of natural gas in the 5.0°C case will add up to 1290 EJ, the cumulative coal con -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.77279663,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0°C Scenario, the cumulative gas demand will amount to 730 EJ, the cumula -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.77279663,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.2 Regional Results: Power Sector Analysis","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.77279663,"width":"223.83","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"differences and particularities are summarized. It is important to note that the elec -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.77279663,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"calculated (see Chap. 3 ) and are not real measured values. When information was ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.77279663,"width":"334.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"include cross-border trade (e.g., between Canada and the USA) (C2ES 2017 ) or ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.772789,"width":"335.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.25 OECD North America: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy ","line":45,"x":53.83160018,"y":380.60269165,"width":"328.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"within the European Union (EU). The EU set a target of 10% interconnection capac -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"ity between their member states in 2002 (EU-EG 2017 ). The interconnection capac -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"entire modelling period, even when there is current discussion about the implemen -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.3 OECD North America: Power Sector Analysis","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":493.15979003,"width":"250.38","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"therefore contains more than one large electricity market. Although the power sec -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"rules in place vary significantly. Even within the USA, each state has different mar -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"ket rules and grid regulations. Therefore, the calculated scenarios assume the prior -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.3.1 OECD North America: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"297.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"about 5–7years faster than the 2.0°C Scenario (Table 8.18 ).","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"241.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.3.2 OECD North America: Utilization ofPower-Generation ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15979003,"width":"267.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.19 shows the increasing shares of variable renewable power generation ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"USA will have the highest share of variable renewables—mainly solar PV for resid -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":318.07330322,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"ual homes and office buildings, connected to battery systems. There are no struc -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":306.07330322,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"implementation in the latter. It is assumed that all regions will have an interconnec -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":282.07330322,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"tion capacity of 20% of the regional average load, with which to exchange renew -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":270.07330322,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Capacity factors for the five generation types and the resulting average utiliza -","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":246.07330322,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"tion are shown in Table 8.20 . Compared with the global average, North America ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":234.07330322,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.3.3 OECD North America: Development ofLoad, Generation, ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":138.07330322,"width":"278.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.21 shows the development of the maximum load, generation, and resulting ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":102.07330322,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.18 OECD North America: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"307.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 3 18 15 18 6 4","line":40,"x":56.80363063999968,"y":405.9533816300001,"width":"129.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 1 2 4 4 4 3","line":41,"x":56.81212978999968,"y":394.1213809100001,"width":"72.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable fuel based co-generation 1 2 2 2 2 0","line":42,"x":56.82063274999968,"y":382.28938016000006,"width":"148.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":272,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":73.9291885599999,"y":71.98651096000106,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":272,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":184,"x":53.85828859999991,"y":623.6532284900011,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":273,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":1,"x":72.61371419000011,"y":71.19443878999977,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":274,"change":"Addition","str":"transmission lines. If the theoretical utilization rate of transmission cables (= inter -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":308.42330932,"width":"331.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":274,"change":"Addition","str":"be curtailed because interconnections are costly and require a certain level of utili -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":272.42330932,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":274,"change":"Addition","str":"In Alaska in the 2.0°C Scenario, for example, generation and demand are bal -","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":224.42330932,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":274,"change":"Addition","str":"a cascade of batteries and pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) or used to pro -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":164.42330932,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":274,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.22 provides an overview of the calculated storage and dispatch power ","line":21,"x":65.85829925,"y":92.4233017,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":274,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.20 OECD North America: capacity factors by generation type","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"236.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":274,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":52,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":623.6533356100001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":275,"change":"Addition","str":"OEC D North America","line":6,"x":193.83579711999965,"y":71.98694949000054,"width":"78.61","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":275,"change":"Addition","str":"NA– USA Alaska","line":23,"x":216.21629029999966,"y":71.93596225000054,"width":"63.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":275,"change":"Addition","str":"NA– USA North East","line":101,"x":322.9592712499997,"y":71.88489871000054,"width":"76.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":275,"change":"Addition","str":"NA– USA North West","line":127,"x":358.4552734399997,"y":71.85939364000053,"width":"78.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":277,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.92927246999977,"y":71.98720303000061,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":279,"change":"Addition","str":"to 5% (in 2030) and 10% (in 2050) of the annual production can be curtailed with -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":279,"change":"Addition","str":"overcapacities to export electricity via transmission lines and/or to produce syn -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":279,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6 Latin America","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":433.15979003,"width":"89.33","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":279,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1 Latin America: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":407.15579223,"width":"246.53","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":279,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1.1 Latin America: Final Energy Demand by Sector","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":383.15979003,"width":"232.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":279,"change":"Addition","str":"Combining the assumptions on population growth, GDP growth, and energy inten -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":359.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":279,"change":"Addition","str":"demand shown in Fig. 8.26 for the 5.0°C, 2.0°C, and 1.5°C Scenarios. Under the ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":335.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":279,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C Scenario, the total final energy demand will increase by 70% from the cur -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":323.15979003,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuels Transport electricity","line":44,"x":107.56820198,"y":408.26981661,"width":"120.51","height":"7.13","fontName":["RZTODG+WhlvpcDpsfwkTwgnpdArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuels Industry electricity","line":45,"x":107.56820198,"y":396.19681857,"width":"110.21","height":"7.13","fontName":["RZTODG+WhlvpcDpsfwkTwgnpdArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuels Residential & other sectors electricit y","line":46,"x":107.56820198,"y":384.12281344,"width":"238.65","height":"7.13","fontName":["RZTODG+WhlvpcDpsfwkTwgnpdArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.26 Latin America: development of final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":48,"x":53.85830208,"y":351.41810153,"width":"296.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"sector. Under the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, a final energy consumption equiva -","line":50,"x":53.85830208,"y":314.58802341,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1.2 Latin America: Electricity Generation","line":53,"x":53.85830208,"y":254.58802341000003,"width":"190.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"mainly wind, solar, and geothermal energy—will contribute 63% of the total elec -","line":58,"x":53.85830208,"y":182.58802341000003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"530 GW by 2030 and 1030 GW by 2050. The share of renewable electricity genera -","line":61,"x":53.85830208,"y":146.58802341000003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"tion in 2030in the 1.5°C Scenario will be 91%. In the 1.5°C Scenario, the genera -","line":62,"x":53.85830208,"y":134.58802341000003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.23 shows the development of different renewable technologies in Latin ","line":64,"x":65.85830208,"y":110.58802341000002,"width":"322.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"America over time. Figure 8.27 provides an overview of the overall power-","line":65,"x":53.85830208,"y":98.58802341000002,"width":"328.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.23 Latin America: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"330.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":3,"x":56.69266172999867,"y":573.9189065000005,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 0 1 1 2 3","line":19,"x":56.82872052999867,"y":383.7909157700005,"width":"58.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 4 20 51 63","line":20,"x":124.74371001999867,"y":371.95891504000053,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 4 20 76 78","line":21,"x":124.75220914999866,"y":360.12691431000053,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 4","line":22,"x":56.85422177999867,"y":348.2949135800005,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 1 2 20 37","line":23,"x":124.76922269999866,"y":336.4629128400005,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 193 270 306 382 456","line":25,"x":56.87973066999867,"y":312.7989113800005,"width":"102.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 193 395 534 834 1034","line":26,"x":124.79472776999867,"y":300.9669106600005,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 193 432 640 1167 1209","line":27,"x":124.80322691999866,"y":289.1349099200005,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.27 Latin America: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":55,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":69.1520836800005,"width":"298.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":282,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1.3 Latin America: Future Costs ofElectricity Generation","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"258.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":282,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.28 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":282,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including CO 2 emission costs, under all scenarios. The calculated ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":499.65979003,"width":"336.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":282,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity- generation costs in 2015 (referring to full costs) were around 4.5 ct/kWh. ","line":7,"x":53.85359954,"y":489.15979003,"width":"333.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":282,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.28 Latin America: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-","line":51,"x":53.85830597000002,"y":79.15199740999996,"width":"325.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":283,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0°C Scenario than in the 5.0°C Scenario as a result of the estimated genera -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":283,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":5,"x":65.85829925,"y":547.65979003,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":283,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 ct/kWh in the 1.5°C Scenario. If CO 2 costs are not considered, the total electric -","line":13,"x":53.85379028,"y":451.65979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":283,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1.4 Latin America: Future Investments inthePower Sector","line":15,"x":53.86008834,"y":405.15979003,"width":"263.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":284,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1.5 Latin America: Energy Supply forHeating","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.4099121,"width":"210.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":284,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenarios, energy efficiency measures will help to reduce the energy demand for heat -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":255.4099121,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":284,"change":"Addition","str":"around 42% of Latin America’s final energy demand for heating, with the main con -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":231.4099121,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":284,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.30 shows the development of different technologies for heating in Latin ","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":183.4099121,"width":"322.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":284,"change":"Addition","str":"America over time, and Table 8.24 provides the resulting renewable heat supply for ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":171.4099121,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":284,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.29 Latin America: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":328.23980712,"width":"272.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":285,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.24 Latin America: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":412.89898681,"width":"327.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":285,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":3,"x":56.693012189999514,"y":388.6436101600002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":285,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 2684 2760 2888 3335 3622","line":4,"x":56.693031259999515,"y":375.9955999100002,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":285,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":10,"x":56.693050329999515,"y":305.0036260300002,"width":"154.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":285,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 2715 2824 2976 3480 3849","line":16,"x":56.69306940999952,"y":234.01162163000018,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":285,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2715 4077 4817 6255 7202","line":17,"x":186.1395606499995,"y":222.1796209000002,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":285,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2715 4159 5082 6213 5546","line":18,"x":186.1395606499995,"y":210.3476201700002,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":285,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.30 Latin America: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":60,"x":53.830711309999515,"y":438.44533746000013,"width":"293.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":286,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1.6 Latin America: Future Investments intheHeating Sector","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"270.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":286,"change":"Addition","str":"pumps. The 1.5°C Scenario assumes an even faster expansion of renewable tech -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":286,"change":"Addition","str":"again be around $16 billion per year (Fig. 8.31 , Table 8.25 ).","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"239.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":286,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.31 Latin America: development of investments for renewable heat generation technologies ","line":50,"x":53.83300018,"y":118.57649993,"width":"327.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":286,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1.7 Latin America: Transport","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":367.41378784,"width":"138.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0°C case (Table 8.26 , Fig. 8.32 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":271.41378784,"width":"272.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"maximum of 190 PJ/year by 2050. Due to the lower overall energy demand in trans -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.41377258,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1.8 Latin America: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":101.9138031,"width":"227.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0°C Scenario, Latin America’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase by 48%, ","line":21,"x":53.85649871,"y":77.9138031,"width":"333.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.25 Latin America: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"312.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":25,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 549 531 536 552 542","line":26,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"114.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 549 730 742 657 603","line":27,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 549 770 752 513 179","line":28,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":29,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 2 4 12 16","line":30,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 2 4 12 17","line":31,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 7 15 20 34 52","line":32,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"105.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 7 91 164 281 327","line":33,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 7 91 181 292 333","line":34,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":35,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 13 18 36 88","line":36,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 13 18 36 89","line":37,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 556 546 556 585 594","line":38,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":429.24885862000025,"width":"105.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 556 835 929 986 1034","line":39,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":417.41685789000024,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 556 876 955 853 619","line":40,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":405.58485715000023,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":41,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":392.24385374000025,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"2040in the 2.0°C Scenario and to 50 Mt. in the 1.5°C Scenario, with further reduc -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":172.8677063,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"tions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions from ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":159.3677063,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 63% in the 2.0 °C ","line":6,"x":65.85881805,"y":111.36769866,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"‘Residential and other’ and ‘Industry’ sectors (Fig. 8.33 ).","line":10,"x":53.86100006,"y":64.86769866,"width":"228.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.26 Latin America: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"307.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":12,"x":56.692874650000455,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 90 110 122 145 163","line":13,"x":56.675872540000455,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"95.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 90 113 133 157 192","line":14,"x":148.44186757000045,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 90 130 145 163 224","line":15,"x":148.42486928000045,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 6662 7486 8102 9754 10,610","line":16,"x":56.62486241000045,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"131.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6662 6424 5799 4107 3112","line":17,"x":148.39085744000045,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 6662 5196 3971 2744 2161","line":18,"x":148.37385914000043,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 211 348 453 593 638","line":19,"x":56.57385228000045,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"147.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 211 218 196 137 104","line":21,"x":148.32284901000048,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 101 104 107 113 117","line":22,"x":56.52284215000046,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"155.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 101 104 107 113 117","line":23,"x":148.28883717000048,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 101 104 107 113 117","line":24,"x":148.27183888000047,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 7064 8047 8783 10,605 11,529","line":25,"x":56.471832010000455,"y":429.28688352000023,"width":"136.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 7064 6868 6251 4551 3559","line":26,"x":148.23782704000047,"y":417.4548827900002,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 7064 5648 4419 3157 2605","line":27,"x":148.22082875000046,"y":405.6228820600002,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.32 Latin America: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":49,"x":53.83257267000045,"y":200.71605222000025,"width":"268.39","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":288,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":50,"x":53.85827229000046,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":289,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.1.9 Latin America: Primary Energy Consumption","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":330.77270507,"width":"225.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":289,"change":"Addition","str":"assumptions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig. 8.34 . In the ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":294.77270507,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":289,"change":"Addition","str":"'Residential & other sectors' Savings","line":61,"x":151.17030803,"y":408.45120556999996,"width":"109.83","height":"6.36","fontName":["RZTODG+BxmbvdKngwykVbjjdfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":289,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.33 Latin America: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":64,"x":53.85830394000003,"y":374.32770092,"width":"327.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":290,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.34 Latin America: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":382.58520507,"width":"328.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":290,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.2 Latin America: Power Sector Analysis","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":281.91799926,"width":"211.38","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":290,"change":"Addition","str":"been done for Barbados (Hohmeyer 2015 ). The mainland of South America has ","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.91799926,"width":"335.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":290,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":291,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.2.1 Latin America: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"263.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":291,"change":"Addition","str":"onshore wind market of around 3 GW between 2014 and 2017 (GWEC 2018 ). By ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":291,"change":"Addition","str":"geothermal resources are located (Table 8.27 ).","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"184.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":291,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.2.2 Latin America: Utilization ofPower-Generation Capacities","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"278.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":291,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.28 shows that our modelling assumes that for the entire modelling period, ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":291,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.27 Latin America: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":288.42300415,"width":"279.86","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":291,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 0 2 4 5 2 3","line":39,"x":56.57423420000005,"y":96.20199025999985,"width":"117.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":291,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 0 0 1 1 2 2","line":40,"x":56.56573506000005,"y":84.36998951999985,"width":"72.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":291,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable fuel based co-generation 1 2 2 2 2 1","line":41,"x":56.55723591000005,"y":72.53798878999984,"width":"148.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":292,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":73.9291885599999,"y":71.9865034900015,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":292,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":184,"x":53.85828859999991,"y":623.6531218400015,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":293,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":1,"x":71.48451610000012,"y":71.98668666000013,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"elsewhere. Compared with all the other world regions, Latin America has the high -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":302.0302124,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"factor (Table 8.29 ). The dispatch order for all world regions in all cases is assumed ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":242.0302124,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"8.6.2.3 Latin America: Development ofLoad, Generation ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":146.0302124,"width":"242.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"widely. Table 8.30 shows that the sub-region with the smallest calculated maximum ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":86.0302124,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.29 Latin America: capacity factors by generation type","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.18432617,"width":"209.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":49,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":623.65333465,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":295,"change":"Addition","str":"North Latin America","line":75,"x":286.59994204999975,"y":71.98716665999912,"width":"71.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":295,"change":"Addition","str":"Central South America","line":101,"x":322.0959442499998,"y":71.98720480999913,"width":"78.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":296,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":76,"x":53.8583267800001,"y":623.6534880299997,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"load was 1.7 GW in 2012 according to IDB ( 2013 ). Brazil, Uruguay’s direct neigh -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.31 provides an overview of the calculated storage and dispatch power ","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"for additional dispatch. This is because the region’s installed capacity of hydro -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"for hydropower plants. Droughts may increase the demand for storage and/or hydro -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.1 OECD Europe: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":299.15579223,"width":"248.30","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.1.1 OECD Europe: Final Energy Demand by Sector","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":275.15979003,"width":"233.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"Combining the assumptions on population growth, GDP growth, and energy inten -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":251.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"demand shown in Fig. 8.35 for the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.5 °C Scenarios. In the ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":227.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"decrease from 2300 TWh/year in 2015 to 2040 TWh/year by 2050in both alterna -","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":131.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"tive scenarios. Compared with the 5.0°C case (3200 TWh/year in 2050), the effi -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":119.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":298,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.92927246999977,"y":71.98705958999824,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":298,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":105.43027191999978,"y":142.64754389999823,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":298,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":105.38777618999978,"y":368.22902583999826,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":298,"change":"Addition","str":"North Latin America","line":95,"x":230.49077301999978,"y":72.05507563999824,"width":"71.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":298,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":231,"x":53.85827331999978,"y":623.6536779399983,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":299,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":75.18103302000019,"y":71.70378101999871,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":299,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":106.6820324700002,"y":142.36425769999872,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":299,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":106.63953674000018,"y":367.9457701499987,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":300,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuel s Transport electricity","line":42,"x":87.96330542000013,"y":406.5661010599999,"width":"118.95","height":"7.04","fontName":["RZTODG+LrvhtlKgrxgvMtytqgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":300,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuel s Industry electricity","line":43,"x":87.96330542000013,"y":394.3841857899999,"width":"108.79","height":"7.04","fontName":["RZTODG+LrvhtlKgrxgvMtytqgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":300,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuels Residential & other sectors electricity","line":44,"x":87.96330542000013,"y":382.2011108199999,"width":"235.58","height":"7.04","fontName":["RZTODG+LrvhtlKgrxgvMtytqgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":300,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.35 OECD Europe: development in three scenarios","line":46,"x":53.85830206000013,"y":349.4746093599999,"width":"190.28","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":300,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 2.0°C Scenario, the electricity demand for heating will increase to approxi -","line":48,"x":53.85830206000013,"y":312.64459226999986,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":300,"change":"Addition","str":"temperature process heat) and the manufacture of synthetic fuels (mainly for trans -","line":52,"x":53.85830206000013,"y":264.64459226999986,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":300,"change":"Addition","str":"sector. Under the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, a final energy consumption equiva -","line":58,"x":53.85830206000013,"y":192.6445922699999,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":300,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy market and an increasing proportion of total power from renew -","line":63,"x":53.85830206000013,"y":96.64459226999988,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":300,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":66,"x":53.85830206000013,"y":623.6533202999999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.32 shows the development of different renewable technologies in OECD ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe over time. Figure 8.36 provides an overview of the overall power-generation ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.32 OECD Europe: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the ","line":15,"x":53.37009811,"y":381.59750366,"width":"330.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":17,"x":56.204669589998375,"y":357.34201369000004,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 5.0 °C 207 224 231 238 248","line":18,"x":56.213180179998375,"y":344.69400342999995,"width":"107.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 207 218 219 221 225","line":19,"x":124.12818109999837,"y":332.86200269999995,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 207 218 219 221 225","line":20,"x":124.13668024999838,"y":321.03000196000005,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 40 51 56 60 65","line":21,"x":56.23868906999838,"y":309.19800123000005,"width":"93.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 40 78 105 115 113","line":22,"x":124.15368616999838,"y":297.36600050000004,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 40 84 111 113 113","line":23,"x":124.16218530999838,"y":285.53399977000004,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind 5.0 °C 138 216 254 296 347","line":24,"x":56.264197949998376,"y":273.70199903,"width":"104.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 138 279 409 655 787","line":25,"x":124.17919885999838,"y":261.8699983,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 138 299 468 778 847","line":26,"x":124.18769037999837,"y":250.03801283,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 2 3 3 3 4","line":27,"x":56.289710639998376,"y":238.2060121,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2 6 11 27 39","line":28,"x":124.20469629999837,"y":226.37401136,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2 6 11 27 39","line":29,"x":124.21319543999837,"y":214.54201063,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"PV 5.0 °C 95 137 157 172 191","line":30,"x":56.31521952999837,"y":202.71002516000001,"width":"92.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 95 264 422 745 996","line":31,"x":124.23020898999837,"y":190.87802443,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 95 364 598 1028 1151","line":32,"x":124.23870813999838,"y":179.04602369,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 2 3 4 7 11","line":33,"x":56.34072076999838,"y":167.21402296,"width":"62.44","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2 7 17 38 54","line":34,"x":124.25572168999838,"y":155.38202223,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2 7 22 48 57","line":35,"x":124.26422082999838,"y":143.5500215,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 1 1 4 8","line":36,"x":56.366229649998374,"y":131.71802076,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 7 16 42 53","line":37,"x":124.28122674999838,"y":119.88602003,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 7 16 42 53","line":38,"x":124.28972589999837,"y":108.05402693,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 484 635 706 780 873","line":39,"x":56.39173852999838,"y":96.2220262,"width":"102.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 484 859 1198 1842 2267","line":40,"x":124.30673944999837,"y":84.39002546,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":301,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 484 985 1444 2256 2485","line":41,"x":124.31523859999838,"y":72.55802473,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":302,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.36 OECD Europe: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":28,"x":53.83110046,"y":323.64181518,"width":"299.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":302,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.37 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":302,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated elec -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":559.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":302,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.37 OECD Europe: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-","line":55,"x":53.99999882999999,"y":79.15199967999996,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":302,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":57,"x":53.85829807999999,"y":623.65331957,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":303,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":15,"x":65.85829925,"y":427.65979003,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":303,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C Scenario will be 1.2 ct/kWh, which will occur in 2040. If the CO 2 costs are ","line":22,"x":53.85379028,"y":343.65979003,"width":"334.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":303,"change":"Addition","str":"an investment of $148 billion per year. In the 5.0°C Scenario, investment in conven -","line":33,"x":53.85419082,"y":177.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":304,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.38 OECD Europe: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":47,"x":53.83060073,"y":296.17138671,"width":"273.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":304,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.39 shows the development of different technologies for heating in ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"322.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe over time, and Table 8.33 provides the resulting renewable heat sup -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0°C Scenario and 2200 PJ/year in the 1.5°C Scenario. The direct use of elec -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.33 OECD Europe: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":260.08248901,"width":"327.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":14,"x":56.69291470999881,"y":235.82697410999984,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 2681 3115 3343 3713 4153","line":15,"x":56.70992443999881,"y":223.17897911999984,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2681 3109 3295 3483 3772","line":16,"x":184.3544289999988,"y":211.34697838999983,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2681 3046 3096 3220 3433","line":17,"x":184.37142727999878,"y":199.51497764999985,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 119 216 251 345 454","line":18,"x":56.76093456999881,"y":187.68297691999985,"width":"130.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 119 1043 1788 2904 3243","line":19,"x":184.4054391199988,"y":175.85097618999984,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 119 1013 1464 2182 2327","line":20,"x":184.4224374099988,"y":164.01897546999984,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 203 291 336 479 717","line":21,"x":56.81194470999881,"y":152.18697471999985,"width":"197.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 203 968 1731 3572 5080","line":22,"x":184.4564492499988,"y":140.35497398999985,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 203 878 1430 2933 4147","line":23,"x":184.4734475399988,"y":128.52297326999985,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":24,"x":56.86295483999881,"y":116.69098016999985,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 1 788 1895","line":25,"x":184.5074593799988,"y":104.85897941999983,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 162 1595 2227","line":26,"x":184.52445767999882,"y":93.02697868999982,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 3003 3623 3931 4537 5325","line":27,"x":56.91396496999881,"y":81.19497796999983,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 3003 5121 6815 10,748 13,989","line":28,"x":184.55846951999882,"y":69.36297722999984,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 3003 4937 6152 9930 12,134","line":29,"x":184.57546780999883,"y":57.53097648999984,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.39 OECD Europe: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":69,"x":53.85831234999881,"y":284.6417934499998,"width":"293.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"in a lower average annual investment of around $51 billion per year (Fig. 8.40 , ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"332.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.40 OECD Europe: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technologies ","line":50,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.34880065,"width":"327.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 compared with the 5.0°C case (Table 8.35 , Fig. 8.41 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":271.41378784,"width":"239.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"(740 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 840 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.41377258,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.41377258,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.1.8 OECD Europe: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":101.9138031,"width":"228.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0°C Scenario, OECD Europe’s annual CO 2 emissions will decrease by 15% ","line":21,"x":53.85659027,"y":77.9138031,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.34 OECD Europe: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"313.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":25,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 434 467 486 507 519","line":26,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"114.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 434 407 339 293 289","line":27,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 434 381 276 256 242","line":28,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 5 7 7 7 3","line":29,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5 15 24 49 48","line":30,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5 14 16 21 11","line":31,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 36 65 76 104 137","line":32,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"117.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 36 298 510 790 885","line":33,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 36 291 423 624 685","line":34,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 29 40 46 62 84","line":35,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"105.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 29 134 228 417 566","line":36,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 29 121 183 336 444","line":37,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 504 579 615 681 744","line":38,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":429.24885862000025,"width":"105.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 504 855 1101 1548 1789","line":39,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":417.41685789000024,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 504 807 897 1237 1383","line":40,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":405.58485715000023,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":41,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":392.24385374000025,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.35 OECD Europe: projection of the transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"320.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":2,"x":56.693008330000104,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 323 334 335 337 344","line":3,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"99.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 323 362 409 509 643","line":4,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 323 383 458 453 400","line":5,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 13,087 12,699 12,633 12,529 12,464","line":6,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"156.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 13,087 10,163 7540 4196 3097","line":7,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 13,087 8197 4404 3215 2556","line":8,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 300 397 448 485 474","line":9,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"147.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 300 294 254 182 142","line":10,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 300 273 198 105 82","line":11,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 227 236 240 248 259","line":12,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"155.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 227 236 240 247 258","line":13,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 227 236 240 247 258","line":14,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 13,938 13,665 13,656 13,598 13,541","line":15,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":429.28688352000023,"width":"155.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 13,938 11,055 8443 5134 4140","line":16,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":417.4548827900002,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 13,938 9090 5300 4020 3296","line":17,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":405.6228820600002,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":19,"x":53.858405970000106,"y":148.32205503000023,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 53% in the 2.0 °C ","line":23,"x":65.8633040400001,"y":100.32204741000024,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"the ‘Transport’ and the ‘Residential and other’ sectors (Fig. 8.42 ).","line":27,"x":53.86110678000011,"y":53.82204741000024,"width":"263.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural Ga s","line":66,"x":348.28700247000006,"y":253.98854368000025,"width":"33.12","height":"5.90","fontName":["MCEFLQ+MyjhmxYskpqnYvsgbfArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.41 OECD Europe: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":68,"x":53.6300086000001,"y":186.65204161000023,"width":"269.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":69,"x":53.858405970000106,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":309,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.1.9 OECD Europe: Primary Energy Consumption","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.5031128,"width":"226.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":309,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.5031128,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":309,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig. 8.43 . In the 2.0°C ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.5031128,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":309,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2050in the 2.0°C Scenario. In the 1.5°C Scenario, renewables will have a pri -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.5031128,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":309,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.42 OECD Europe: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":71,"x":53.1982994,"y":367.05801391,"width":"327.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":310,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":40,"x":341.8902893,"y":466.34451293,"width":"35.93","height":"6.60","fontName":["MCEFLQ+LsdyrwScfkmvThhlxrArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":310,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.43 OECD Europe: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in ","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":379.08648681,"width":"328.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":310,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.2 OECD Europe: Power Sector Analysis","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":342.89059448,"width":"213.15","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":310,"change":"Addition","str":"data about the annual cross-border trade (ENTSO-E 2018 ) and produces the Ten-","line":51,"x":53.85829925,"y":278.89059448,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":310,"change":"Addition","str":"Year- Network Development Plan (TYNDP) , which aims to integrate 60% renewable ","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":266.89059448,"width":"333.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":310,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity by 2040 (TYNDP 2016 ). While the extent to which the power sector is ","line":53,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.89059448,"width":"334.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":310,"change":"Addition","str":"EU, but are connected to the EU grid and are also involved in the cross-border elec -","line":59,"x":53.85829925,"y":182.89059448,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":310,"change":"Addition","str":"because of its geographic position, and to reflect current and possible future inter -","line":65,"x":53.85829925,"y":110.89058685,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":310,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":68,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":311,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.2.1 OECD Europe: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"264.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":311,"change":"Addition","str":"similar and must increase from 3 GW (GWEC 2018 ) in 2017 to around 10 GW per ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"334.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":311,"change":"Addition","str":"of OECD Europe, and they already have relatively high shares of variable renew -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":311,"change":"Addition","str":"ables, as shown in Table 8.37 .","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"119.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":311,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.37 shows that the Nordic countries, especially Norway and Sweden, have ","line":17,"x":65.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":311,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.36 OECD Europe: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":288.42300415,"width":"280.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":311,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 1 2 2 4 2 2","line":39,"x":56.820582700000195,"y":96.20199025999985,"width":"117.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":311,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable fuel based co-generation 3 6 4 4 1 1","line":41,"x":56.8375924300002,"y":72.53798878999984,"width":"148.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":312,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":73.92920194000006,"y":71.98653593000131,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":312,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":160,"x":53.858301980000064,"y":623.6531542800013,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":313,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":1,"x":81.11371419000011,"y":71.9867133,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":314,"change":"Addition","str":"from 57.5% in 2015 to only 14% in 2020, as shown in Table 8.38 .","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":282.42330932,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":314,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.38 shows that by 2020, most of the installed coal and nuclear capacity ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":270.42330932,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":314,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.2.3 OECD Europe: Development ofLoad, Generation, ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":210.42330932,"width":"245.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":314,"change":"Addition","str":"The loads of the European sub-regions will not increase until 2030in the two alter -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":174.42330932,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":314,"change":"Addition","str":"native scenarios, as shown in Table 8.39 . The only exception is Turkey, which will ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":162.42330932,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":314,"change":"Addition","str":"than in most EU countries (WB-DB 2018 ). The calculated load will increase in all ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":126.42330932,"width":"334.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":314,"change":"Addition","str":"interconnection—or storage, see Table 8.40 —because of increases in variable gen -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":90.4233017,"width":"331.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":314,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.38 OECD Europe: capacity factors by generation type","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"210.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":316,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.92927246999977,"y":71.98649531999968,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":316,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":115.42627410999978,"y":135.59197169999968,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":316,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":115.38377076999978,"y":377.2044747599997,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":317,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":1,"x":76.61369696000011,"y":71.98665991999995,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":317,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":5,"x":118.11069861000011,"y":135.59213629999994,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":318,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.40 . This corresponds to the calculated results for increased interconnec -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"330.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":318,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity, pumped hydro capacity, hydrogen production, and expansion of transmis -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":318,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.1 Africa: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":455.15579223,"width":"206.63","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":318,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.1.1 Africa: Final Energy Demand by Sector","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":431.15979003,"width":"197.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":318,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.44 for the 5.0°C, 2.0°C, and 1.5°C Scenarios. In the 5.0°C Scenario, the total ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":383.15979003,"width":"334.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":318,"change":"Addition","str":"total power demand (incl. synfuels & H2 )","line":62,"x":76.3701009200001,"y":89.64747398000013,"width":"133.72","height":"6.92","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RnvhbgXmtmdlYqjlywArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":318,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.44 Africa: development of final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":63,"x":53.85749518000009,"y":69.15197836000006,"width":"269.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":319,"change":"Addition","str":"increase from 540 TWh/year in 2015 to around 2590 TWh/year in 2050in both alter -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":319,"change":"Addition","str":"The efficiency gains in the heating sector could be even larger than in the elec -","line":20,"x":65.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"319.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":319,"change":"Addition","str":"tricity sector. In the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, a final energy consumption equiva -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":319,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy market and an increasing proportion of total power from renew -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":319,"change":"Addition","str":"solar, and geothermal energy—will contribute 92% of the total electricity genera -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15977478,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":319,"change":"Addition","str":"2040 GW by 2050. In the 1.5°C Scenario, the share of renewable electricity genera -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":319,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.41 shows the development of different renewable technologies in Africa ","line":35,"x":65.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":319,"change":"Addition","str":"over time. Figure 8.45 provides an overview of the overall power-generation struc -","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.41 Africa: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"313.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":2,"x":56.69266172999867,"y":583.9189065000006,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 5.0 °C 28 47 58 84 117","line":3,"x":56.701168499998666,"y":571.2708962400005,"width":"90.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 28 46 49 51 54","line":4,"x":124.61616941999867,"y":559.4389260300005,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 28 46 48 51 54","line":5,"x":124.62466855999867,"y":547.6068947800005,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 1 2 4 8 13","line":6,"x":56.726681199998666,"y":535.7749245600006,"width":"76.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1 8 25 42 72","line":8,"x":124.65018125999867,"y":512.1109231000006,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind 5.0 °C 3 11 14 20 29","line":9,"x":56.75219007999867,"y":500.27892237000054,"width":"78.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 3 42 132 415 609","line":10,"x":124.66718717999866,"y":488.4469216300006,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 3 87 197 453 633","line":11,"x":124.67568631999868,"y":476.6149209000006,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 1 2 3 7 14","line":12,"x":56.777698959998666,"y":464.7829201700006,"width":"87.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1 7 16 33 64","line":13,"x":124.69269986999866,"y":452.9509194400006,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"PV 5.0 °C 2 17 27 52 89","line":15,"x":56.803211649998666,"y":429.28691797000056,"width":"70.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2 38 134 611 983","line":16,"x":124.71819731999867,"y":417.45491724000055,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2 70 166 757 1162","line":17,"x":124.72669645999866,"y":405.62291651000055,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 0 2 3 10 17","line":18,"x":56.82872052999867,"y":393.79091577000054,"width":"66.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 1 80 235","line":19,"x":124.74371001999867,"y":381.9589150400006,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 2 19 108 257","line":20,"x":124.75220914999866,"y":370.1269143100006,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":21,"x":56.85422177999867,"y":358.2949135800006,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 2 10 20 43","line":22,"x":124.76922269999866,"y":346.46291284000057,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 2 10 20 43","line":23,"x":124.77772184999867,"y":334.63091211000057,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 35 81 110 180 279","line":24,"x":56.87973066999867,"y":322.79891138000056,"width":"94.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 35 144 359 1243 2036","line":25,"x":124.79472776999867,"y":310.96691066000056,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 35 223 481 1464 2284","line":26,"x":124.80322691999866,"y":299.13490992000055,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.45 Africa: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":71,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":69.15208368000056,"width":"271.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":320,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":72,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":623.6534035700006,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":321,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.46 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":321,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":559.65979003,"width":"336.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":321,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity- generation costs in 2015 (referring to full costs) were around 5.4 ct/kWh. ","line":4,"x":53.85979843,"y":549.15979003,"width":"333.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":321,"change":"Addition","str":"generation costs do not take into account integration costs such as power grid expan -","line":10,"x":53.85979843,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":321,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C Scenario than under the 5.0°C Scenario as a result of the estimated genera -","line":17,"x":53.85979843,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":321,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.46 Africa: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-generation ","line":45,"x":53.858295449999986,"y":79.15200042,"width":"328.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios are, at maximum, 2.5 ct/kWh lower than in the 5.0 °C case. If the CO 2","line":6,"x":53.85379028,"y":535.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels and investments in plant replace -","line":12,"x":53.86180114,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"investment of $109 billion per year. In the 5.0°C Scenario, the investment in con -","line":17,"x":53.86180114,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"approximately 55% will be invested in renewable power generation and co-genera -","line":19,"x":53.86180114,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.1.5 Africa: Energy Supply forHeating","line":31,"x":53.86180114,"y":177.15977478,"width":"175.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"will help to reduce the energy demand for heating by 18% in 2050in both alterna -","line":34,"x":53.86180114,"y":129.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.48 shows the development of different technologies for heating in ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"322.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa over time, and Table 8.42 provides the resulting renewable heat supply for all ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios. Biomass will remain the main contributor. The growing use of solar, geo -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.48 Africa: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":59.76380157,"width":"265.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.47 Africa: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":69,"x":55.5,"y":247.68829345,"width":"245.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"both the 2.0°C Scenario and 1.5°C Scenario. The direct use of electricity for heat -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.41378784,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"a lower average annual investment of around $21 billion per year (Table 8.43 , ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.41377258,"width":"332.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.42 Africa: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the direct ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"328.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":19,"x":56.69291470999881,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 4586 5761 6317 7211 8203","line":20,"x":56.70992443999881,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4586 5308 6047 7039 6551","line":21,"x":184.3544289999988,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4586 5748 6448 6938 4222","line":22,"x":184.37142727999878,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 7 37 86 228 481","line":23,"x":56.76093456999881,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"113.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 7 204 786 2066 3416","line":24,"x":184.4054391199988,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 7 203 783 2109 3416","line":25,"x":184.4224374099988,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":26,"x":56.81194470999881,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"154.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 86 215 559 2106","line":27,"x":184.4564492499988,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 86 213 591 2106","line":28,"x":184.4734475399988,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":29,"x":56.86295483999881,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 0 397 720","line":30,"x":184.5074593799988,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 0 429 720","line":31,"x":184.52445767999882,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 4593 5797 6404 7440 8684","line":32,"x":56.91396496999881,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4593 5598 7047 10,061 12,793","line":33,"x":184.55846951999882,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4593 6037 7444 10,067 10,464","line":34,"x":184.57546780999883,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":35,"x":53.85831234999881,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.49 Africa: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technologies in the ","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":64.63690185,"width":"328.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.43 Africa: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.18188476,"width":"285.73","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":46,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5 0 °C 3655 4036 4100 3973 3870","line":47,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"2 0 °C 3655 3276 3063 2792 2251","line":48,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"1 5 °C 3655 3562 3069 2440 1307","line":49,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5 0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":50,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"2 0 °C 0 5 9 15 37","line":51,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"1 5 °C 0 5 8 15 37","line":52,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5 0 °C 1 7 16 44 92","line":53,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"100.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"2 0 °C 1 39 150 396 654","line":54,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"1 5 °C 1 39 150 404 654","line":55,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5 0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":56,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"2 0 °C 0 3 16 51 227","line":57,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"1 5 °C 0 3 16 54 227","line":58,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5 0 °C 3656 4043 4116 4017 3962","line":59,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":429.24885862000025,"width":"126.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"2 0 °C 3656 3324 3239 3253 3169","line":60,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":417.41685789000024,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"1 5 °C 3656 3610 3244 2912 2225","line":61,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":405.58485715000023,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":62,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":392.24385374000025,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 compared with the 5.0°C case (Table 8.44 , Fig. 8.50 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"239.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be introduced, ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"333.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by transport, biofuel use will be reduced in the 1.5°C Scenario to a maxi -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.1.8 Africa: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":319.65979003,"width":"193.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0°C Scenario, Africa’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase by 126%, from ","line":22,"x":53.85678863,"y":295.65979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.44 Africa: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":247.48370361,"width":"279.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":26,"x":56.69303113999998,"y":233.22817346999983,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 46 52 58 67 74","line":27,"x":56.71001034999998,"y":220.58016319999984,"width":"78.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 46 58 71 96 110","line":28,"x":149.41950971,"y":208.74817772999984,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 46 69 88 125 186","line":29,"x":149.42800884999997,"y":196.91617699999983,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 4182 5000 5812 7522 9635","line":30,"x":56.74399166999998,"y":185.08417626999983,"width":"124.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4182 4688 4828 4651 4488","line":31,"x":149.45349103999996,"y":173.25217552999985,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4182 4493 4422 3925 3482","line":32,"x":149.46197492,"y":161.42017479999984,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 105 159 198 256 272","line":33,"x":56.77796154999998,"y":149.58817406999984,"width":"147.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 105 114 110 90 71","line":34,"x":149.48745708999996,"y":137.75617332999985,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 105 110 102 74 54","line":35,"x":149.49595624,"y":125.92418022999985,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 32 35 37 40 44","line":36,"x":56.81193905999998,"y":114.09217949999984,"width":"134.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 32 35 37 40 44","line":37,"x":149.52143841999998,"y":102.26017876999984,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 32 35 37 40 44","line":38,"x":149.52993756,"y":90.42817802999984,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 4366 5246 6105 7885 10,027","line":39,"x":56.84590893999998,"y":78.59617729999984,"width":"130.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4366 4895 5045 4877 4714","line":40,"x":149.55540448,"y":66.76417656999985,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4366 4707 4648 4164 3765","line":41,"x":149.56390363999998,"y":54.932179649999846,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":326,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":42,"x":53.85832958999998,"y":623.6532985799998,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":327,"change":"Addition","str":"almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions from 2015 ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":365.85180664,"width":"334.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":327,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 59% in the 2.0 °C ","line":6,"x":65.86239624,"y":317.85180664,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":327,"change":"Addition","str":"‘Industry’ and ‘Residential and other’ sectors (Fig. 8.51 ).","line":10,"x":53.86100006,"y":271.35180664,"width":"228.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":327,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.1.9 Africa: Primary Energy Consumption","line":11,"x":53.86100006,"y":235.35180664,"width":"190.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":327,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":12,"x":53.86100006,"y":211.35180664,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":327,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig. 8.52 . In the 2.0°C ","line":13,"x":53.86100006,"y":199.35180664,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":327,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 98% in 2050 (including non-energy consump -","line":23,"x":53.86100006,"y":79.35179901,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":327,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural Ga s","line":61,"x":348.42529296,"y":474.80230712,"width":"32.81","height":"5.86","fontName":["MCEFLQ+MyjhmxYskpqnYvsgbfArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":327,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.50 Africa: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":63,"x":53.85829925,"y":404.18170166,"width":"241.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":328,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.51 Africa: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after ","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":348.71591186,"width":"328.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":328,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":89,"x":342.78729248,"y":184.38250732,"width":"35.25","height":"6.47","fontName":["MCEFLQ+LsdyrwScfkmvThhlxrArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":328,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.52 Africa: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the sce -","line":93,"x":53.85829925,"y":98.64170074,"width":"326.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":328,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":95,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"EJ.Even lower fossil fuel use will achieved in the 1.5°C Scenario: 110 EJ for natu -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.2 Africa: Power Sector Analysis","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":481.15979003,"width":"171.48","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA 2014 ).","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"172.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.2.1 Africa: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"228.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"40% of the total generation capacity, followed by onshore wind (with 24%), hydro -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"PV installation (REN21-GSR2018) and 23 GW of onshore wind (GWEC 2018 ). ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"rapidly to 3 GW per year in 2029 and 15 GW per year in 2035 (Table 8.45 ).","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"303.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"below 2% of the total generation capacity (Table 8.46 ). However, the variable gen -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"331.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"eration capacity will increase rapidly towards 2030. We assume that the intercon -","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":81.1597824,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"the same trend as in most world regions. Table 8.47 shows the significant drop in the ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":342.07330322,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.2.3 Africa: Development ofLoad, Generation, andResidual Load","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":294.07330322,"width":"290.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.48 shows that under the 2.0°C Scenario, the transmission capacities need ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":270.07330322,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"will be first and foremost due to universal access to energy services for all house -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":138.07330322,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.49 provides an overview of the calculated storage and dispatch power ","line":18,"x":65.85829925,"y":114.07330322,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.45 Africa: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"252.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 0 2 4 9 18 16","line":40,"x":56.574113659999256,"y":405.9533816300001,"width":"125.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 0 1 1 1 3 3","line":41,"x":56.56561451999926,"y":394.1213809100001,"width":"72.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable fuel based co-generation 1 2 2 2 1 1","line":42,"x":56.55711536999926,"y":382.28938016000006,"width":"148.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":43,"x":53.85850315999926,"y":623.6533633200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":331,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":104.13068551999982,"y":71.98647489000142,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":332,"change":"Addition","str":"Utilization of Variable and Dispatchable power generation:","line":3,"x":153.56649205000005,"y":71.98675496999935,"width":"199.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":332,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":88,"x":53.858293500000045,"y":623.6533733199993,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":334,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.92928008999974,"y":71.98691547999975,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":334,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":115.42628172999974,"y":133.85841358999977,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":334,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":115.38377838999975,"y":369.93740833999976,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":334,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":231,"x":53.858280939999744,"y":623.6535338299998,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":335,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":1,"x":75.45679087000003,"y":70.75479887999971,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":335,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":5,"x":116.95378489000004,"y":132.6262969999997,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":335,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":10,"x":116.91129679000004,"y":368.7052917399997,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9 The Middle East","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":517.15979003,"width":"100.34","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1 The Middle East: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":491.15579223,"width":"257.30","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1.1 The Middle East: Final Energy Demand by Sector","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":467.15979003,"width":"241.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"the assumptions on population growth, GDP growth, and energy intensity are com -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":431.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"bined are shown in Fig. 8.53 for the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.5 °C Scenarios. In the ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":419.15979003,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C Scenario, the total final energy demand will increase by 133% from the cur -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":407.15979003,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuel sT ransport electricity","line":61,"x":81.42520141,"y":125.2064972,"width":"325.61","height":"6.82","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuel sI ndustry electricity","line":62,"x":81.42520141,"y":113.34149932,"width":"325.48","height":"6.82","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuels Residential & other sectors electricit y","line":63,"x":81.42520141,"y":101.47650146,"width":"228.45","height":"6.82","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"total power demand (incl. synfuels & H2 )","line":64,"x":81.42520141,"y":89.61049652,"width":"132.07","height":"6.82","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.53 Middle East: development of the final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":65,"x":53.85829443999998,"y":69.15200320000007,"width":"301.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":336,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":66,"x":53.85829443999998,"y":623.6533230900001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":337,"change":"Addition","str":"heat) and the manufacture of synthetic fuels (mainly for transport) will add an addi -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":337,"change":"Addition","str":"The efficiency gains could be even larger in the heating sector than in the elec -","line":16,"x":65.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"319.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":337,"change":"Addition","str":"tricity sector. In the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, a final energy consumption equiva -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":337,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1.2 The Middle East: Electricity Generation","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"199.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":337,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy market and an increasing proportion of total power from renew -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":337,"change":"Addition","str":"come from renewable energy sources under the 2.0 °C Scenario. ‘New’ renew -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":337,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.50 shows the development of different renewable technologies in the ","line":32,"x":65.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":337,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East over time. Figure 8.54 provides an overview of the overall power-","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"330.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":337,"change":"Addition","str":"by up to 250 GW of solar thermal generation, as well as limited biomass, geother -","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.50 Middle East: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"331.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":3,"x":56.69266172999867,"y":573.9189065000005,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 5.0 °C 16 20 22 25 29","line":4,"x":56.701168499998666,"y":561.2708962400004,"width":"86.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 16 22 22 25 29","line":5,"x":124.61616941999867,"y":549.4389260300004,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 16 22 22 25 29","line":6,"x":124.62466855999867,"y":537.6068947800004,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 0 0 1 3 7","line":7,"x":56.726681199998666,"y":525.7749245600005,"width":"72.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 2 3 4 4","line":8,"x":124.64168211999866,"y":513.9428933100005,"width":"43.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 3 3 4 4","line":9,"x":124.65018125999867,"y":502.1109231000005,"width":"43.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind 5.0 °C 0 4 9 23 49","line":10,"x":56.75219007999867,"y":490.2789223700005,"width":"70.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 54 156 371 481","line":11,"x":124.66718717999866,"y":478.44692163000053,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 60 175 432 456","line":12,"x":124.67568631999868,"y":466.6149209000005,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":13,"x":56.777698959998666,"y":454.7829201700005,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 5 7 20 25","line":14,"x":124.69269986999866,"y":442.9509194400005,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 5 7 20 21","line":15,"x":124.70119138999867,"y":431.1189187000005,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"PV 5.0 °C 0 7 10 21 40","line":16,"x":56.803211649998666,"y":419.2869179700005,"width":"66.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 76 187 560 1069","line":17,"x":124.71819731999867,"y":407.4549172400005,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 92 236 587 928","line":18,"x":124.72669645999866,"y":395.6229165100005,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 0 2 3 6 7","line":19,"x":56.82872052999867,"y":383.7909157700005,"width":"58.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 10 43 270 252","line":20,"x":124.74371001999867,"y":371.95891504000053,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 10 47 342 216","line":21,"x":124.75220914999866,"y":360.12691431000053,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":22,"x":56.85422177999867,"y":348.2949135800005,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 5 10 40 50","line":23,"x":124.76922269999866,"y":336.4629128400005,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 5 10 40 45","line":24,"x":124.77772184999867,"y":324.6309121100005,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 16 32 45 79 132","line":25,"x":56.87973066999867,"y":312.7989113800005,"width":"85.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 16 174 427 1290 1911","line":26,"x":124.79472776999867,"y":300.9669106600005,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 16 197 500 1449 1699","line":27,"x":124.80322691999866,"y":289.1349099200005,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.54 Middle East: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":71,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":69.1520836800005,"width":"291.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":338,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":72,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":623.6534035700006,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":339,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1.3 The Middle East: Future Costs ofElectricity Generation","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"268.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":339,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.55 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":339,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":559.65979003,"width":"336.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":339,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity- generation costs in 2015 (referring to full costs) were around 7.1 ct/kWh. ","line":4,"x":53.85979843,"y":549.15979003,"width":"333.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":339,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.55 Middle East: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-","line":49,"x":53.85829925999998,"y":79.15200043999998,"width":"325.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"The generation costs without the CO 2 emission costs will increase in the 5.0°C ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"322.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5 ct/kWh in 2050. If the CO 2 costs are not considered, the total electricity supply ","line":8,"x":53.85630035,"y":511.65979003,"width":"334.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1.4 The Middle East: Future Investments inthePower Sector","line":10,"x":53.86029815,"y":465.15979003,"width":"273.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels and investments in plant replace -","line":13,"x":53.86029815,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"ment at the ends of their economic lives. This value will be equivalent to approxi -","line":14,"x":53.86029815,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C case ($730 billion). An investment of around $3470 billion for power genera -","line":16,"x":53.86029815,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"plants will be around 68% of the total cumulative investments, whereas approxi -","line":19,"x":53.86029815,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"(Fig. 8.56 ). However, in both alternative scenarios, the Middle East will shift almost ","line":21,"x":53.86029815,"y":321.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1.5 The Middle East: Energy Supply forHeating","line":31,"x":53.86029815,"y":177.15979003,"width":"219.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"renewables supply almost none of the Middle East’s final energy demand for heat -","line":36,"x":53.86029815,"y":105.1597824,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":340,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":341,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.57 shows the development of different technologies for heating in the ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":99.81880187,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":341,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East over time, and Table 8.51 provides the resulting renewable heat supply ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":87.81880187,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":341,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.57 Middle East: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.64880371,"width":"285.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":341,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.56 Middle East: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":77,"x":53.85829925,"y":316.3534851,"width":"265.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.51 Middle East: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"328.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":3,"x":56.693012189999514,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 20 56 86 169 291","line":4,"x":56.693031259999515,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"102.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 20 101 132 200 196","line":5,"x":186.13951487999952,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 20 92 124 183 155","line":6,"x":186.13951487999952,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 8 92 284 778 1113","line":7,"x":56.693038889999514,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"122.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 8 404 932 1535 1961","line":8,"x":186.1395301299995,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 8 393 909 1475 1619","line":9,"x":186.1395301299995,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":10,"x":56.693050329999515,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"154.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 118 232 565 1387","line":11,"x":186.1395453899995,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 115 226 540 1057","line":12,"x":186.1395453899995,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":13,"x":56.69306177999952,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 51 488 946","line":14,"x":186.1395453899995,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 48 828 915","line":15,"x":186.1395453899995,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 28 149 370 947 1404","line":16,"x":56.69306940999952,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"102.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 28 624 1346 2788 4489","line":17,"x":186.1395606499995,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 28 601 1307 3025 3746","line":18,"x":186.1395606499995,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1.6 The Middle East: Future Investments intheHeating Sector","line":27,"x":53.858409829999516,"y":247.41383665000018,"width":"280.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"use. The 1.5°C Scenario assumes an even faster expansion of renewable technolo -","line":33,"x":53.858409829999516,"y":163.41382139000018,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":342,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":37,"x":53.858409829999516,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"tota l 62 billion $","line":13,"x":186.18589782,"y":316.64779663,"width":"49.04","height":"7.47","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"tota l 445 billion $","line":27,"x":102.02380371,"y":158.2689972,"width":"52.73","height":"7.47","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":32,"x":356.22891235,"y":174.32800292,"width":"25.81","height":"7.47","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"tota l 360 billion $","line":41,"x":276.64590454,"y":157.7460022,"width":"52.73","height":"7.47","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.58 Middle East: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technologies in ","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":62.75120162,"width":"327.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.52 Middle East: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":44,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.01165771,"width":"305.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":45,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":608.7538367700004,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 4 10 14 25 38","line":46,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":596.1058265200004,"width":"89.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4 13 15 18 14","line":47,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":584.2738563100004,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4 12 15 17 13","line":48,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":572.4418250600004,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":49,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":560.6098548400004,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 2 8 19 30","line":50,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":548.7778236000004,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 2 8 18 35","line":51,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":536.9458533800004,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 1 17 51 139 198","line":52,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":525.1138221300004,"width":"113.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1 72 142 217 252","line":53,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":513.2818519100003,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1 71 139 209 206","line":54,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":501.44985118000034,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":55,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":489.61785045000033,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 12 17 43 122","line":56,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":477.7858497100003,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 12 17 42 76","line":57,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":465.9538489800004,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 6 26 65 164 237","line":58,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":454.08394542000036,"width":"88.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6 99 183 297 418","line":59,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":442.25194468000035,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 6 96 178 286 330","line":60,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":430.41994395000035,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":61,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":417.07894053000035,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1.7 The Middle East: transport","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"145.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"10,400 PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0°C case (Table 8.53 , Fig. 8.59 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"314.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.53 Middle East: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":315.08248901,"width":"299.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":21,"x":56.692874650000455,"y":300.8269874499998,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 184 38 48 65 75","line":22,"x":56.675872540000455,"y":288.1789772099998,"width":"82.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 184 64 103 169 157","line":23,"x":148.44186757000045,"y":276.34697646999984,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 184 89 117 161 194","line":24,"x":148.42486928000045,"y":264.51500624999983,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 5425 6613 7802 10,999 12,992","line":25,"x":56.62486241000045,"y":252.68299025999983,"width":"137.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5425 5928 5732 4510 4194","line":26,"x":148.39085744000045,"y":240.85098952999982,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5425 5246 4528 2899 2618","line":27,"x":148.37385914000043,"y":229.01898880999983,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 57 83 103 136 146","line":28,"x":56.57385228000045,"y":217.18698805999986,"width":"138.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 57 60 57 47 37","line":29,"x":148.33984730000043,"y":205.35498732999986,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 57 57 52 36 28","line":30,"x":148.32284901000048,"y":193.52298660999986,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":31,"x":56.52284215000046,"y":181.69098586999985,"width":"113.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":32,"x":148.28883717000048,"y":169.85898513999985,"width":"43.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":33,"x":148.27183888000047,"y":158.02698440999984,"width":"43.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 5666 6734 7954 11,200 13,213","line":34,"x":56.471832010000455,"y":146.19499892999983,"width":"136.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5666 6051 5893 4726 4388","line":35,"x":148.23782704000047,"y":134.36299820999983,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5666 5392 4697 3096 2840","line":36,"x":148.22082875000046,"y":122.53098982999984,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":37,"x":53.85827229000046,"y":623.6533119199999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1.8 The Middle East: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":379.57540893,"width":"236.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0 °C Scenario, the Middle East’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase by ","line":2,"x":53.85649108,"y":355.57540893,"width":"335.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":6,"x":53.85559082,"y":307.57540893,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 58% in the 2.0 °C ","line":10,"x":65.86319732,"y":259.57540893,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario, this reduction will be greatest in ‘Industry’ followed by the ‘Power gen -","line":13,"x":53.86100006,"y":225.07540893,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"eration’ and ‘Transport’ sectors (Fig. 8.60 ).","line":14,"x":53.86100006,"y":213.07540893,"width":"173.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.1.9 The Middle East: Primary Energy Consumption","line":15,"x":53.86100006,"y":177.07540893,"width":"234.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":16,"x":53.86100006,"y":153.07540893,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig. 8.61 . In the 2.0°C ","line":17,"x":53.86100006,"y":141.07540893,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural Ga s","line":61,"x":348.11090087,"y":471.65939331,"width":"33.14","height":"5.90","fontName":["MCEFLQ+MyjhmxYskpqnYvsgbfArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.59 Middle East: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":63,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.9053955,"width":"260.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":346,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.60 Middle East: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":51,"x":53.85789871,"y":366.78839111,"width":"328.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":346,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":92,"x":343.06549072,"y":186.10119628,"width":"34.96","height":"6.42","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqwsyjFbntjpDhjwppArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":346,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.61 Middle East: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the ","line":96,"x":53.85639953,"y":104.50160217,"width":"328.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":346,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":98,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 86% in 2050 (including non-energy consump -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.2 The Middle East: Power Sector Analysis","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":421.15979003,"width":"222.15","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"The Middle East has significant renewable energy potential. The region’s solar radi -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"transmission lines. Saudi Arabia, the geographic centre of the region, has connec -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.2.1 The Middle East: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"272.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"has never been higher than 117MW (GWEC 2018 ) (in 2015). Parts of the offshore ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"Germany of 5.4 GW in 2017 (GWEC 2018 ). The vast solar resources in the Middle ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.54 Middle East: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":1,"x":54,"y":598.1743164,"width":"272.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"0.5% variable power generation. Table 8.55 shows the rapidly increasing shares of ","line":27,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":244.02833281000008,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"the Middle East region (as opposed to the IEA region used for the long-term sce -","line":29,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":220.02833281000008,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.56 shows that the limited dispatchable fossil and nuclear generation will ","line":36,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":136.02833281000008,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":41,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":623.6533633200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":349,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":136.32089497999968,"y":71.98653593000131,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":350,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":44,"x":53.85832587000003,"y":623.6533221500001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.2.3 The Middle East: Development ofLoad, Generation, ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.81170654,"width":"254.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"EU, so the calculated solar installation capacities throughout the region will be sig -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.81170654,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.57 shows a negative residual load in almost all sub-regions for every year ","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":249.81170654,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"and in both scenarios. This is attributable to substantial oversupply, so the produc -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.81170654,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.58 provides an overview of the calculated storage and dispatch power ","line":16,"x":65.85829925,"y":129.81170654,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.56 Middle East: capacity factors by generation type","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"201.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":205,"x":53.85826080999975,"y":623.6536484799999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":353,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":154.94464567999967,"y":71.98643630999959,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":353,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":196.44163969999966,"y":140.42845290999958,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":353,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":196.39915923999968,"y":373.8299421699996,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":354,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":137,"x":53.85832866000017,"y":623.6532666500008,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.1 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":569.78979492,"width":"302.33","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.1.1 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: Final Energy Demand by Sector","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":545.79382324,"width":"278.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"combined are shown in Fig. 8.62 for the 5.0°C, 2.0°C, and 1.5°C Scenarios. In the ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":497.79382324,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C Scenario, the total final energy demand will increase by 45%, from the cur -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":485.79382324,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuels Industry electricity","line":43,"x":89.30168624000001,"y":123.93438182,"width":"106.92","height":"6.92","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuels Residential & other sectors electricity","line":44,"x":89.30168624000001,"y":111.79137646,"width":"231.55","height":"6.92","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.62 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of the final energy demand by sector in the ","line":46,"x":53.858288720000004,"y":79.15197977999999,"width":"329.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"2050. In the 2.0 °C Scenario, the electricity demand for heating will be approxi -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario, 88% higher than in the 5.0°C case. In the 1.5°C Scenario, the gross elec -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy market and an increasing proportion of total power from renew -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"will come from renewable energy sources in the 2.0 °C Scenario. ‘New’ renew -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.59 shows the development of different renewable technologies in Eastern ","line":27,"x":65.85829925,"y":249.15977478,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe/Eurasia over time. Figure 8.63 provides an overview of the overall power-","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"331.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"growth of wind and PV, up to 740 GW and 820 GW, respectively, will be comple -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.64 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":236.89880371,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":223.39880371,"width":"336.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity- generation costs in 2015 (referring to full costs) were around 4.5 ct/kWh. ","line":4,"x":53.85979843,"y":212.89880371,"width":"333.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.59 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":15,"x":56.69266172999867,"y":573.9189065000005,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 5.0 °C 98 107 112 123 136","line":16,"x":56.701168499998666,"y":561.2708962400004,"width":"103.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 98 107 112 115 116","line":17,"x":124.61616941999867,"y":549.4389260300004,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 98 107 112 115 116","line":18,"x":124.62466855999867,"y":537.6068947800004,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 1 4 6 9 14","line":19,"x":56.726681199998666,"y":525.7749245600005,"width":"76.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1 21 45 64 96","line":20,"x":124.64168211999866,"y":513.9428933100005,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1 40 74 86 109","line":21,"x":124.65018125999867,"y":502.1109231000005,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind 5.0 °C 6 9 10 17 23","line":22,"x":56.75219007999867,"y":490.2789223700005,"width":"74.37","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6 70 176 469 744","line":23,"x":124.66718717999866,"y":478.44692163000053,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 6 74 196 531 697","line":24,"x":124.67568631999868,"y":466.6149209000005,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 1 1 2 4","line":25,"x":56.777698959998666,"y":454.7829201700005,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 5 12 38 71","line":26,"x":124.69269986999866,"y":442.9509194400005,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 7 21 46 71","line":27,"x":124.70119138999867,"y":431.1189187000005,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"PV 5.0 °C 4 5 6 8 10","line":28,"x":56.803211649998666,"y":419.2869179700005,"width":"58.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4 108 209 502 817","line":29,"x":124.71819731999867,"y":407.4549172400005,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4 132 294 678 821","line":30,"x":124.72669645999866,"y":395.6229165100005,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":31,"x":56.82872052999867,"y":383.7909157700005,"width":"58.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 1 16 33","line":32,"x":124.74371001999867,"y":371.95891504000053,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 1 22 34","line":33,"x":124.75220914999866,"y":360.12691431000053,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":34,"x":56.85422177999867,"y":348.2949135800005,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 1 13 19","line":35,"x":124.76922269999866,"y":336.4629128400005,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 1 13 19","line":36,"x":124.77772184999867,"y":324.6309121100005,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 108 126 136 159 186","line":37,"x":56.87973066999867,"y":312.7989113800005,"width":"102.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 108 310 555 1216 1896","line":38,"x":124.79472776999867,"y":300.9669106600005,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 108 360 698 1492 1869","line":39,"x":124.80322691999866,"y":289.1349099200005,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":358,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.63 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of electricity-generation structure in the ","line":45,"x":53,"y":420.61621093,"width":"331.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":358,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.64 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of total electricity supply costs and specific ","line":68,"x":53.85789108,"y":147.12359617000004,"width":"329.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":358,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity- generation costs in the scenarios","line":69,"x":53.85789108,"y":137.12759397000002,"width":"146.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":358,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":70,"x":53.85829162,"y":623.6533202800001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":359,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":9,"x":65.85829925,"y":499.65979003,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":359,"change":"Addition","str":"than in the 5.0°C case, and this will occur in 2050. In the 1.5°C Scenario, the maxi -","line":14,"x":53.85379028,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":359,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C case. If the CO 2 costs are not considered, the total electricity supply costs in ","line":17,"x":53.85379028,"y":403.65979003,"width":"334.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":359,"change":"Addition","str":"for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels and investments in plant replace -","line":23,"x":53.86288833,"y":297.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":359,"change":"Addition","str":"investment of $105 billion per year. In the 5.0°C Scenario, the investment in con -","line":28,"x":53.86288833,"y":237.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":360,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.65 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":33,"x":53.83209991,"y":301.64181518,"width":"303.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":360,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.1.5 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: Energy Supply forHeating","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":276.81170654,"width":"256.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":360,"change":"Addition","str":"will help to reduce the energy demand for heating by 47% in 2050in both alterna -","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":228.81170654,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":360,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.66 shows the development of different technologies for heating in ","line":43,"x":65.85829925,"y":156.81170654,"width":"322.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":360,"change":"Addition","str":"Eastern Europe/Eurasia over time, and Table 8.60 provides the resulting renewable ","line":44,"x":53.85829925,"y":144.81170654,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":360,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":51,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.60 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios ","line":9,"x":54.87009811,"y":410.7849121,"width":"329.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":11,"x":57.704894809999615,"y":386.52941723000026,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 537 810 873 1005 1164","line":12,"x":57.70490625999962,"y":373.8814069800003,"width":"123.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 537 1604 2199 2971 2819","line":13,"x":187.15140130999964,"y":362.0494062500003,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 537 1869 2684 2734 2722","line":14,"x":187.15140130999964,"y":350.2174055100003,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 5 10 13 24 41","line":15,"x":57.704913879999616,"y":338.3854047800003,"width":"105.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5 277 706 1560 1662","line":16,"x":187.15141656999964,"y":326.55340405000027,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5 351 768 1395 1620","line":17,"x":187.15141656999964,"y":314.72143383000025,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 6 9 11 15 21","line":18,"x":57.70492531999962,"y":302.88943311000025,"width":"167.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6 265 780 2314 3493","line":19,"x":187.15143181999963,"y":291.05743237000024,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 6 410 1163 2434 3393","line":20,"x":187.15143181999963,"y":279.22543164000024,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":21,"x":57.70493676999962,"y":267.39343091000023,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 42 152 795 1934","line":22,"x":187.15143181999963,"y":255.56141491000025,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 155 494 1344 2032","line":23,"x":187.15143181999963,"y":243.72941418000025,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 548 829 897 1044 1226","line":24,"x":57.70494439999962,"y":231.89741345000027,"width":"111.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 548 2187 3837 7640 9908","line":25,"x":187.15144707999963,"y":220.06541272000027,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 548 2786 5110 7906 9767","line":26,"x":187.15144707999963,"y":208.23341198000026,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.66 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":65,"x":53.85839440999962,"y":436.3731367200002,"width":"324.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.61 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"329.61","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":3,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 107 150 157 169 183","line":4,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"114.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 107 230 249 263 172","line":5,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 107 241 252 230 162","line":6,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 1 1","line":7,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 14 26 64 61","line":8,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 12 30 52 54","line":9,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 1 2 3 5 9","line":10,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"88.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1 56 145 330 359","line":11,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1 74 163 300 352","line":12,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 1 1 2 2 3","line":13,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1 25 64 184 248","line":14,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1 33 76 175 236","line":15,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 109 154 162 177 196","line":16,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":419.2488586200002,"width":"105.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 109 325 483 841 839","line":17,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":407.4168578900002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 109 361 522 758 805","line":18,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":395.5848571500002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":19,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":382.2438537400002,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"to be for heat pumps (around $490 billion), followed by solar collectors and bio -","line":21,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":345.4138366500002,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"mass technologies. The 1.5°C Scenario assumes an even faster expansion of renew -","line":22,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":333.4138366500002,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"PJ/year in 2050. In the 2.0°C Scenario, assumed technical, structural, and behav -","line":29,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":213.41383665000018,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"62% (or 4970 PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0°C case (Table 8.62 , Fig. 8.68 ).","line":33,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":165.41382139000018,"width":"333.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"(630 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 410 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":36,"x":53.868255409999435,"y":129.41382139000018,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":41,"x":53.868255409999435,"y":69.41382902000018,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":42,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.1.8 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":182.8376007,"width":"274.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0°C Scenario, Eastern Europe/Eurasia’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase ","line":6,"x":53.85620117,"y":158.8376007,"width":"333.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"by 14%, from 2420 Mt. in 2015 to 2768 Mt. in 2050. The stringent mitigation mea -","line":7,"x":53.85562133,"y":148.3376007,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":10,"x":53.85562133,"y":110.8376007,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":43,"x":355.5513916,"y":374.29910278,"width":"24.76","height":"7.12","fontName":["MCEFLQ+ClmbgxJqjgwvBpxpvgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.67 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of investments for renewable heat-generation ","line":52,"x":53.63330078,"y":291.16751098,"width":"329.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.62 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"330.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 4573 5191 5647 6301 6504","line":16,"x":56.91407751000007,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4573 5127 5210 4795 4097","line":17,"x":150.54159139000006,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4573 4313 3677 3150 2966","line":18,"x":150.55860494000007,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural Ga s","line":58,"x":348.49169515000006,"y":243.90834348000018,"width":"32.81","height":"5.84","fontName":["MCEFLQ+SrysgfNklplkSkyltcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.68 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":60,"x":53.85838674000007,"y":176.69874876000017,"width":"299.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 53% in the 2.0 °C ","line":61,"x":65.85838674000007,"y":150.3688537400002,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"‘Residential and other’ and ‘Industry’ sectors (Fig. 8.69 ).","line":65,"x":53.86108755000007,"y":103.86884611000018,"width":"228.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":66,"x":53.85838674000007,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":365,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.1.9 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: Primary Energy Consumption","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":330.19659423,"width":"271.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":365,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":306.19659423,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":365,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig. 8.70 . In the 2.0°C ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":294.19659423,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":365,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 90% in 2050 (including non-energy consump -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":174.19659423,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":365,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.69 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2","line":68,"x":53.85789871,"y":363.75158691,"width":"325.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":366,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":40,"x":342.70230102,"y":464.15249633,"width":"35.26","height":"6.47","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqwsyjFbntjpDhjwppArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":366,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.70 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy ","line":44,"x":53.85829925,"y":384.56298828,"width":"328.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":366,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.2 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: Power Sector Analysis","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":348.36709594,"width":"267.18","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":366,"change":"Addition","str":"the world, but recent developments indicate growth in both the wind (WPM 3- 2018 ) ","line":51,"x":53.85829925,"y":272.36709594,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":366,"change":"Addition","str":"and solar industries (PVM 3- 2018 ).","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":260.36709594,"width":"141.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":366,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.2.1 Eurasia: Development ofPower Plant Capacities—2.0°C ","line":53,"x":53.85829925,"y":224.36709594,"width":"278.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":366,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":63,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":367,"change":"Addition","str":"most sub-regions of Eurasia, as shown in Table 8.64 .","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":318.07330322,"width":"210.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":367,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.64 shows that dispatchable renewables will experience stable market ","line":4,"x":65.85829925,"y":306.07330322,"width":"322.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":367,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.65 . The capacity factor of variable renewables will rise by 2030, mainly ","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":198.07330322,"width":"322.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":367,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.2.3 Eurasia: Development ofLoad, Generation, andResidual Load","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":126.07330322,"width":"301.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":367,"change":"Addition","str":"those assumed to occur by 2030 (see Table 8.64 ).","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":90.07330322,"width":"196.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":367,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.63 Eurasia: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"256.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":367,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 0 0 1 1 1 2","line":38,"x":56.69282514999943,"y":405.9533816300001,"width":"117.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":367,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 0 0 1 1 1 1","line":39,"x":56.69282514999943,"y":394.1213809100001,"width":"72.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":367,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable fuel based co-generation 2 7 4 7 5 3","line":40,"x":56.69281370999943,"y":382.28938016000006,"width":"148.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":368,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":73.92920194000006,"y":71.98653593000131,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":368,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":160,"x":53.858301980000064,"y":623.6531542800013,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":369,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":1,"x":72.6255235200001,"y":71.98668666000013,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":370,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.64 . However, after 2030, significant increases will be required by 2050, ","line":30,"x":65.85833333000016,"y":314.83732896000004,"width":"322.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":370,"change":"Addition","str":"industry, and transport sectors (Table 8.66 ).","line":34,"x":53.85833333000016,"y":266.83732896000004,"width":"173.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":370,"change":"Addition","str":"(Table 8.67 ). Hydrogen production can also be used for load management, although ","line":37,"x":53.85833333000016,"y":230.83732896000004,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":370,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":45,"x":53.85833333000016,"y":623.6533384700001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":372,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.92927246999977,"y":71.98641279000026,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":372,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":105.43027191999978,"y":144.94192579000025,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":372,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":105.38777618999978,"y":376.0654456900003,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":372,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":231,"x":53.85827331999978,"y":623.6530311400003,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":373,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.91920367000009,"y":71.98679513000057,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":373,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":105.42020312000008,"y":144.94230813000058,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":373,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":105.37770739000008,"y":376.0658280300006,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuel sT ransport electricity","line":39,"x":98.51318255999998,"y":125.64648894999993,"width":"304.19","height":"6.85","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RnvhbgXmtmdlYqjlywArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuel sI ndustry electricit y","line":40,"x":98.51318255999998,"y":113.63648681999994,"width":"304.14","height":"6.85","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RnvhbgXmtmdlYqjlywArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuels Residential & other sectors electricit y","line":41,"x":98.51318255999998,"y":101.62849121999994,"width":"229.24","height":"6.85","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RnvhbgXmtmdlYqjlywArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"total power demand (incl. synfuels & H2 )","line":42,"x":98.51318255999998,"y":89.61948851999995,"width":"132.53","height":"6.85","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RnvhbgXmtmdlYqjlywArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.71 Non-OECD Asia: development of the final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":43,"x":53.85788241999998,"y":69.15198973999993,"width":"317.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.1 Non-OECD Asia: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":45,"x":53.85828295999998,"y":569.7897842399999,"width":"264.53","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.1.1 Non-OECD Asia: Final Energy Demand by Sector","line":46,"x":53.85828295999998,"y":545.79381256,"width":"246.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"the assumptions on population growth, GDP growth, and energy intensity are com -","line":48,"x":53.85828295999998,"y":509.79381255999994,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"bined are shown in Fig. 8.71 for the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.5 °C Scenarios. In the ","line":49,"x":53.85828295999998,"y":497.79381255999994,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C Scenario, the total final energy demand will increase by 111% from the cur -","line":50,"x":53.85828295999998,"y":485.79381255999994,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"to- heat or e-mobility) will increase from 830 TWh/year in 2015 to 2480 TWh/year ","line":57,"x":53.85828295999998,"y":401.79381255999994,"width":"334.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"2050. In the 2.0 °C Scenario, the electricity demand for heating will be approxi -","line":62,"x":53.85828295999998,"y":341.79381255999994,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":374,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":63,"x":53.85828295999998,"y":623.65330963,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":375,"change":"Addition","str":"heat) and the manufacture of synthetic fuels (mainly for transport) will add an addi -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":375,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy market and an increasing proportion of total power from renew -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":375,"change":"Addition","str":"mainly wind, solar, and geothermal energy—will contribute 87% of the total electric -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":375,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.68 shows the development of different renewable technologies in Non-","line":24,"x":65.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"319.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":375,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Asia over time. Figure 8.72 provides an overview of the overall power-","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"330.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":375,"change":"Addition","str":"growth of wind and PV up to 635 GW and 1280 GW, respectively, will be comple -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":375,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.73 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.15977478,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":375,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated elec -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":115.65979766,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":376,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.68 Non-OECD Asia: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"329.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":376,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":3,"x":56.69266172999867,"y":573.9189065000005,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":376,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":19,"x":56.82872052999867,"y":383.7909157700005,"width":"58.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":376,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 5 45 110 224","line":21,"x":124.75220914999866,"y":360.12691431000053,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":376,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":22,"x":56.85422177999867,"y":348.2949135800005,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":376,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 2 20 50","line":23,"x":124.76922269999866,"y":336.4629128400005,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":376,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 78 113 191 257 348","line":25,"x":56.87973066999867,"y":312.7989113800005,"width":"98.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":376,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.72 Non-OECD Asia: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":53,"x":53.80006071999867,"y":69.1520836800005,"width":"307.61","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":377,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.73 Non-OECD Asia: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":370.593811,"width":"328.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":377,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":39,"x":65.85829925,"y":158.65429684000003,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":377,"change":"Addition","str":"1.3 ct/kWh in the 1.5 °C Scenario. If the CO 2 costs are not considered, the total ","line":45,"x":53.85379028,"y":86.65429684000003,"width":"335.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":378,"change":"Addition","str":"for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels and investments in plant replace -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":378,"change":"Addition","str":"ment at the end of their economic lifetimes. This value is equivalent to approxi -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":378,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C case ($1370 billion). An investment of around $3950 billion for power gen -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":378,"change":"Addition","str":"in conventional power plants will be around 55% of the total cumulative invest -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":378,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.74 Non-OECD Asia: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":48,"x":53.85699844,"y":69.15200042,"width":"281.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"cost savings in the 2.0°C Scenario will reach a total of $2610 billion in 2050, equiva -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.1.5 Non-OECD Asia: Energy Supply forHeating","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"224.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"renewables supply around 43% of Non-OECD Asia’s final energy demand for heat -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.75 shows the development of different technologies for heating in Non-","line":16,"x":65.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"319.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Asia over time, and Table 8.69 provides the resulting renewable heat supply ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0°C Scenario and 1300 PJ/year in the 1.5°C Scenario. The direct use of elec -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.75 Non-OECD Asia: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":65,"x":53.855999,"y":69.15200042,"width":"302.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"be for solar collectors (around $480 billion), followed by heat pumps and geother -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":295.41378784,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"73% (or 9660 PJ/year) by 2050 compared to the 5.0°C case (Table 8.71 , Fig. 8.77 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":115.41378021,"width":"332.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"(480 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 650 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":21,"x":53.86830902,"y":79.41378021,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.69 Non-OECD Asia: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"328.28","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":24,"x":56.69305395000007,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 4459 4800 4787 4878 4919","line":25,"x":56.68456244000007,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4459 4680 4529 4232 3948","line":26,"x":187.94155859000006,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4459 4772 4890 4054 3549","line":27,"x":187.93305944000008,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 4 12 33 70 128","line":28,"x":56.659053550000074,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"109.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4 401 1129 2252 2723","line":29,"x":187.91604589000008,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4 509 1221 2141 2389","line":30,"x":187.90754674000004,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":31,"x":56.63355230000007,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"157.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 141 740 1563 2410","line":32,"x":187.8905484500001,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 262 839 1587 2198","line":33,"x":187.88204931000007,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":34,"x":56.60805105000007,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 0 454 862","line":35,"x":187.86503576000007,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 133 735 1274","line":36,"x":187.8565366100001,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 4464 4811 4821 4948 5047","line":37,"x":56.58254217000007,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4464 5222 6398 8501 9942","line":38,"x":187.8395383200001,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4464 5542 7083 8516 9411","line":39,"x":187.83103918000006,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":" heat us e","line":5,"x":263.6899414,"y":285.6946106,"width":"28.55","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.76 Non-OECD Asia: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technolo -","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":71.10169982,"width":"325.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.70 Non-OECD Asia: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":44,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.17822265,"width":"321.86","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 1886 1925 1767 1610 1459","line":46,"x":56.67614724999944,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1886 1850 1557 1150 821","line":47,"x":128.65416696999944,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1886 1829 1693 1084 713","line":48,"x":128.63718392999942,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":49,"x":56.62518670999944,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 4 18 51 73","line":50,"x":128.6032026099994,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 4 15 44 64","line":51,"x":128.58621958999942,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 1 3 10 20 37","line":52,"x":56.57421472999944,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"100.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1 114 321 639 772","line":53,"x":128.55222299999946,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1 145 349 609 678","line":54,"x":128.53523995999944,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":55,"x":56.523246559999436,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 13 58 103 159","line":56,"x":128.50127389999943,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 27 70 110 144","line":57,"x":128.48427560999943,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 1888 1928 1777 1631 1496","line":58,"x":56.472274569999435,"y":429.24885862000025,"width":"126.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1888 1981 1954 1944 1825","line":59,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":417.41685789000024,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1888 2004 2127 1847 1598","line":60,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":405.58485715000023,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":61,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":392.24385374000025,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":98.97740173,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.71 Non-OECD Asia: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"316.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":9,"x":56.69293927999956,"y":583.0243446200004,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 76 81 81 83 83","line":10,"x":56.68444776999956,"y":571.1923133600005,"width":"78.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 76 96 116 158 183","line":11,"x":147.54943036999956,"y":559.3603431400004,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 76 115 124 148 212","line":12,"x":147.54093121999955,"y":547.5283729300004,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 6023 7139 9256 11,061 12,181","line":13,"x":56.65894650999956,"y":535.6963416800004,"width":"137.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6023 6694 6489 5251 4245","line":14,"x":147.52394818999954,"y":523.8643714600005,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 6023 5493 4217 3258 2903","line":15,"x":147.51544903999957,"y":512.0323402200004,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 225 353 447 581 621","line":16,"x":56.633456699999556,"y":500.2003394800004,"width":"147.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 225 240 220 180 143","line":17,"x":147.49845074999956,"y":488.3683387500004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 225 230 200 139 108","line":18,"x":147.48995160999957,"y":476.5363380200004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 196 216 227 246 267","line":19,"x":56.607959269999554,"y":464.7043678000004,"width":"155.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 196 216 227 246 267","line":20,"x":147.47295330999955,"y":452.8723670700004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 196 216 227 246 267","line":21,"x":147.46445416999956,"y":441.0403663400004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 6521 7789 10,010 11,970 13,153","line":22,"x":56.58246946999956,"y":429.20836560000043,"width":"143.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6521 7246 7051 5834 4838","line":23,"x":147.44747113999955,"y":417.37636487000043,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 6521 6053 4769 3791 3489","line":24,"x":147.43895672999955,"y":405.5443641400004,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural Ga s","line":62,"x":348.3344492899996,"y":246.70984572000043,"width":"32.95","height":"5.87","fontName":["MCEFLQ+MyjhmxYskpqnYvsgbfArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.77 Non-OECD Asia: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":64,"x":53.85833691999956,"y":175.80734937000042,"width":"277.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":65,"x":53.85833691999956,"y":623.6533729300004,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":383,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.1.8 Non-OECD Asia: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":547.65979003,"width":"241.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":383,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0°C Scenario, Non-OECD Asia’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase by ","line":4,"x":53.85651016,"y":523.65979003,"width":"334.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":383,"change":"Addition","str":"160%, from 1880 Mt. in 2015 to 4880 Mt. in 2050. The stringent mitigation mea -","line":5,"x":53.86069107,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":383,"change":"Addition","str":"reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":8,"x":53.86069107,"y":475.65979003,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":383,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 65% in the 2.0 °C ","line":12,"x":65.86319732,"y":427.65979003,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":383,"change":"Addition","str":"‘Residential and other’ and ‘Industry’ sectors (Fig. 8.78 ).","line":16,"x":53.86100006,"y":381.15979003,"width":"228.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":383,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.78 Non-OECD Asia: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emis -","line":64,"x":53.85829925,"y":110.16210174,"width":"325.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":384,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.1.9 Non-OECD Asia: Primary Energy Consumption","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"239.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":384,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":384,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig. 8.79 . In the 2.0°C ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":384,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":59,"x":342.47460937,"y":198.03959655,"width":"35.45","height":"6.51","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YrplyfRlxpthHlsbqdArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":384,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.79 Non-OECD Asia: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in ","line":63,"x":53.85829925,"y":111.43710327,"width":"327.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":384,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":65,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":385,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.2 Non-OECD Asia: Power Sector Analysis","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":517.15979003,"width":"229.38","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":385,"change":"Addition","str":"because it includes not only all the ASEAN countries (ASEAN 2018 ) of South East ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"333.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":385,"change":"Addition","str":"However, with this is in mind, the ratio of solar PV generation to storage require -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":385,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.2.1 Non-OECD Asia: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"277.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":385,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Asia region, it is assumed that there are no interconnection capacities avail -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":385,"change":"Addition","str":"able, and that there will not be any at the end of the modelling period (Table 8.73 ). ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.15977478,"width":"333.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":386,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.74 . The time required for variable power generation to replace fossil and ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":294.07330322,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":386,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.2.3 Non-OECD Asia: Development ofLoad, Generation, ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":222.07330322,"width":"258.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":386,"change":"Addition","str":"deployed. Table 8.75 shows that only Asia North-West and Asia South-West will ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":162.07330322,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":386,"change":"Addition","str":"require some interconnection to avoid curtailment. The development of the maxi -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":150.07330322,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":386,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.72 Non-OECD Asia: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"288.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":386,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 1 6 9 8 17 13","line":35,"x":56.44686680000045,"y":405.9533816300001,"width":"125.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":386,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 0 0 1 1 3 2","line":36,"x":56.429868510000446,"y":394.1213809100001,"width":"72.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":386,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable fuel based co-generation 1 2 1 1 1 1","line":37,"x":56.41287785000045,"y":382.28938016000006,"width":"148.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":386,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":38,"x":53.85869770000045,"y":623.6533633200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":387,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":158.33177162999965,"y":71.9865296800009,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":387,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia North West: Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand","line":86,"x":287.4722592999997,"y":71.9865983400009,"width":"171.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":387,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia Central North: Viet Nam, Laos and Cambodia","line":110,"x":322.9682614999996,"y":71.98661360000091,"width":"173.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":388,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":68,"x":53.8583267800001,"y":623.6532591099998,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":389,"change":"Addition","str":"the peak demand in the Philippines in 2016 was 13.3 GW (PR-DoE 2016 ) (9.7 GW ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":288.0046997,"width":"334.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":389,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.76 shows that whereas countries on the Asian mainland will use and ","line":9,"x":65.85829925,"y":204.0046997,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":389,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.74 Non-OECD Asia: capacity factors by generation type","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"218.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":390,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia North West: Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand","line":100,"x":236.04669742999994,"y":71.89341682000145,"width":"171.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":390,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia Central North: Viet Nam, Laos and Cambodia","line":126,"x":271.53420048,"y":71.86791176000145,"width":"173.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":390,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia South West: Malaysia, Brunei","line":152,"x":307.02168828,"y":71.84240669000144,"width":"118.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":390,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":179,"x":53.85828952999995,"y":623.6536554700015,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":392,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.92929917999999,"y":71.98655637000002,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":392,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":105.43029863,"y":150.49255307,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":392,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":105.3878029,"y":380.00105222,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":392,"change":"Addition","str":"Pacific Island State","line":95,"x":236.81480485,"y":71.99501737000001,"width":"65.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":392,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia North West: Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand","line":129,"x":272.31079179,"y":71.99499449000002,"width":"172.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":392,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia Central North: Viet Nam, Laos and Cambodia","line":163,"x":324.12680131,"y":71.99497159000002,"width":"173.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":392,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":197,"x":53.858300029999995,"y":623.6532739,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":393,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":1,"x":73.61377413000008,"y":71.98683120999952,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":393,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":5,"x":105.11477359000008,"y":150.49283554999954,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":393,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":10,"x":105.07227786000009,"y":380.0013194299995,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":393,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia South West: Malaysia, Brunei","line":25,"x":159.03877719000008,"y":71.99533035999951,"width":"119.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1 India: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":569.78979492,"width":"207.97","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1.1 India: Final Energy Demand by Sector","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":545.79382324,"width":"198.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"The future development pathways for India’s final energy demand when the assump -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":521.79382324,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"shown in Fig. 8.80 for the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.5 °C Scenarios. In the 5.0 °C ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":497.79382324,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"demand will increase at a much slower rate by 57% compared with current con -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":461.79382324,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"to- heat or e-mobility) will increase from 750 TWh/year in 2015 to 3200 TWh/year ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.79382324,"width":"334.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"2050. In the 2.0°C Scenario, the electricity demand for heating will be approximately ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":341.79382324,"width":"333.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuel sT ransport electricity","line":63,"x":79.44120025,"y":110.0059967,"width":"327.56","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuel sI ndustry electricity","line":64,"x":79.44120025,"y":97.83809661,"width":"327.43","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuel sR esidential & other sectors electricit y","line":65,"x":79.44120025,"y":85.66999816,"width":"327.03","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"total power demand (incl. synfuels & H2 )","line":66,"x":79.44120025,"y":73.5019989,"width":"134.28","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.80 India: development of final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":69,"x":53.85825905000006,"y":53.00050175000002,"width":"264.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":70,"x":53.85825905000006,"y":623.65332234,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"the electricity demand will be approximately 3400 TWh/year due to electric mobil -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"about 9500 PJ/year and 9800 PJ/year, respectively, will be avoided through effi -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy market and an increasing proportion of total power from renew -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"solar, and geothermal energy—will contribute 90% of the total electricity genera -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"2030in the 1.5°C Scenario is assumed to be 77%. In the 1.5°C Scenario, the gen -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.77 shows the development of different renewable technologies in India ","line":23,"x":65.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"over time. Figure 8.81 provides an overview of the overall power-generation struc -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario. Both the 2.0°C Scenario and 1.5°C Scenario will lead to a high propor -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"tion of variable power generation (PV, wind, and ocean) of 48% and 60%, respec -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.82 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated elec -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.6598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.77 India: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"308.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":2,"x":56.69266172999867,"y":583.9189065000006,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 5.0 °C 46 68 81 97 117","line":3,"x":56.701168499998666,"y":571.2708962400005,"width":"90.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 46 68 72 80 87","line":4,"x":124.61616941999867,"y":559.4389260300005,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 46 68 72 80 87","line":5,"x":124.62466855999867,"y":547.6068947800005,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 8 13 16 20 25","line":6,"x":56.726681199998666,"y":535.7749245600006,"width":"89.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 8 23 31 60 93","line":7,"x":124.64168211999866,"y":523.9428933100006,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 8 23 31 60 93","line":8,"x":124.65018125999867,"y":512.1109231000006,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind 5.0 °C 25 82 119 185 246","line":9,"x":56.75219007999867,"y":500.27892237000054,"width":"95.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 25 200 421 938 1273","line":10,"x":124.66718717999866,"y":488.4469216300006,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 25 275 543 1002 1110","line":11,"x":124.67568631999868,"y":476.6149209000006,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":12,"x":56.777698959998666,"y":464.7829201700006,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 3 8 42 68","line":13,"x":124.69269986999866,"y":452.9509194400006,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 3 8 42 68","line":14,"x":124.70119138999867,"y":441.11891870000056,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"PV 5.0 °C 5 115 198 345 545","line":15,"x":56.803211649998666,"y":429.28691797000056,"width":"87.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5 230 469 1090 1572","line":16,"x":124.71819731999867,"y":417.45491724000055,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5 365 648 1185 1412","line":17,"x":124.72669645999866,"y":405.62291651000055,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 0 0 1 1 2","line":18,"x":56.82872052999867,"y":393.79091577000054,"width":"58.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 8 48 138 209","line":19,"x":124.74371001999867,"y":381.9589150400006,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 8 48 138 209","line":20,"x":124.75220914999866,"y":370.1269143100006,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":21,"x":56.85422177999867,"y":358.2949135800006,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 1 11 33 59","line":22,"x":124.76922269999866,"y":346.46291284000057,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 1 11 33 59","line":23,"x":124.77772184999867,"y":334.63091211000057,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 84 279 415 648 936","line":24,"x":56.87973066999867,"y":322.79891138000056,"width":"98.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 84 532 1061 2381 3360","line":25,"x":124.79472776999867,"y":310.96691066000056,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 84 742 1361 2540 3037","line":26,"x":124.80322691999866,"y":299.13490992000055,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.81 India: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":54,"x":53.82986112999867,"y":86.72428064000057,"width":"267.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":55,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":623.6534035700006,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"costs in 2050 will be 4.9 ct/kWh lower than in the 5.0°C case. Note that these esti -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":332.09689331,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"billion/year and in the 1.5°C Scenario, they will be $470 billion/year. The long- term ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":260.09689331,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 5.0°C Scenario as a result of the estimated generation costs and the electrifi -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":236.09689331,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs, when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":198.59689331,"width":"322.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"are not considered, will increase in the 5.0°C case to only 6.9 ct/kWh. In both alter -","line":13,"x":53.86059951,"y":188.09689331,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"costs will be around 1 ct/kWh in 2050. If the CO 2 costs are not considered, the total ","line":16,"x":53.86059951,"y":150.59689331,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 and 2050in the 2.0°C Scenario—including additional power plants for the pro -","line":20,"x":53.85779953,"y":68.09689331,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.82 India: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity generation ","line":45,"x":53.85829162000002,"y":366.9267907100001,"width":"328.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":398,"change":"Addition","str":"52% will be invested in renewable power generation and co-generation (Fig. 8.83 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":246.11450195,"width":"316.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":398,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1.5 India: Energy Supply forHeating","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":90.11450195,"width":"176.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":398,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.83 India: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":51,"x":53.83110046,"y":330.94448852,"width":"241.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":398,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.84 shows the development of different technologies for heating in India ","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":120.71730041,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, and Table 8.78 provides the resulting renewable heat supply for all sce -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":108.71730041,"width":"331.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.84 India: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":435.55279541,"width":"261.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.78 India: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the direct use ","line":53,"x":53.85829925,"y":411.48080444,"width":"327.73","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":55,"x":56.69300837000039,"y":387.22243615000025,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 5544 5633 5666 5595 5341","line":56,"x":56.701496070000395,"y":374.5744259000003,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5544 5726 5600 4854 4366","line":57,"x":185.24700158000041,"y":362.7424251700003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5544 5600 5444 4758 4078","line":58,"x":185.2555007300004,"y":350.9104244500003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 28 77 115 200 310","line":59,"x":56.72698587000039,"y":339.07842370000026,"width":"122.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 28 589 1537 2964 3693","line":60,"x":185.2724837700004,"y":327.24642297000025,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 28 887 2271 3107 3626","line":61,"x":185.28099817000037,"y":315.41442225000026,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 1 1 1 2","line":62,"x":56.75247567000039,"y":303.58242151000024,"width":"154.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 164 647 1627 2136","line":63,"x":185.29798120000038,"y":291.7504207700003,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 189 725 1497 2103","line":64,"x":185.3064803400004,"y":279.9184505600003,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":65,"x":56.77797693000039,"y":268.0864498300003,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 2 299 1409","line":66,"x":185.3234786300004,"y":256.25444909000026,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 2 437 1613","line":67,"x":185.3319777800004,"y":244.42244836000026,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 5572 5711 5781 5796 5653","line":68,"x":56.803466730000395,"y":232.59044763000026,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5572 6478 7787 9743 11,603","line":69,"x":185.3489608100004,"y":220.75844690000025,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5572 6675 8442 9800 11,420","line":70,"x":185.35747522000037,"y":208.92644616000027,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"higher average annual investment of around $29 billion per year (Table 8.79 , Fig. 8.85 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"333.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 compared with the 5.0°C case (Table 8.80 , Fig. 8.86 ).","line":20,"x":53.86828994,"y":297.15979003,"width":"239.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.79 India: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":23,"x":54.47639846,"y":251.47380065,"width":"281.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":24,"x":57.31094722000032,"y":237.21828099999982,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 2049 1923 1836 1633 1432","line":25,"x":57.293956560000325,"y":224.5702859999998,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2049 1954 1798 1311 856","line":26,"x":129.27196483000034,"y":212.7382852599998,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2049 1916 1756 1276 785","line":27,"x":129.25498180000034,"y":200.90628452999982,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":28,"x":57.242984570000324,"y":189.07428379999982,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 2 9 32 38","line":29,"x":129.22100047000032,"y":177.24228306999981,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 5 12 28 37","line":30,"x":129.2040174400003,"y":165.4102823299998,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 6 17 25 43 67","line":31,"x":57.19201640000033,"y":153.5782815999998,"width":"105.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6 126 327 619 777","line":32,"x":129.1700361200003,"y":141.74628086999982,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 6 191 486 653 763","line":33,"x":129.15305308000035,"y":129.91428013999982,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":34,"x":57.14104823000032,"y":118.0822870299998,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 12 42 90 131","line":35,"x":129.11907176000034,"y":106.25028629999981,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 11 46 82 129","line":36,"x":129.10207347000033,"y":94.41828556999981,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 2055 1940 1861 1676 1499","line":37,"x":57.09007625000032,"y":82.54827519999981,"width":"126.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2055 2094 2177 2052 1802","line":38,"x":129.28926830000034,"y":70.71627445999981,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2055 2122 2300 2039 1715","line":39,"x":129.27227000000033,"y":58.88427372999981,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":40,"x":54.476344860000324,"y":45.54327411999981,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":41,"x":53.85824565000033,"y":623.6532938099998,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"(950 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 860 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.31660461,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1.8 India: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":120.81659698,"width":"193.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0°C Scenario, India’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase by 236%, from ","line":11,"x":53.85720062,"y":96.81659698,"width":"334.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":19,"x":212.84030151,"y":587.9763794,"width":"27.27","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":33,"x":188.7714386,"y":385.99331665,"width":"27.27","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":47,"x":353.4663086,"y":379.0145874,"width":"27.22","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.85 India: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technologies in the ","line":57,"x":53.85829925,"y":289.1465149,"width":"328.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions from 2015 ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":156.78970336,"width":"334.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 67% in the 2.0 °C ","line":5,"x":65.86239624,"y":108.78970336,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.80 India: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"275.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":9,"x":56.692874650000455,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 180 238 278 353 423","line":10,"x":56.675872540000455,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"99.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 180 270 325 421 526","line":11,"x":148.44186757000045,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 180 219 234 332 446","line":12,"x":148.42486928000045,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 3294 5861 7880 12,152 16,455","line":13,"x":56.62486241000045,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"137.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 3294 5017 5562 5301 5285","line":14,"x":148.39085744000045,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 3294 4253 3125 2977 2730","line":15,"x":148.37385914000043,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 84 131 166 216 231","line":16,"x":56.57385228000045,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"143.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 84 89 81 66 52","line":17,"x":148.33984730000043,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 84 85 74 52 40","line":18,"x":148.32284901000048,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 29 34 36 40 52","line":19,"x":56.52284215000046,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"134.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 29 34 36 40 52","line":20,"x":148.28883717000048,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 29 34 36 40 52","line":21,"x":148.27183888000047,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 3587 6263 8360 12,762 17,161","line":22,"x":56.471832010000455,"y":429.28688352000023,"width":"136.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 3587 5410 6006 5828 5914","line":23,"x":148.23782704000047,"y":417.4548827900002,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 3587 4590 3470 3401 3268","line":24,"x":148.22082875000046,"y":405.6228820600002,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.86 India: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":48,"x":53.85827229000046,"y":183.11964719000025,"width":"236.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":49,"x":53.85827229000046,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"followed by the ‘Power generation’ and ‘Industry’ sectors (Fig. 8.87 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":314.57199096,"width":"278.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1.9 India: Primary Energy Consumption","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":278.57199096,"width":"191.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.57199096,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig. 8.88 . In the 2.0°C ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":242.57199096,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"will be even lower (47,100 PJ in 2050) because the final energy demand and conver -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":182.57199096,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 94% in 2050 (including non-energy consump -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":122.57199096,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"2050in both the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios. The cumulative primary energy con -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":98.57199096,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"'Residential & other sectors' Savings","line":46,"x":151.414505,"y":405.18798828,"width":"112.94","height":"6.54","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WjycjfXyxyvlQxbfsrArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.87 India: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after ","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":360.12701416,"width":"328.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 2.0°C Scenario, the cumulative gas demand will amount to 120 EJ, the cumu -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.8493042,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.2 India: Power Sector Analysis","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":263.8493042,"width":"172.82","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"Indians (RF 2018 ) had no power or inadequate power. In 2017, the Indian ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":199.8493042,"width":"337.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"Government launched The Third National Electricity Plan , which covers two 5-year ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.8493042,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"(IEA) Policies and Measures Database (IEA P+M DB 2018 ):","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.8493042,"width":"249.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"[...] “the plan covers short- and long-term demand forecasts in different regions and recom -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":147.8493042,"width":"307.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":56,"x":341.5362854,"y":461.48431396,"width":"36.49","height":"6.70","fontName":["MCEFLQ+BqpyggHrtdwqVlscrpArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.88 India: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the sce -","line":60,"x":53.85829925,"y":378.67929077,"width":"325.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":62,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":405,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.2.1 India: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"229.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":405,"change":"Addition","str":"The Third National Electricity Plan for India is an important foundation for strength -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":405,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.81 India: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":17,"x":54.37009811,"y":334.15301513,"width":"248.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":406,"change":"Addition","str":"one quarter of the demand by 2030 (Table 8.82 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"193.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":406,"change":"Addition","str":"35% over the entire modelling period, as the calculation results in Table 8.83 show. ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":406,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.2.3 India: Development ofLoad, Generation, andResidual Load","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"291.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":406,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.84 shows that India’s load is predicted to quadruple in all five sub-regions ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":406,"change":"Addition","str":"increase—beyond the assumed 20% target—but may only be required for the west -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":406,"change":"Addition","str":"ern and southern sub-regions of India. However, for the 1.5°C Scenario, intercon -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":406,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.85 shows the storage and dispatch requirements under the 2.0 °C and ","line":23,"x":65.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":406,"change":"Addition","str":"10%. Table 8.71 provides an overview of the calculated storage and dispatch power ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":406,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":407,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.83 India: capacity factors by generation type","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":313.96829223,"width":"177.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":407,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.82 India: power system shares by technology group","line":29,"x":53.862472290000085,"y":598.21582512,"width":"201.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":408,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":152,"x":53.85828280999975,"y":623.6534648200014,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":409,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":76.4599692699996,"y":71.98676639000017,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":409,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":117.9569709199996,"y":131.6482806700002,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":409,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":117.91446755999961,"y":364.8287768900002,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":409,"change":"Addition","str":"India- Western Region","line":129,"x":284.8204657899996,"y":71.83369022000018,"width":"74.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":410,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1 China: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":569.78979492,"width":"211.98","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":410,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.1 China: Final Energy Demand by Sector","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":545.79382324,"width":"201.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":410,"change":"Addition","str":"The future development pathways for China’s final energy demand when the assump -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":521.79382324,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":410,"change":"Addition","str":"shown in Fig. 8.89 for the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.5 °C Scenarios. In the 5.0 °C ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":497.79382324,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":410,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuel sT ransport electricity","line":35,"x":90.99299621,"y":166.0565033,"width":"333.91","height":"6.90","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PgvjsdCfttlwWssslxArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":410,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuel sI ndustry electricity","line":36,"x":90.99299621,"y":153.95050048,"width":"333.91","height":"6.90","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PgvjsdCfttlwWssslxArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":410,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuel sR esidential & other sectors electricity","line":37,"x":90.99299621,"y":141.84359741,"width":"333.90","height":"6.90","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PgvjsdCfttlwWssslxArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":410,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.89 China: development of final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":109.25039672,"width":"267.80","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":410,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"2050. In the 2.0 °C Scenario, the electricity demand for heating will be approxi -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"heat) and the manufacture of synthetic fuels (mainly for transport) will add an addi -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario, 11% higher than in the 5.0°C case. In the 1.5°C Scenario, the gross elec -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"The efficiency gains in the heating sector could be even larger than in the elec -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"319.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"tricity sector. In the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, a final energy consumption equiva -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy market and an increasing proportion of total power from renew -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"solar, and geothermal energy—will contribute 77% of the total electricity genera -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"2030in the 1.5°C Scenario is assumed to be 63%. In the 1.5°C Scenario, the gen -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.86 shows the development of different renewable technologies in China ","line":28,"x":65.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"over time. Figure 8.90 provides an overview of the overall power-generation struc -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15977478,"width":"331.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.86 China: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"311.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":2,"x":56.6926044299993,"y":583.9188643900003,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 5.0 °C 320 395 424 477 525","line":3,"x":56.701111199999296,"y":571.2708541300002,"width":"107.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 320 383 396 420 450","line":4,"x":124.6161121199993,"y":559.4388839200002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 320 383 396 420 450","line":5,"x":124.6246112599993,"y":547.6068526700002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 11 24 29 39 48","line":6,"x":56.726623899999296,"y":535.7748824500003,"width":"93.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 11 57 101 158 195","line":7,"x":124.6416248199993,"y":523.9428512000003,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 11 72 106 160 195","line":8,"x":124.6501239599993,"y":512.1108809900003,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind 5.0 °C 132 343 408 536 667","line":9,"x":56.7521327799993,"y":500.2788802600002,"width":"104.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 132 428 678 1299 1674","line":10,"x":124.6671298799993,"y":488.44687952000027,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 132 508 877 1460 1652","line":11,"x":124.6756290199993,"y":476.61487879000026,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 1 3","line":12,"x":56.7776416599993,"y":464.78287806000026,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 4 19 77 134","line":13,"x":124.6926425699993,"y":452.95087733000025,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 7 29 77 119","line":14,"x":124.7011340899993,"y":441.11887659000024,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"PV 5.0 °C 43 265 330 430 565","line":15,"x":56.803154349999296,"y":429.28687586000024,"width":"92.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 43 504 889 1614 2218","line":16,"x":124.7181400199993,"y":417.45487513000023,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 43 604 1036 1781 2215","line":17,"x":124.7266391599993,"y":405.6228744000002,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 0 3 5 7 11","line":18,"x":56.8286632299993,"y":393.7908736600002,"width":"62.44","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 11 84 413 677","line":19,"x":124.7436527199993,"y":381.95887293000027,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 16 103 391 614","line":20,"x":124.7521518499993,"y":370.12687220000026,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 0 0 1 1","line":21,"x":56.8541644799993,"y":358.29487147000026,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 1 7 33 74","line":22,"x":124.7691653999993,"y":346.46287073000025,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 1 7 33 62","line":23,"x":124.7776645499993,"y":334.63087000000024,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 505 1029 1196 1490 1819","line":24,"x":56.8796733699993,"y":322.79886927000024,"width":"119.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 505 1390 2175 4015 5421","line":25,"x":124.7946704699993,"y":310.96686855000024,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 505 1592 2555 4322 5307","line":26,"x":124.8031696199993,"y":299.13486781000023,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.90 China: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":53,"x":53.8580020699993,"y":69.15204157000024,"width":"270.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":54,"x":53.8580020699993,"y":623.6533614600003,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.91 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated elec -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":559.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":17,"x":65.85978698,"y":391.65979003,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"are not considered will increase in the 5.0°C case to 5.7 ct/kWh in 2030 and stabi -","line":18,"x":53.85379028,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.91 China: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-generation ","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":71.6520004,"width":"328.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"occur in 2050. In the 1.5°C Scenario, compared to the 5.0°C Scenario, the maxi -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2050 will be 1.1 ct/kWh higher than in the 5.0°C case. If the CO 2 costs are not ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":571.65979003,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels and investments for plant replace -","line":9,"x":53.86141967,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"ment at the end of their economic lifetimes. This value will be equivalent to approx -","line":10,"x":53.86141967,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C case ($4060 billion). An investment of around $9840 billion for power gen -","line":12,"x":53.86141967,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"this will be an investment of $273 billion per year. In the 5.0°C Scenario, the invest -","line":14,"x":53.86141967,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"investments, whereas approximately 71% will be invested in renewable power gen -","line":16,"x":53.86141967,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"eration and co-generation (Fig. 8.92 ).","line":17,"x":53.86141967,"y":369.15979003,"width":"149.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.5 China: Energy Supply forHeating","line":27,"x":53.86141967,"y":225.15977478,"width":"179.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.93 shows the development of different technologies for heating in China ","line":36,"x":65.86141967,"y":105.1597824,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, and Table 8.87 provides the resulting renewable heat supply for all sce -","line":37,"x":53.86141967,"y":93.1597824,"width":"331.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.92 China: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":317.36621093,"width":"244.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.93 China: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":60,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.41600036,"width":"264.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"use. The 1.5°C Scenario assumes an even faster expansion of renewable technolo -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":211.41378784,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.87 China: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the direct ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"328.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":22,"x":56.6929948299994,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 2776 2095 2079 2291 2877","line":23,"x":56.7099740399994,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2776 4609 5603 6254 5967","line":24,"x":183.4364640599994,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2776 5378 6263 6055 5385","line":25,"x":183.4534623599994,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 892 1297 1515 1962 2535","line":26,"x":56.7609536599994,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"147.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 892 2066 2906 5454 5417","line":27,"x":183.4874436799994,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 892 2364 3242 4381 4360","line":28,"x":183.5044267199994,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 306 452 526 743 1026","line":29,"x":56.8119218299994,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"201.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 306 1304 2720 6690 9225","line":30,"x":183.5384080299994,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 306 1269 2884 5706 7943","line":31,"x":183.55540632999939,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":32,"x":56.8628938199994,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 7 1020 4118","line":33,"x":183.5893876499994,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 7 1890 4549","line":34,"x":183.6063859399994,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 3974 3844 4120 4996 6438","line":35,"x":56.9138734299994,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 3974 7978 11,237 19,417 24,727","line":36,"x":183.6403672599994,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 3974 9011 12,396 18,031 22,237","line":37,"x":183.6573502999994,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":38,"x":53.8583924699994,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0°C case (Table 8.89 , Fig. 8.95 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.41378784,"width":"272.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"(1170 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 1600 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":307.41378784,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity demand is 860 TWh in 2050. The 1.5°C Scenario also assumes a hydro -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":283.41378784,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":247.41377258,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.8 China: Development ofCO 2 Emissions","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":161.9138031,"width":"196.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0°C Scenario, China’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase by 25%, from ","line":17,"x":53.85710906,"y":137.9138031,"width":"334.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0°C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions from 2015 ","line":21,"x":53.85789871,"y":89.9138031,"width":"334.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.88 China: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"284.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":24,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 1194 764 648 519 468","line":25,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"119.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1194 1284 1214 921 578","line":26,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1194 1267 1280 808 481","line":27,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":28,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 20 46 187 272","line":29,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 20 42 139 161","line":30,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 281 409 478 618 799","line":31,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"130.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 281 592 843 1546 1539","line":32,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 281 688 956 1252 1275","line":33,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 52 76 89 126 174","line":34,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"113.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 52 151 251 449 565","line":35,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 52 136 213 349 446","line":36,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 1527 1250 1214 1263 1441","line":37,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":429.24885862000025,"width":"126.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1527 2048 2355 3103 2954","line":38,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":417.41685789000024,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1527 2111 2491 2549 2361","line":39,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":405.58485715000023,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":40,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":392.24385374000025,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 56% in the 2.0 °C ","line":3,"x":65.85829925,"y":219.37719726,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario the reduction will be greatest in the ‘Residential and other’ sector, fol -","line":6,"x":53.86100006,"y":184.87719726,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"lowed by ‘Power generation’ and ‘Transport’ sectors (Fig. 8.96 ).","line":7,"x":53.86100006,"y":172.87719726,"width":"258.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.9 China: Primary Energy Consumption","line":8,"x":53.86100006,"y":136.87719726,"width":"194.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":9,"x":53.86100006,"y":112.87719726,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig. 8.97 . In the 2.0°C ","line":10,"x":53.86100006,"y":100.87719726,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":17,"x":240.7742157,"y":464.04388427,"width":"27.29","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":31,"x":185.20715332,"y":365.47540283,"width":"27.29","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":45,"x":353.38330078,"y":373.49710083,"width":"27.29","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.94 China: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technologies in the ","line":55,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.70721435,"width":"328.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":57,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"will be even lower (80,700 PJ in 2050) because the final energy demand and conver -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":132.82200622,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 91% in 2050 (including non-energy consump -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":72.8219986,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.89 China: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"278.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":10,"x":56.693008330000104,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 539 567 593 644 672","line":11,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"99.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 539 589 637 687 762","line":12,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 539 580 597 622 662","line":13,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 10,421 15,629 17,651 19,664 22,073","line":14,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"156.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 10,421 11,509 9395 7143 5894","line":15,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 10,421 9607 7372 4576 4020","line":16,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 754 1234 1590 2070 2213","line":17,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"164.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 754 814 742 592 470","line":18,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 754 777 653 463 366","line":19,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 877 984 1035 1113 1157","line":20,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"168.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 877 984 1035 1113 1157","line":21,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 877 984 1035 1113 1157","line":22,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 12,591 18,413 20,870 23,490 26,115","line":23,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":429.28688352000023,"width":"155.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 12,591 13,895 11,809 9535 8284","line":24,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":417.4548827900002,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 12,591 11,948 9657 6773 6206","line":25,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":405.6228820600002,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.95 China: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":45,"x":53.858405970000106,"y":181.65204161000023,"width":"239.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":420,"change":"Addition","str":"'Residential & other sectors' Savings","line":25,"x":147.80130004,"y":414.28878784,"width":"111.49","height":"6.46","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PpnhysJdqvkjGmpgvhArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":420,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.96 China: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":371.05130004,"width":"328.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":420,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":72,"x":341.5152893,"y":188.10809326,"width":"36.26","height":"6.66","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PdmxbjBkpdtnThtdncArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":420,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.97 China: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the sce -","line":76,"x":53.85829925,"y":102.88159942,"width":"325.97","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":420,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":78,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.2 China: Power Sector Analysis","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":469.15979003,"width":"176.83","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"(NEA) released the 13th Energy Five-Year Plan (FYP) in January 2016 (IEA RED ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"334.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"2016 ). The FYP that is in force from 2016 to 2020 introduces framework legislation ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"333.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"at about the same time (GWEC-NL 2018 ). According to the Renewable Energy 13th ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"333.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"FYP, by 2020, the total RE electricity installations will reach 680 GW, with electric -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"ity production of 1900 TWh/year This will account for 27% of electricity produc -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"target for offshore wind is 5 GW by 2020 (GWEC-NL 2018 ). For other renewable ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"334.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"for concentrated solar power (CSP), 15 GW for bioenergy, and 380 GW for hydro -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"power, including 40 GW hydro pump storage (IEA-RED 2016). The renewable tar -","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.2.1 China: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"232.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":421,"change":"Addition","str":"impact on other world regions. To implement the project’s 2.0°C Scenario, the cur -","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":81.1597824,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"compared with 2015 for the 2.0°C Scenario and must triple to meet the 1.5°C tra -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":342.07330322,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"moderate reduction in the annual market sizes can occur (Table 8.90 ).","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":318.07330322,"width":"278.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"will lead to shares of over 40% in five of the seven sub-regions (Table 8.91 ).","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":198.07330322,"width":"304.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.92 shows the results of the capacity factor calculations done under the ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":186.07330322,"width":"322.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"relatively low factor indicates an overcapacity in China’s power market. The curtail -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":138.07330322,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"ment rates of 20% (REW 1- 2018 ) and more in 2017—mainly for wind farms—con -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":126.07330322,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.90 China: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"251.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 1 13 34 29 40 30","line":37,"x":56.57409284999996,"y":405.9533816300001,"width":"138.37","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 0 1 2 2 5 4","line":38,"x":56.56559370999996,"y":394.1213809100001,"width":"72.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable fuel based co-generation 4 9 10 9 8 8","line":39,"x":56.55709455999996,"y":382.28938016000006,"width":"152.90","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":422,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":40,"x":53.85838315999996,"y":623.6533633200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":423,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":137.07627750999976,"y":71.9867223599988,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":424,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":68,"x":53.8583267800001,"y":623.6533507900001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":425,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.2.3 China: Development ofLoad, Generation, andResidual Load","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":312.80578613,"width":"294.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":425,"change":"Addition","str":"The load for China is calculated to continue to increase. Table 8.93 shows that the ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":288.80578613,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":425,"change":"Addition","str":"maximum load will double across all regions. However, the assumed interconnec -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":276.80578613,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":425,"change":"Addition","str":"Finally, Table 8.94 provides an overview of the calculated storage and dispatch ","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":192.80578613,"width":"322.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":425,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.92 China: capacity factors by generation type","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"180.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":426,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":180,"x":53.85829239999991,"y":623.6533872600003,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":428,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.92927246999977,"y":71.98664945999963,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":428,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":115.42627410999978,"y":136.78215117999963,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":428,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":115.38377076999978,"y":369.11265653999965,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":428,"change":"Addition","str":"China- Central Baltic","line":163,"x":311.4787643499998,"y":71.98665708999962,"width":"70.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":428,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":231,"x":53.85827331999978,"y":623.6533669899997,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":429,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":73.91920171000015,"y":71.98668261999948,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":429,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":115.41620336000015,"y":136.78217669999947,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":429,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":12,"x":115.37370763000015,"y":369.1126820699995,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"8.14.1 OECD Pacific: Long-Term Energy Pathways","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":569.78979492,"width":"251.15","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"8.14.1.1 OECD Pacific: Final Energy demand by Sector","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":545.79382324,"width":"233.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"the assumptions on population growth, GDP growth, and energy intensity are com -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":509.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"bined are shown in Fig. 8.98 for the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.5 °C Scenarios. In the ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":497.79382324,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuel s Transport electricity","line":57,"x":77.42239945999998,"y":126.07789826999992,"width":"117.32","height":"6.92","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuel sI ndustry electricit y","line":58,"x":77.42239945999998,"y":113.93589234999992,"width":"334.91","height":"6.92","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuel sR esidential & other sectors electricit y","line":59,"x":77.42239945999998,"y":101.79189515999992,"width":"334.53","height":"6.92","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"total power demand (incl. synfuels & H2 )","line":60,"x":77.42239945999998,"y":89.64889742999992,"width":"133.73","height":"6.92","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WlcdcgCbnbrwSyqkthArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.98 OECD Pacific: development of final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":61,"x":53.83159821999998,"y":69.1519949599999,"width":"295.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":430,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":62,"x":53.85829728999998,"y":623.6533148499999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":431,"change":"Addition","str":"the electricity demand will be approximately 1100 TWh/year due to electric mobil -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":431,"change":"Addition","str":"The efficiency gains in the heating sector could be even larger than in the elec -","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"319.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":431,"change":"Addition","str":"tricity sector. In the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios, a final energy consumption equiva -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":431,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.95 shows the development of different renewable technologies in OECD ","line":23,"x":65.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":431,"change":"Addition","str":"Pacific over time. Figure 8.99 provides an overview of the overall power-generation ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":431,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.100 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":431,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.6598053,"width":"336.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":431,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity- generation costs in 2015 (referring to full costs) were around 8 ct/kWh. ","line":34,"x":53.85979843,"y":129.1598053,"width":"334.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.95 OECD Pacific: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"330.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":3,"x":56.69266172999867,"y":573.9189065000005,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 5.0 °C 69 73 76 78 78","line":4,"x":56.701168499998666,"y":561.2708962400004,"width":"86.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 69 76 78 82 84","line":5,"x":124.61616941999867,"y":549.4389260300004,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 69 76 78 82 84","line":6,"x":124.62466855999867,"y":537.6068947800004,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 9 13 15 16 18","line":7,"x":56.726681199998666,"y":525.7749245600005,"width":"89.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 9 23 26 35 43","line":8,"x":124.64168211999866,"y":513.9428933100005,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 9 23 29 42 47","line":9,"x":124.65018125999867,"y":502.1109231000005,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind 5.0 °C 9 23 28 40 56","line":10,"x":56.75219007999867,"y":490.2789223700005,"width":"78.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 9 77 145 263 322","line":11,"x":124.66718717999866,"y":478.44692163000053,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 9 84 198 335 384","line":12,"x":124.67568631999868,"y":466.6149209000005,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 2 4 5 7 11","line":13,"x":56.777698959998666,"y":454.7829201700005,"width":"87.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2 4 14 27 37","line":14,"x":124.69269986999866,"y":442.9509194400005,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2 4 14 27 37","line":15,"x":124.70119138999867,"y":431.1189187000005,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"PV 5.0 °C 43 84 96 102 107","line":16,"x":56.803211649998666,"y":419.2869179700005,"width":"83.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 43 225 394 701 831","line":17,"x":124.71819731999867,"y":407.4549172400005,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 43 253 427 782 932","line":18,"x":124.72669645999866,"y":395.6229165100005,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 0 0 0 1 1","line":19,"x":56.82872052999867,"y":383.7909157700005,"width":"58.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 1 15 39 57","line":20,"x":124.74371001999867,"y":371.95891504000053,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 1 20 49 67","line":21,"x":124.75220914999866,"y":360.12691431000053,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 1 1 2 4","line":22,"x":56.85422177999867,"y":348.2949135800005,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 3 8 27 42","line":23,"x":124.76922269999866,"y":336.4629128400005,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 3 8 27 42","line":24,"x":124.77772184999867,"y":324.6309121100005,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 132 197 221 246 275","line":25,"x":56.87973066999867,"y":312.7989113800005,"width":"102.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 132 409 681 1176 1416","line":26,"x":124.79472776999867,"y":300.9669106600005,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 132 444 774 1345 1594","line":27,"x":124.80322691999866,"y":289.1349099200005,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.99 OECD Pacific: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":74,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":68.01478510000051,"width":"298.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":432,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":75,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":623.6534035700006,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"costs do not take into account integration costs such as power grid expansion, stor -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":316.64718627,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"electrification of heating and mobility. Further electrification and synthetic fuel gen -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":220.64718627,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":14,"x":65.85829925,"y":183.14720153,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"are not considered will increase in the 5.0°C case to 8.3 ct/kWh in 2050. The gen -","line":15,"x":53.85379028,"y":172.64720153,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2040. If the CO 2 costs are not considered, the total electricity supply costs in the ","line":22,"x":53.85379028,"y":87.14720153,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.100 OECD Pacific: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":375.4771118099999,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels and investments in the replace -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"investments, whereas approximately 44% will be invested in renewable power gen -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.102 OECD Pacific: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":431.71591186,"width":"296.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"2300PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0°C case (Table 8.98 , Fig. 8.104 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.55679321,"width":"312.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"(300TWh/year). In 2050, up to 480 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.55679321,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"Biofuel use is limited in the 2.0°C Scenario and the 1.5°C Scenario to a maxi -","line":15,"x":65.85829925,"y":103.55679321,"width":"319.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.103 OECD Pacific: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technolo -","line":64,"x":53.85829925,"y":318.38668823,"width":"325.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":438,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.104 OECD Pacific: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":166.2216034,"width":"272.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":438,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.98 OECD Pacific: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.17462158,"width":"306.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":438,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 6176 5182 4908 4576 3890","line":55,"x":56.91407751000007,"y":429.28688352000023,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":439,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.105 OECD Pacific: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emis -","line":40,"x":53.83449935,"y":132.8769989,"width":"325.90","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":440,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":440,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig. 8.106 . In the 2.0°C ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":440,"change":"Addition","str":"2040in both the 2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios. The cumulative primary energy con -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":440,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 2.0°C Scenario, the cumulative gas demand will amount to 150EJ, the cumu -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":440,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":60,"x":342.08929443,"y":202.47169494,"width":"36.03","height":"6.62","fontName":["MCEFLQ+LllrgwDkldwrGxhkpwArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":440,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.106 OECD Pacific: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in ","line":64,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.14170074,"width":"328.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":441,"change":"Addition","str":"8.14.2 OECD Pacific: Power Sector Analysis","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":541.15979003,"width":"216.00","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":441,"change":"Addition","str":"8.14.2.1 OECD Pacific: Development ofPower Plant Capacities","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"266.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":441,"change":"Addition","str":"region. There is also potential for ocean energy across the region, although it is cur -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":441,"change":"Addition","str":"same level as the actual regional market of 8.3 GW (REN21-GSR 2018 ) in 2017—","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":201.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":441,"change":"Addition","str":"However, the onshore market must increase significantly compared with the mar -","line":30,"x":65.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"319.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":441,"change":"Addition","str":"ket in 2017, which was only 0.54 GW (GWEC-NL 2018 ). By 2025, 12 GW of ","line":31,"x":53.85829162,"y":153.15977478,"width":"335.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":442,"change":"Addition","str":"solar power, and ocean energy must increase by around 2 GW each (Table 8.99 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":325.18969726,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":442,"change":"Addition","str":"regions reflect the diversity the Pacific region. Table 8.100 shows that because there ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":253.18969726,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":442,"change":"Addition","str":"North and South Islands of New Zealand are calculated to have an increased inter -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":193.18969726,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":442,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.101 shows that for the region as a whole, the limited dispatchable power ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":169.18969726,"width":"322.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":442,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.99 OECD Pacific: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"279.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":442,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 1 2 3 4 2 3","line":34,"x":56.820735630000435,"y":405.9533816300001,"width":"117.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":442,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 0 1 2 2 2 2","line":35,"x":56.829246210000434,"y":394.1213809100001,"width":"72.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":442,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable fuel based co-generation 1 1 1 2 1 1","line":36,"x":56.83774536000044,"y":382.28938016000006,"width":"148.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":443,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":171.7126815799996,"y":71.98679329999936,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":443,"change":"Addition","str":"Australia West and North (SWIS + NT)","line":111,"x":357.5991867099996,"y":71.97850014999936,"width":"134.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":444,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":68,"x":53.8583267800001,"y":623.6534079999999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"8.14.2.3 OECD Pacific: Development ofLoad, Generation, ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":342.42318725,"width":"247.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.102 shows the development of the maximum load, generation, and resulting ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":306.42318725,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"(AER 2018 ). Japan’s peak demand was 152 GW in 2015 according to the Tokyo ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":246.42318725,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"Electric Power Company (TEPCO - 2018 ) and TEPCO predicts that it will be ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":234.42318725,"width":"336.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"export market. Therefore, the calculated increased interconnection capacities indi -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":198.42318725,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.103 . The Pacific region has vast solar and wind resources and will therefore ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":162.42318725,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"extent to which renewable fuel production is integrated into the national power sec -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":114.42317962,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel production is, the lower the overall requirement for battery or hydro pump stor -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":90.42317962,"width":"331.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"age technologies. Further research is required to develop a dedicated plan to pro -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":78.42317962,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":445,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.101 OECD Pacific: capacity factors by generation type","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"212.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":446,"change":"Addition","str":"Japan– North (50Hz)","line":49,"x":178.00545471999973,"y":72.05485850000112,"width":"76.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":446,"change":"Addition","str":"Japan– South (60Hz)","line":75,"x":213.50145691999975,"y":72.09735423000112,"width":"76.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":447,"change":"Addition","str":"Storage and dispatch","line":3,"x":123.63247474999979,"y":71.98670924000055,"width":"70.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":447,"change":"Addition","str":"Required to avoid curtailment","line":7,"x":155.1334741899998,"y":147.95120968000055,"width":"101.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"viewed in September 2018, https://www.aer.gov.au/wholesale-markets/wholesale-statistics/","line":3,"x":65.86029815,"y":559.79779052,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"ASEAN-CE (2018) ASEAN Centre for Energy, ASEAN POWER GRID initiative, http://www.","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":539.80584716,"width":"331.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"aseanenergy.org/programme-area/apg/ (viewed September 2018)","line":6,"x":65.86029815,"y":529.80981445,"width":"219.86","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"making up what is today the ten Member States of ASEAN. (Source: https://asean.org/asean/","line":12,"x":65.86029815,"y":469.83383178,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"ARLINGTON, VA 22201 703-516-4146, https://www.c2es.org/site/assets/uploads/2017/05/","line":16,"x":65.86029815,"y":429.849823,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"canada-interconnected.pdf - total cumulative current interconnection capacity between Canada ","line":17,"x":65.86029815,"y":419.8538208,"width":"321.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"Group on electricity interconnection targets, November 2017, Page 25, https://ec.europa.eu/","line":22,"x":65.86029815,"y":369.87380981,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"(GWEC), Rue d’Arlon 80, 1040 Brussels, Belgium, http://files.gwec.net/files/GWR2017.","line":26,"x":65.86029815,"y":329.88983154,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"Bank (IDB), 2013, Sustainable Energy For All, https://www.seforall.org/sites/default/files/","line":38,"x":65.86029815,"y":209.93782043,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"IEA RED (2016)– Renewable Policy Updated, Issue 11, 17 November 2016, https://www.iea.org/","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.94581604,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"viewed September 2018, http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/india/name-168047- ","line":44,"x":65.86032104,"y":149.9618225,"width":"321.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":449,"change":"Addition","str":"IRENA (2014), African Clean Energy Corridor– internet page viewed September 2018, http://","line":50,"x":53.85831832,"y":89.98581695,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":450,"change":"Addition","str":"TYNDP (2016) ENTSO-E, TYNDP 2016 (published) and TYNDP 2018 (in consultation) are pub -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":418.25631713,"width":"331.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":450,"change":"Addition","str":"WB-DB (2018), World Bank– Database, World Development Indicators, The per capita elec -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":398.26434326,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":450,"change":"Addition","str":"partners plan Leningrad wind farm, 27th March 2018, https://www.windpowermonthly.com/","line":27,"x":65.86029815,"y":338.28833007,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":450,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.09632873,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":450,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.10032653,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":450,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman","DMDTRI+KqkkstLysphsCrbjhkTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This section provides historical production data for coal, oil and gas ","line":7,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"330.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"between 1980 and 2015. The 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C scenario lead to specific phase-out ","line":8,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":453.13769531,"width":"334.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"security of supply and price security towards an open debate about an orderly with -","line":13,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":393.13769531,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"9.1 Fossil Energy Resources—The Sky Is theLimit","line":24,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":205.14169311,"width":"256.19","height":"12.00","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"(GEA 2012 ), an integrated assessment of the global energy system, has published a ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":485.76379394,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 9.1 shows the estimates for conventional and unconventional coal, oil, and gas ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":461.76379394,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"shortage of conventional oil and gas, but unconventional resources are still signifi -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.76379394,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"cantly larger than our climate can cope with. Reducing global fossil fuel consump -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.76379394,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"in the past (Teske and Pregger 2015 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":353.76379394,"width":"148.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"9.2 Coal—Past Production andFuture Trajectories ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.76379394,"width":"260.84","height":"12.00","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 9.1 shows the historical time series for global coal production. The data ","line":21,"x":65.85829925,"y":195.76379394,"width":"322.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"are based on the BP Statistical Review 2018 (BP 2018 ), as are the following over -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":183.76379394,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"with an annual increase of around 1% per year until 2050. As shown in Fig. 9.2 , ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":123.76378631,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 9.1 Fossil reserves, resources, and additional occurrences","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"214.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Conventional gas 5000–7100 7200–8900 33.8","line":42,"x":56.71841809000002,"y":537.6068201399996,"width":"150.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Unconventional gas 20,100–67,100 40,200–121,900","line":43,"x":56.726921050000016,"y":525.7748499199997,"width":"173.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America Latin America OECD Europe Eurasia Middle East","line":12,"x":111.46520233,"y":417.23251342,"width":"160.54","height":"5.23","fontName":["QQPTRI+JqcjpqMscdvfTnhcxnHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa Other Asia India China OECD Pacific","line":13,"x":110.41840362,"y":403.5335083,"width":"95.11","height":"5.23","fontName":["QQPTRI+JqcjpqMscdvfTnhcxnHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.1 Global coal production in 1981–2017 (BP 2018—Statistical Review)","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":384.25131225,"width":"261.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"Global - 5.0C Global 2.0C Global 1.5C","line":23,"x":186.68110656,"y":180.52830505,"width":"57.87","height":"4.00","fontName":["PMANDK+SrtnysDccvcwJcqrsjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.2 Global coal production until 2050 under the three scenarios","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":162.32209777,"width":"228.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"9.3 Oil—Past Production andFuture Trajectories ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"252.85","height":"12.00","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"higher than in 1965 and twice as high as in 1985 (Fig. 9.3 ). Unlike coal, there is no ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":529.79382324,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 9.4 shows the global oil production levels required by the three calculated ","line":11,"x":65.85829925,"y":457.79382324,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"required production volumes in half by 2030, reducing them further to the equivalent ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":349.79382324,"width":"333.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"Af ri ca Other Asia","line":42,"x":84.64923095,"y":84.53040313,"width":"38.96","height":"5.94","fontName":["PMANDK+YtvkvwVmkkdrWvstlqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"Indi aC hina","line":44,"x":201.30419921,"y":84.53040313,"width":"116.78","height":"5.94","fontName":["PMANDK+YtvkvwVmkkdrWvstlqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"Eurasi aM iddle East","line":45,"x":257.76119995,"y":96.2444992,"width":"129.04","height":"5.94","fontName":["PMANDK+YtvkvwVmkkdrWvstlqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.3 Global oil production in 1965–2017 (BP 2018—Statistical Review)","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":65.04090118,"width":"255.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"9.4 Gas—Past Production andFuture Trajectories ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":391.15829467,"width":"256.85","height":"12.00","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"production of 3500 billion cubic meters—3.5 times higher than in 1970. The pro -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":337.15829467,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"of global gas production is distributed over 42 countries (Fig. 9.5 ).","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":277.15829467,"width":"265.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C and 1.5°C Scenarios. Furthermore, these scenarios assume that infrastruc -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":229.15829467,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"sources (see Chap. 5 , Sect 5.2 ). Under the 2.0°C Scenario, gas production will only ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":193.15829467,"width":"333.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"will be equally slow, and a 4%/year reduction will occur after 2025 (Fig. 9.6 ).","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":145.15829467,"width":"310.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"OIL Global 5.0C 5.0 C OIL Global 2.0C 2.0 C OIL Global 1.5C 1.5 C","line":30,"x":171.14899824999998,"y":439.95581816000004,"width":"104.25","height":"4.11","fontName":["ONQHPM+KbvfqjCpnswfQkndtyCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.4 Global oil production until 2050 under the three scenarios","line":31,"x":53.85829543000001,"y":420.46381377,"width":"223.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":456,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America Latin America OECD Europe Eurasia Middle East","line":11,"x":73.9457016,"y":404.40341186,"width":"183.39","height":"5.98","fontName":["QQPTRI+GlhtcvVttrbvFwljgbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":456,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa Other Asia India China OECD Pacific","line":12,"x":73.9457016,"y":390.45230102,"width":"108.64","height":"5.98","fontName":["QQPTRI+GlhtcvVttrbvFwljgbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":456,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.5 Global gas production in 1970–2017 (BP 2018—Statistical Review)","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":371.28311157,"width":"258.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":456,"change":"Addition","str":"Global 5.0C Global 2.0C Global 1.5C","line":22,"x":189.8237915,"y":176.87719726,"width":"55.74","height":"4.00","fontName":["PMANDK+RqmmfsKnsjbdDmkfwfCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":456,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.6 Global gas production until 2050 under the three scenarios","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":158.10560607,"width":"225.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"countries, and for the communities and workers involved. The idea of a ‘just transi -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":505.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"Labour Organization (ILO 2015 ), the concept was first mentioned in the 1990s, ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":481.79382324,"width":"335.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"several UNFCCC Climate Conferences have referred to the ‘just transition’ con -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":433.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"of the Parties (COP 21) “ decided to continue and improve the forum on the impact ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":409.79382324,"width":"334.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman","DMDTRI+KqkkstLysphsCrbjhkTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"creation of decent work and quality jobs ” (UNFCCC-JT 2016 ).","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":361.79382324,"width":"253.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["DMDTRI+KqkkstLysphsCrbjhkTimesLTStd-Italic","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 9.2 provides possible trajectories for global coal, oil, and gas production, ","line":20,"x":65.85829925,"y":349.79382324,"width":"322.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"this book. Chapter 10 uses these trajectories to calculate possible employment ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":313.79382324,"width":"336.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"effects, both in terms of job losses in the fossil fuel industry, job gains in the renew -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":301.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"able energy industry, and options for transitioning the gas industry towards a renew -","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":289.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":458,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 9.2 Summary—coal, oil, and gas trajectories for a just transition under the 5.0°C, 2.0°C, ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1873169,"width":"328.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":459,"change":"Addition","str":"BP (2018), British Petrol, Statistical review, website with statistical data for download, down -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":569.79382324,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":459,"change":"Addition","str":"loaded in September 2018, https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statis-","line":3,"x":65.86029815,"y":559.79779052,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":459,"change":"Addition","str":"2017, Just Transition Centre, www.ituc-csi.org/just-transition-centre","line":9,"x":65.86031341,"y":499.82180786,"width":"231.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":459,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":18,"x":53.8583107,"y":189.0533142,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":459,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":19,"x":53.8583107,"y":179.05732727,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This section provides the input data for two different employment devel -","line":7,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"325.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"employment of workers in the affected industries (UNFCCC 2016 ; ILO 2015 ). ","line":18,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":283.14169311,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ; Jenkins etal. 2016 ; Sovacool and Dworkin 2014 ). This includes, for example, ","line":21,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":247.14169311,"width":"333.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"E. Dominish ( * ) · C. Briggs · S. Teske · F. Mey","line":31,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":110.82099914,"width":"163.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","RWIFWG+YfcvnqRwyyjsGxpxwgWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario from the Leonardo Di Caprio project (see Chap. 3 ff. This study is funded ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"by UTS/ISF (Rutovitz etal. 2015 ), with an updated framework that disaggregates ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"results for the 10 world regions. Further details, including a further regional break -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"down of employment data, are provided in the full report (Dominish etal. 2018 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"321.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"modelling (an overview of the methodology is given in Sect. 3.6 of Chap. 3 ). The ","line":10,"x":53.85820007,"y":441.15979003,"width":"334.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"significant economic differences between world regions. The results are then pre -","line":12,"x":53.85820007,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"adjustments were made when a local factor was not available (see Sect. 10.2.2 ). The ","line":21,"x":53.85820007,"y":261.15979003,"width":"333.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"employment factors used in the calculations are shown in Table 10.1 .","line":22,"x":53.85820007,"y":249.15979003,"width":"275.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"gas employment per petajoule (PJ) drew on data from national statistics and com -","line":33,"x":53.85820007,"y":117.1597824,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"90% of the world coal production (Table 10.2 ).","line":37,"x":53.85820007,"y":69.1597824,"width":"188.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.1 Summary of employment factors used in a global analysis in 2012","line":1,"x":53.85630035,"y":598.17034912,"width":"262.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear 11.8 1.3 0.6 0.001 jobs per ","line":13,"x":56.720409110000084,"y":505.7788449600001,"width":"113.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal– heat 6.9 jobs/ MW (construction and manufacturing)","line":25,"x":56.73738070000008,"y":367.4668637600001,"width":"225.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar– heat 8.4 jobs/ MW (construction and manufacturing)","line":26,"x":56.73738070000008,"y":355.63486302000007,"width":"203.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Note: For details of sources and derivation of factors see Dominish etal. ( 2018 )","line":34,"x":53.89838000000008,"y":298.6338559400001,"width":"270.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.2 Employment factors used for coal fuel supply (mining and associated jobs)","line":35,"x":53.89838000000008,"y":252.8018704600001,"width":"291.80","height":"8.50","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Jobs per PJ Tonnes per person per year (coal equivalent)","line":37,"x":149.39794130000013,"y":228.49102995,"width":"189.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"World average 36.2 943","line":38,"x":56.69693726000012,"y":215.84303495,"width":"76.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America 3.5 9613","line":39,"x":56.69692582000012,"y":204.01103422,"width":"103.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe 36.2 942","line":40,"x":56.705405900000116,"y":192.17903349,"width":"77.44","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Developing Asia 6.5 5273","line":46,"x":56.71385544000012,"y":121.18702909,"width":"84.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin America 12.5 2725","line":47,"x":56.72234696000012,"y":109.35503599,"width":"80.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East Used world average because no employment data were available","line":48,"x":56.722335520000115,"y":97.52303526,"width":"260.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"nario regions (see Sect. 5.3 of Chap. 5 ) were used to derive these factors.","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"291.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":467,"change":"Addition","str":"Zealand Standard Classification of Industry framework (which is based on the inter -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":220.51489257,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":482,"change":"Addition","str":"practices. Global energy justice: Problems, principles, and practices . https://doi.org/10.1017/","line":33,"x":65.86029052,"y":259.91781616,"width":"319.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":482,"change":"Addition","str":"UNFCCC. (2016) . Just transition of the workforce, and the creation of decent work and quality ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":239.92582702,"width":"331.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":482,"change":"Addition","str":"jobs: Technical paper by the Secretariat . Paris . https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-9378-6-S2-S6","line":36,"x":65.86029052,"y":229.92982482,"width":"306.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":482,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":37,"x":53.48429107,"y":181.70932006,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":482,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":38,"x":53.48429107,"y":171.71331787,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":482,"change":"Addition","str":"10 Just Transition: Employment Projections forthe2.0°C and1.5°C Scenarios","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"270.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman","UFXNUK+JqbvhdDghtcqDfypbkTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This chapter explores the magnitude of the changes in patterns of material ","line":8,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":453.13769531,"width":"327.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"rates and material efficiency can significantly reduce primary demand for metals .","line":16,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":357.13769531,"width":"321.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"Globally, recent investments in new renewable energy infrastructure have been dou -","line":18,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":285.14169311,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). This is strong evidence of the increasing momentum of the energy transition ","line":20,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":261.14169311,"width":"334.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"away from fossil fuels. A rapid transition to 100% renewables offers hope for reduc -","line":21,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":249.14169311,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"ing carbon emissions and increasing the chance that global warming will be main -","line":22,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":237.14169311,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"requirements for new patterns of material use to support the renewable energy infra -","line":24,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":213.14169311,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"D. Giurco ( * ) · E. Dominish · N. Florin","line":30,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":125.26540374,"width":"137.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman","NXLXAY+CrsbwbYpysxwBwsxnnWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"energy technologies is already established (Ali et al. 2017 ; Valero et al. 2018 ). A ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"333.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"the supply of the materials needed for renewable energy. The first aspect is the avail -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"ability of mineral supplies. For example, Mohr etal. ( 2012 ) developed commodity-","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"a specific geographic location, such as Germany (Viebahn etal. 2015 ) or globally ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"(Valero etal. 2018 ; Watari etal. 2018 ), and some have explored the role of technol -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"ogy mixes and material substitution in detail (Månberger and Stenqvist 2018 ).","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"312.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"have also been explored (Giurco et al. 2014 ; Florin and Dominish 2017 ) and the ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"335.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"need for improved resource governance has been highlighted (Prior etal. 2013 ; Ali ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"333.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"etal. 2017 ). This chapter evaluates the total demand to determine which metals may ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"material efficiency, and recycling rates. This chapter draws on the results of a larger ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"key assumptions, and the energy and resource scenarios are described in Sect. 11.3 , ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"3 . The requirements for selected materials (lithium, cobalt, and silver) are presented ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"333.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"in Sect. 11.4 . Following the results, a discussion is presented in Sect. 11.5 .","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"297.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies, which add to the complexity of material considerations. The key met -","line":32,"x":53.85820007,"y":183.1598053,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"11.2.1 Solar PV","line":34,"x":53.85820007,"y":133.1598053,"width":"75.01","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"A typical crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panel, which is currently the dominant tech -","line":35,"x":53.85820007,"y":105.15979766,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"nology, with over 95% of the global market, contains about 76% glass (panel sur -","line":36,"x":53.85820007,"y":93.15979766,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"metals (e.g., copper) (Weckend etal. 2016 ). Figure 11.1 provides a simplified dia -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":251.3678894,"width":"331.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"direct-drive magnetics, which contain the rare earth metals neodymium and dyspro -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":119.36789703,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"sium ( Fig. 11.2 ). The development of direct-drive permanent magnet generators ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":107.36789703,"width":"332.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman","SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"because it reduces maintenance (Zimmermann etal. 2013 ). It is estimated that about ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":71.36789703,"width":"333.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"20% of all installed wind turbines (both onshore and offshore) use rare earth mag -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":59.36790084,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.1 Overview of key metal requirements and supply chain for solar PV","line":21,"x":53.83160018,"y":348.19781494,"width":"258.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"vehicles (EVs) on the market today and are also an important technology for sta -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":322.27139282,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"these components are typically housed in an aluminium container. LIBs are gener -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":250.27139282,"width":"331.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"the material value and about 25% of the total weight (Gratz etal. 2014 ).","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":226.27139282,"width":"287.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"The size and type of the LIB has the greatest impact on the material require -","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":214.27139282,"width":"319.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"ments. Since commercialization in the 1990s, a range of different types (‘chemis -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":202.27139282,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"in the cathode. The most common LIB types for EV applications are nickel–manga -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":178.27139282,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"(NCA), and lithium–manganese oxide (LMO) (Vaalma et al. 2018 ). NMC is the ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":154.27139282,"width":"335.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"buses have traditionally used LFP batteries (BNEF 2018 ) and lead–acid batteries are ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":118.27139282,"width":"333.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"this market sector is growing (Yan etal. 2018 ).","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":94.27139282,"width":"187.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.2 Overview of key metal requirements and supply chain for wind power","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":388.46728515,"width":"268.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"(for the NMC chemistry) and sub-components, is shown in Fig. 11.3 . Rare earth ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":288.95819091,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"future because of their higher performance characteristics (Widmer etal. 2015 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":228.95819091,"width":"318.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"current policies, and therefore the global development of renewable power and elec -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":82.95819854,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.3 Overview of key metal requirements and supply chain for LIB and EV","line":15,"x":53.85830498,"y":313.7880802,"width":"270.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"batteries will account for approximately 6% of energy storage (which will be domi -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"commercial vehicles. Lead–acid batteries are also the main type of battery for elec -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"renewables, as shown in Table 11.1 . The scenarios were developed based on the ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.1598053,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"current market trends and the likelihood of changes in material efficiency or tech -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.1598053,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"The ‘current materials intensity’ for LIB for EVs and storage (Table 11.2 ) is esti -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":211.76379394,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"LMO (20%), NCA (15%), and LFP (5%) (Vaalma etal. 2018 ). The dominant bat -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.76379394,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"today. Therefore, for the ‘future technology scenario’, we assume that lithium–sul -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.76379394,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"fur batteries will replace LIB for EVs (Cano etal. 2018 ). We have modelled a future ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.76379394,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"market (Table 11.3 ) in which Li–S will achieve a 50% market share for EVs by ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.76379394,"width":"335.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"2050, with deployment scaling up at a linear rate, assuming the first commercializa -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.76378631,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"rate of 90% for Co and Ni (Georgi-Maschler etal. 2012 ). A 10% recovery rate is ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":91.76378631,"width":"334.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.1 Summary of metal scenarios","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"134.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario name Market share/ materials efficiency Recycling","line":28,"x":56.69293208999968,"y":573.9188309,"width":"200.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Total demand Current materials intensity and ","line":31,"x":56.68444057999968,"y":561.2708206399999,"width":"153.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Current recycling Current materials intensity and ","line":34,"x":56.67594904999968,"y":539.4343338299999,"width":"166.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Potential recycling Current materials intensity and ","line":39,"x":56.66746134999968,"y":517.5978470099999,"width":"171.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Future technology Improved materials efficiency for ","line":44,"x":56.65896983999968,"y":495.76132967999996,"width":"177.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"No recycling Dark blue","line":47,"x":279.6819762799997,"y":495.76981355999993,"width":"77.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"route (King et al. 2018 ). For scenarios that assume a ‘potential future recycling’ ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":402.23181152,"width":"335.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"100% recovery has been reported in the laboratory (Gratz etal. 2014 ). 1 However, ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":378.23181152,"width":"334.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"some losses during processing seem unavoidable. 2","line":4,"x":53.85840988,"y":366.23181152,"width":"200.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"11.3.5 Solar PV","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":322.23181152,"width":"75.01","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"A high and a low value are given for silver to show the impact of material effi -","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":246.23181152,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"PV industry (ITRPV 2018 ), and the future material efficiency is based on an assumed ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":222.23181152,"width":"333.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"minimum amount of silver (Kavlak et al. 2015 ). The ‘current recycling rate’ sce -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":210.23181152,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"target of the EU WEEE Directive. 3 This should be considered an average rate, not -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":186.23179626,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"transport than large utility-scale PV.We assume that no recycling is currently occur -","line":17,"x":53.85340118,"y":162.23179626,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"3 More details available here: http://ec. europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/index_en.htm","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":87.13780212,"width":"299.53","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"silver by 2050 has been modelled, and is compared to current reserves in Fig. 11.4 . ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":186.5933075,"width":"333.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":492,"change":"Addition","str":"shifting to Li–S instead of LIB will reduce the demand for cobalt. However, recy -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":220.24630737,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":492,"change":"Addition","str":"below the resource levels (Figs. 11.6 and 11.7 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.24629974,"width":"189.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":492,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.4 Cumulative demand from renewable energy and transport technologies to 2050 com -","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":472.48590087,"width":"325.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":492,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.5 Annual demand from renewable energy and storage technologies in 2050 compared ","line":66,"x":53.88489913,"y":308.44229125,"width":"329.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"Potential recyclin g Future technology & no recyclin g","line":17,"x":119.03279376000002,"y":387.82681464,"width":"146.39","height":"6.46","fontName":["INYTII+HwbqmjXfxjyjFdxlbpArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.6 Annual primary demand for cobalt from EVs and storage","line":19,"x":53.83500169000003,"y":357.07931708,"width":"225.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"Resource s Reserve s","line":37,"x":65.07868835000002,"y":150.39341975999997,"width":"60.87","height":"6.76","fontName":["INYTII+TbktxdGclrcpPnvvlgArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"Potential recycling Future technology & no recyclin g","line":39,"x":65.07868835000002,"y":126.32152033999996,"width":"153.32","height":"6.76","fontName":["INYTII+TbktxdGclrcpPnvvlgArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.7 Cumulative primary demand for cobalt from EVs and storage by 2050","line":41,"x":53.83109161000003,"y":94.95492029999997,"width":"269.37","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"these batteries have a higher amount of lithium. Increasing recycling from its cur -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":531.79382324,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"batteries (Figs. 11.8 and 11.9 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":447.79382324,"width":"122.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"The total annual demand for silver could reach more than 40% of the current pro -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":375.79379272,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"not change (Fig. 11.10 ). The cumulative demand to 2050 could reach around half ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.79379272,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"the current reserves with the current technology, and around one-quarter if the tech -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":339.79379272,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"nology improves (Fig. 11.11 ). The reduction in material intensity in the ‘future tech -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.79379272,"width":"332.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.8 Annual primary demand for lithium from EVs and storage","line":43,"x":53.85829493999999,"y":69.15200040999999,"width":"229.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":495,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.9 Cumulative primary demand for lithium from EVs and storage by 2050","line":23,"x":53.858289690000035,"y":359.85597184000005,"width":"273.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":495,"change":"Addition","str":"t a l de","line":35,"x":59.702086190000024,"y":222.98873666,"width":"14.82","height":"6.84","fontName":["INYTII+QmcpjdQkdblmPqmhsjArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":495,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.10 Annual primary demand for silver from solar PV (c-Si)","line":45,"x":53.83058808000003,"y":107.10078195000001,"width":"222.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"current production rates by 2023 and 2022, respectively. The demand for these met -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":304.30169677,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"potential to reduce total primary demand for these metals, as batteries have a com -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":220.30169677,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). However, this is also likely to lead to an increase in the demand for lithium.","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":100.30168914,"width":"328.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"Increasing the efficiency of material use has the biggest potential utility in offset -","line":23,"x":65.85829925,"y":88.30168914,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"t iv ep","line":33,"x":59.68548580999998,"y":489.36962844,"width":"18.50","height":"6.91","fontName":["HJJNUK+TbspjnMdrdkwSprlqrArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"a n d(","line":39,"x":59.68548580999998,"y":559.4542842,"width":"17.67","height":"6.91","fontName":["HJJNUK+TbspjnMdrdkwSprlqrArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"Reserves Total demand (no recycling)","line":43,"x":111.77148433999997,"y":436.58718825999995,"width":"103.45","height":"6.23","fontName":["HJJNUK+TbspjnMdrdkwSprlqrArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"Current recyclin g Potential recyclin g","line":44,"x":111.77148433999997,"y":425.52520704999995,"width":"97.57","height":"6.23","fontName":["HJJNUK+TbspjnMdrdkwSprlqrArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"Future technology & no recyclin g Future technology & potential recyclin g","line":45,"x":111.77148433999997,"y":414.41119338,"width":"197.93","height":"6.23","fontName":["HJJNUK+TbspjnMdrdkwSprlqrArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.11 Cumulative primary demand for silver from solar PV (c-Si) by 2050","line":46,"x":53.83158487999997,"y":394.49771072,"width":"266.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":497,"change":"Addition","str":"end-use silver (The Silver Institute & Thomson Reuters 2018 ), and although it is ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"334.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":497,"change":"Addition","str":"greater share of these metals. In our modelling, the recycled content used in tech -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":497,"change":"Addition","str":"than- marginal influence on the overall sectoral energy consumption. To examine ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"335.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":497,"change":"Addition","str":"A large number of studies have examined scenarios for renewable energy and stor -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.1598053,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"2009–2011, which reflect the sense that mineral supply chains are still quite inse -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":466.09329223,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"cure. Most of these studies have addressed specific technologies or specific coun -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":454.09329223,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"involved in these studies (Tokimatsu etal. 2017 ; Watari etal. 2018 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":394.09329223,"width":"271.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"A range of variables affect the results, including the installed capacity and tech -","line":8,"x":65.85830688,"y":382.09329223,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"for cobalt is similar or higher (Månberger and Stenqvist 2018 ; Watari etal. 2018 ; ","line":12,"x":53.8583107,"y":334.09329223,"width":"333.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"Valero et al. 2018 ; Watari et al. 2018 ), as shown in Table 11.5 . This is primarily ","line":13,"x":53.8583107,"y":322.09329223,"width":"333.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"The results for silver are in the middle of the range of results given by other stud -","line":21,"x":65.85830688,"y":226.09329223,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"the PV industry (ITRPV 2018 ).","line":25,"x":53.8583107,"y":178.09329223,"width":"125.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.5 Comparison of results with other studies","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"174.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"Study Energy Scenario","line":32,"x":56.6930199000001,"y":562.4133558499999,"width":"76.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"This study 1.5°C100% renewable energy ","line":36,"x":56.6930084400001,"y":549.7653455999998,"width":"141.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"globe’s future energy mix is clearly illustrated in Fig. 11.12 . Whereas the value of ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":437.34320068,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"use is projected to decline somewhat in the decade ahead (Mohr etal. 2015 ), whereas ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.34320068,"width":"333.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"lithium’s production is expected to grow rapidly (Mohr etal. 2012 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.34320068,"width":"270.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"in the supply of rare earths has encouraged manufacturing countries to look at diver -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":365.34320068,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"11.6.2 Social andEnvironmental Impacts","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.34320068,"width":"201.89","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"The mining and supply chain for these metals can have adverse social and environ -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":209.34320068,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"Congo, where there are human rights violations, child labour, and severe environ -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":173.34320068,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"mental pollution affecting health (Florin and Dominish 2017 ).","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":161.34320068,"width":"248.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"to local concerns over the social and environmental impacts. The global silver mar -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":113.34320068,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"Top 5 Oi l","line":29,"x":54.52550125,"y":546.12701416,"width":"18.26","height":"4.50","fontName":["DDLPQS+HhcdtvLcqtlrJpqfqdHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.12 Top five oil-producing countries (left) versus lithium-producing countries (right)","line":37,"x":53.83209991,"y":503.53921508,"width":"308.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"a mine licence was granted (Jamasmie 2018 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"181.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). This is prompting manufacturers to look for alternatives, such as nickel, ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"335.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"vanadium, and zinc (Tchetvertakov 2018 ). At the same time, a significant propor -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"investment and speculation in metal markets, which may also require greater regula -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"recycling . The collection systems and infrastructure required to recycle metals from ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"333.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy technologies are not well established. For example, although sil -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"ver has an overall recycling rate of 30–50% (Graedel etal. 2011 ), almost no recy -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"such as rare earths in magnets, does not offer significant cost savings or environ -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"mental benefits over their extraction from primary resources (McLellan etal. 2013 ).","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"effects on the environment. There is also a potential tension between reducing mate -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":201.15977478,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"Increasingly, thin layers of material are being utilized because of improved manu -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"To ensure that social and environmental issues will be addressed, several initia -","line":40,"x":65.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"electronics recycling. In the USA, the Dodd-Frank Act has mandated the traceabil -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"This has arisen from the international concern over the social impacts and implica -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"environmental policy (Ali etal. 2017 ). The transition to renewable energy and the ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"demand requirements for these metals emphasize the importance of recycling, alter -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"resource cycles; and it is important to adopt a systems view that considers the avail -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"able supply and also social and environmental factors. To support sustainable devel -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2018., Electric Buses in Cities. Available at: http://www.ouren-","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.17581176,"width":"331.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"energy manufacturing. Available at: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/65619.pdf","line":2,"x":65.86029815,"y":588.19134521,"width":"280.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy Insights by McKinsey, 2018. Metal mining constraints on the electric mobil -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":578.1953125,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"ity horizon. Available at: https://www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com/insights/","line":4,"x":65.86029815,"y":568.19934082,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Roadmap for Photovoltaic Results 2017, Ninth Edition. Available at: http://www.itrpv.net/","line":18,"x":65.86029815,"y":428.25531005,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Jamasmie, C. (2018) Guatemala delays ruling on Tahoe’s Escobal mine reopen -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":408.26330566,"width":"331.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"ing. Mining.com Accessed 26 September 2018, http://www.mining.com/","line":21,"x":65.86029815,"y":398.26733398,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Tchetvertakov, G. (2018). “Panasonic and Tesla seek to remove cobalt from elec -","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":218.33932495,"width":"331.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"tric car batteries.” Retrieved 15 September 2018, from https://smallcaps.com.au/","line":40,"x":65.86029815,"y":208.34332275,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"The Silver Institute and Thomson Reuters, 2018. World Silver Survey 2018. Available at: https://","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":188.35131835,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Valero, A., A.Valero, G.Calvo and A.Ortego (2018). “Material bottlenecks in the future develop -","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":118.37931823,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":503,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":14,"x":53.85971832,"y":189.03982543,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":503,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":15,"x":53.85971832,"y":179.04382324,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman","UFCXMJ+VdqjgxSyshydScxwltTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This section provides a summary of the implications of the developed ","line":7,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"329.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C and 1.5°C scenarios for global mean climate change. Specifically, we con -","line":8,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":453.13769531,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"sider atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, radiative forcing, global-mean surface air ","line":9,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":439.64169311,"width":"335.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"change if the world were to follow the energy-related CO 2 emissions developed here, ","line":12,"x":53.86149881999998,"y":379.64169311,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"complemented by land-use CO 2 emissions and those of other greenhouses gases ","line":13,"x":53.86109064999998,"y":367.64169311,"width":"335.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"(GHGs). According to the high- emission scenario with unabated fossil fuel use, the ","line":14,"x":53.85710047999998,"y":357.14169311,"width":"334.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"world could experience 1400ppm CO 2 concentrations by the end of 2100, which is ","line":15,"x":53.85710047999998,"y":343.64169311,"width":"334.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"ice-core records have shown that over the last 850,000years, the CO 2 concentrations ","line":17,"x":53.85779856999998,"y":319.64169311,"width":"333.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"last 10 million years on this planet, the CO 2 concentrations have probably not ","line":19,"x":53.85769937999998,"y":295.64169311,"width":"336.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"exceeded the CO 2 concentrations that our thirst for fossil fuels would propel the ","line":20,"x":53.854197489999976,"y":283.64169311,"width":"335.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 concentrations are disregarded, the consequences will be dramatic. At atmo -","line":24,"x":53.86159799999998,"y":235.64169311,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"spheric CO 2 concentrations above 900ppm, the acidity level in the oceans will drop ","line":25,"x":53.85800073999998,"y":223.64169311,"width":"333.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"etal. 2013 ). Therefore, without even considering ocean warming and the associated ","line":28,"x":53.858099939999974,"y":189.14169311,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"to CO 2 , involving other GHGs and ultimately, temperature, precipitation changes, ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":554.29382324,"width":"334.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"use for energy, combined with CCS, to draw down atmospheric CO 2 levels. This is ","line":13,"x":53.85990142,"y":434.29379272,"width":"334.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"the key difference from the scenarios developed in the present study. Whereas we ","line":14,"x":53.8615799,"y":423.79379272,"width":"334.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"use a substantial amount of negative CO 2 emissions in the reforestation and forest ","line":15,"x":53.8615799,"y":410.29379272,"width":"334.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"If we do not rely on some negative CO 2 emission options, in particular biomass ","line":19,"x":65.8602066,"y":362.29379272,"width":"322.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"by other means (e.g., reforestation); or (2) whether CO 2 emissions can be reduced ","line":21,"x":53.86230087,"y":338.29379272,"width":"334.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"in the first place so that we do not need to rely on negative emissions options; or (3) ","line":22,"x":53.85401153,"y":327.79379272,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"whether other non-CO 2 gases can be reduced even further to make negative CO 2","line":23,"x":53.85401153,"y":314.29379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"as outlined in the previous chapters. Not only will energy-related CO 2 emissions be ","line":25,"x":53.86180114,"y":290.29379272,"width":"334.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"radically reduced, CO 2 uptake via reforestation and forest restoration will also play ","line":26,"x":53.8545189,"y":278.29379272,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"an important role. This study takes a more conservative approach to non-CO 2 gases ","line":27,"x":53.85559082,"y":266.29379272,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"by being consistent with other stringent mitigation scenarios. Thereby, we ensure","line":28,"x":53.86071014,"y":255.79379272,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"that the feasibility constraints implicitly or explicitly set by other modelling frame -","line":29,"x":53.86071014,"y":243.79379272,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"12.2 Comparison ofAtmospheric CO 2 Concentrations ","line":31,"x":53.85820007,"y":185.99380493,"width":"275.58","height":"12.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 concentration beyond that present on the Earth for the last 10 million years. ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":120.29380035,"width":"334.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 and are continuing to add 2–3ppm a year. If we consider the most stringent ","line":37,"x":53.8580017,"y":96.29380035,"width":"334.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 12.1 shows the global CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O concentrations under the key ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"322.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5°C scenario is clearly lower in terms of its CO 2 concentrations than the lowest ","line":3,"x":53.8610115,"y":571.65979003,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Only towards the end of the twenty-first century do the strongly negative CO 2 emis -","line":5,"x":53.85818862,"y":547.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"sions in the SSP1_19 scenario bring the CO 2 concentration closer towards our ","line":6,"x":53.86159896,"y":535.65979003,"width":"336.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Aggregating all the greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions by their radiative forc -","line":8,"x":65.85549926,"y":513.15979003,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 yields the so-called ‘CO 2 equivalence concentrations’. In Fig. 12.2 , the CO 2","line":10,"x":53.85549926,"y":487.65979003,"width":"330.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"medium-high reference case. The radiative forcing and CO 2 equivalence concentra -","line":14,"x":53.86180114,"y":439.65979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"SSP1_19 scenario, at least initially until the middle of the second half of this cen -","line":16,"x":53.85359954,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"tury. Thereafter, the net negative CO 2 emissions implied by the SSP1_19 scenario ","line":17,"x":53.85359954,"y":403.65979003,"width":"334.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 12.2 shows CO 2 equivalence concentrations (upper panel) and radiative ","line":22,"x":65.86139678,"y":343.65979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"12.3 Comparison ofCumulative CO 2 Emissions","line":28,"x":53.85820007,"y":239.35980224,"width":"239.04","height":"12.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Since the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, cumulative CO 2 emissions have been ","line":29,"x":53.85820007,"y":211.6598053,"width":"335.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"additional CO 2 emitted will add to that cumulative burden and warm the planet for ","line":31,"x":53.85559844,"y":187.6598053,"width":"334.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"warming is to halt cumulative CO 2 emissions, which means bringing the annual CO 2","line":33,"x":53.85589981,"y":163.6598053,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions to basically zero levels. Only with net negative emissions can the tem -","line":34,"x":53.86180114,"y":153.1598053,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"such net negative emissions is tremendously challenging, it is the only way to main -","line":36,"x":53.86180114,"y":129.1598053,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"negative CO 2 emissions and can limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C, with no or ","line":39,"x":53.86180114,"y":91.65979766,"width":"333.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"very strong near-term reductions in energy-related CO 2 emissions, we have used a ","line":41,"x":53.86040115,"y":67.65979766,"width":"334.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"Global CO 2 Concentrations ","line":13,"x":91.34750366,"y":587.72662353,"width":"73.74","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+LmtvglLmgpgfQbmdngHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"2 O concentrations (ppb) ","line":19,"x":58.90599822,"y":208.1038971,"width":"63.30","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+LmtvglLmgpgfQbmdngHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"Global N 2 O Concentrations ","line":41,"x":86.99177576999986,"y":252.53590431000018,"width":"73.74","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+YrqylbGqysjmFwklhsHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.1 Global CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O concentrations under various scenarios. The so-called SSP ","line":58,"x":53.85819460999976,"y":83.40723552000014,"width":"328.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":508,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.2 CO 2 equivalence concentrations and radiative forcing of main IPCC scenarios for the ","line":42,"x":53.85829928,"y":71.09860224,"width":"328.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"outlined in previous chapters. In fact, in the case of the 1.5°C scenario, they practi -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":367.2164917,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"last 100 years. By the end of the century, the cumulative CO 2 emissions beyond ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":329.7164917,"width":"335.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"levels will constitute around 300 GtCO 2 (see Fig. 12.3 ).","line":5,"x":53.8597908,"y":317.7164917,"width":"222.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"Without going into too much detail about why cumulative emission numbers dif -","line":6,"x":65.85681152,"y":307.2164917,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"fer between various studies, the key point is that CO 2 emissions must be reduced to ","line":7,"x":53.85681152,"y":293.7164917,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, there is no way to avoid emissions-free electricity, transport, and indus -","line":9,"x":53.85340118,"y":271.2164917,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"Global cumulative CO 2 emissions for the scenarios developed in this study (thick ","line":16,"x":65.85340118,"y":185.71650695,"width":"321.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"clear that this study’s 2.0°C pathway initially reaches a similar cumulative emis -","line":18,"x":53.85580062,"y":163.21650695,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"sions level as the SSP1_19 scenario, before the cumulative CO 2 emissions are ","line":19,"x":53.85580062,"y":149.71650695,"width":"336.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"reduced again in SSP1_19 with large-scale net negative CO 2 emissions via bioen -","line":20,"x":53.85588836,"y":137.71650695,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"ergy with carbon capture and storage. In contrast, the reduction of cumulative CO 2","line":21,"x":53.85889816,"y":125.71649932,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.3 Global cumulative CO2 emissions– 2.0°C and 1.5°C scenarios","line":71,"x":53.85828068000016,"y":392.04639048,"width":"249.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"Report on 1.5°C warming. 1","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"111.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"we can derive a range of projections for every scenarios that provides a good mea -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"600 times for each scenario, varying wide ranges of feedback and forcing parame -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"MAGICC7, as described by Nauels etal. ( 2017 ) and drove that with our probabilis -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"Antarctic ice sheet instability could lead to a much greater sea-level rise this cen -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"estimated from an average of four studies that the difference between early- industrial ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"333.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"(1850–1900) and recent surface air temperature levels (2006–2015) was 0.97°C.If ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"we accept here the slightly oversimplified assumption that the 1850–1900 tempera -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"1 The IPCC Special Report estimates for a 0.53 °C distance of the 1.5 °C degree target from the ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.82940673,"width":"333.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"2006–2015 level, a carbon budget of 560 GtCO 2 from 1 January 2018 onwards. Reduced by 100 ","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":140.55439758,"width":"331.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"GtCO 2 for additional Earth System Feedbacks (see Table 2.2 in the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C) ","line":35,"x":53.85739898,"y":130.55439758,"width":"329.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"and adding approximately 270 GtCO 2 emissions for the period from 2011 to 2017, the central ","line":36,"x":53.84939956,"y":120.55439758,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"730 GtCO 2 from 2011 onwards. This is for a definition of historical warming that is based on a ","line":38,"x":53.86050033,"y":100.55439758,"width":"331.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"approximately 150 GtCO 2 would result, if we take into account that the IPCC carbon budget esti -","line":40,"x":53.86270141,"y":80.55439758,"width":"329.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"Of course, there are several uncertainties that are not addressed in those probabi -","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 12.4 shows the global mean surface air temperature projections, and their ","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario is shown in red, the 2.0°C pathway is shown in blue, and the 1.5°C path -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"way is shown in green. For historical temperatures, a mixture between ocean- surface ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"333.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"is that they were around 0.97°C below the 2006–2015 levels. The median projec -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"of all historical CO 2 emissions. In a similar vein, sea-level rise is the sum over all ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":379.65979003,"width":"334.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"double integral of CO 2 emissions. Therefore, whereas temperatures are relatively ","line":22,"x":53.85480117,"y":343.65979003,"width":"335.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"agnostic about when CO 2 emissions occurred, sea-level rise will be higher the lon -","line":23,"x":53.85670852,"y":331.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"ger ago the CO 2 emission occurred.","line":24,"x":53.85910034,"y":319.65979003,"width":"141.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"temperature level might be similar. This is a clear benefit of our scenarios and should","line":33,"x":53.85749816,"y":213.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"slower decline in emissions followed by strong negative emissions. This is impor -","line":36,"x":53.85749816,"y":177.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"stop any time soon. To halt sea-level rise in the 21 st or even the twenty-second cen -","line":39,"x":53.85749816,"y":141.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"tury, we will require massively negative CO 2 emissions, drawing back out of the ","line":40,"x":53.86180877,"y":127.65979766,"width":"335.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"atmosphere a lot of the CO 2 that we emitted this century. Therefore, even under our ","line":41,"x":53.85979843,"y":115.65979766,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"30cm relative to the 2010 levels—and will continue to rise to 2100 (Fig. 12.5 ).","line":43,"x":53.85530853,"y":93.15979766,"width":"316.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":512,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.4 Global-mean surface air temperature projections","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":81.57859802,"width":"195.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":513,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.5 Global-mean sea level rise projections under the three scenarios developed in this study","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":83.25250244,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":514,"change":"Addition","str":"Ricke, K.L., Orr, J.C., Schneider, K. and Caldeira, K., 2013. Risks to coral reefs from ocean car -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":569.79382324,"width":"331.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":514,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":8,"x":53.86682128,"y":189.98831176,"width":"328.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":514,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":9,"x":53.86682128,"y":179.99230957,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract The following section focuses on the main findings in all parts of the ","line":8,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":373.02770996,"width":"329.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold","HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"Policy recommendations for the energy sector with a focus on policies for build -","line":15,"x":65.85829828999998,"y":289.02770996,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"ings sector decarbonisation, for the transport and industry sector as well as a recom -","line":16,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":277.02770996,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske ( * ) · D. Giurco","line":18,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":235.26539611,"width":"85.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","RPHFCF+NlksrdSbymkvPqrltvWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"new business concepts for the energy sector, which will require entirely new poli -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario allows for a 3–5years transition period in which to implement policy mea -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"are greater than can be delivered by the energy transition alone (see Chap. 4 ). ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"be implemented. The establishment of efficient transport systems and industry pro -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"cesses, or simply the provision of required renewable energy and storage technolo -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"issued. The energy transition will require political determination and public accep -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"tance. Therefore, the planning process will require resolute stakeholder involve -","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"seems unavoidable if we are to limit global warming. In particular, the way con -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"implement the Paris Agreement on national levels must also take the land-use sec -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"tor, as well as the main GHGs, methane, N 2 O, and fluorinated gases, into account.","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":199.6598053,"width":"327.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"The following sections present the main findings and lessons of this research proj -","line":35,"x":65.85610961,"y":189.1598053,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"ect, and highlight its limitations and further research requirements. Finally, we pro -","line":36,"x":53.85610961,"y":177.1598053,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":517,"change":"Addition","str":"In general, we found that beyond pure technical measures with regard to pow -","line":32,"x":65.85829925,"y":109.79379272,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.4 Limitations andFurther Research ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":493.15979003,"width":"202.58","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.5 Key Findings—Long-Term Energy Scenario","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":299.15979003,"width":"249.13","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"efficiency improvements in all sectors. The electrification of the transport and heat -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"and strategies must be achieved. This applies, for example, to the per capita electric -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"ity consumption (electric appliances without heating) of ‘residential and other sec -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"with today’s standards, particularly in OECD countries—at least for as long as fos -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"technology change and replacement strategies and supporting regulatory and gover -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"heating, sustainable biomass use, especially for co-generation and biofuels, and dis -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"The exploitation of renewable energy potentials depends strongly on regional con -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"12, from 2000 GW in 2015 to more than 25,000 GW in 2050. Cumulative invest -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"to around US$ 50,000 billion compared with around US$20000 billion in the refer -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"relationships must also be realized among countries within individual world regions ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"333.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"efficient implementation of new respectively the expansion of existing central infra -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"global growth in the demand for energy services, at least for as long as fossil ener -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"average global temperature increase due to climate change below 1.5°C, the trans -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"formation must be accomplished as fast as technically possible. The trend in increas -","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"ing global energy-related CO 2 emissions must be reversed as soon as possible (in ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.6598053,"width":"334.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.6 Limitations andFurther Research Requirement—","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"278.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"account to be taken of sub-regional differences in energy demand and the character -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":433.79382324,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"requirements of a target-oriented pathway. Our results clearly reveal and quantita -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":397.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"huge investments and fundamental changes in producing, distributing, and consum -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":349.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"of each region, down to the country, sub-country, and community levels. Such anal -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":313.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"yses can then form the basis for the further investigation of the economic implica -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":301.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"energy transition will change the overall material demand and activity of the manu -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":229.79382324,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"is whether the current market mechanisms are capable of supporting the fundamen -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":193.79380798,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"must be transported to other regions. The dominant power-generation technolo -","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":537.1597900300001,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"Ratio between maximum variable generation capacity and maximum load: The ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003000007,"width":"335.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"results presented in Chap. 8 suggest that a ratio of 180% variable renewable ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":465.15979003000007,"width":"323.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity to the maximum load represents the optimum relationship. If the capac -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":453.15979003000007,"width":"319.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"solar PV combined is 180 GW.Short-term peaks are relatively rare, and curtail -","line":17,"x":65.85829925,"y":405.15979003000007,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"generation were above 200 GW, while the load remained at 100 GW, the curtail -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":381.15979003000007,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"demand in all regions. Therefore, the levelized cost of electricity generation can -","line":25,"x":65.85829925,"y":309.15979003000007,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"management of demand, and hydrogen-fuelled power plants can provide valu -","line":32,"x":65.85829925,"y":225.15977478000005,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.8 Limitations andFurther Research Requirement—","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":169.15980530000004,"width":"278.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"Measured load curves for regions, countries, or states/provinces are often unavail -","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.15979766000005,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"The key finding of the land-use-related emission scenarios is that a dedicated con -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"inherent part of future mitigation actions, whether CO 2 sequestration is pursued by ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":355.65979003,"width":"334.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"important result of this study is that the addition of land-use CO 2 and other GHG ","line":19,"x":53.85770034,"y":331.65979003,"width":"334.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"get below 1.5°C warming without a reliance on massive net negative CO 2 emission ","line":21,"x":53.8533783,"y":307.65979003,"width":"333.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"Going beyond the land-use CO 2 emission pathways that we sketched for a series ","line":23,"x":65.85849761,"y":283.65979003,"width":"322.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"able to distil non-CO 2 pathways from this rich scenario database—in a way that ","line":28,"x":53.86289978,"y":223.6598053,"width":"335.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"respects the correlations and dependencies between energy-related CO 2 and other ","line":29,"x":53.85430908,"y":211.6598053,"width":"334.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"but also key to the proper estimation of the climate effects of the energy-related CO 2","line":31,"x":53.86148071,"y":187.6598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.10 Limitations andFurther Research Requirement—","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":133.1598053,"width":"284.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"various countries and biomes. This study assumed only a rather coarse approxima -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"In terms of the non-CO 2 emission trajectories, this study relied heavily on the ","line":5,"x":65.85829925,"y":547.65979003,"width":"323.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"a bottom-up energy-system and land-use/agricultural model must be able to esti -","line":10,"x":53.85618972,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"mate methane and N 2 O emissions from various agricultural activities in a more ","line":11,"x":53.85618972,"y":475.65979003,"width":"335.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"mitigation options for non-CO 2 emissions. This bottom-up modelling capacity is ","line":14,"x":53.8609085,"y":439.65979003,"width":"335.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"The occupational employment analysis was developed in 2018 to improve the data -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.12 Limitations andFurther Research Requirement—","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.1598053,"width":"284.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"are very limited. Although there are some data for solar PV and onshore and off -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.1598053,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"energy. Furthermore, occupational surveys of the heating and energy efficiency sec -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.15979766,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":524,"change":"Addition","str":"Lithium sees the highest projected increase from mined ore of around 40 times cur -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.79382324,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":524,"change":"Addition","str":"less than known resources. The scenarios anticipate a scale up in resource explora -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":507.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":524,"change":"Addition","str":"For cobalt, future scenarios exceed currently known reserves and approach cur -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":435.79382324,"width":"319.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":524,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.14 Limitations andFurther Research Requirement—","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.79379272,"width":"284.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"products, and to actively encourage efficient material use in both energy and trans -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2 Policy Recommendations by Sector","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":493.15979003,"width":"201.07","height":"12.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"heating, and fuel supply. The demand side can be broken down further into build -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"the long-term future to the key drivers of the energy demand and the energy effi -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"1. Define the maximum carbon budget and other targets, milestones, and con -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":111.15979003,"width":"326.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"2. Define the renewable energy resource potentials and limits within a space-","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":87.15979003,"width":"326.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"3. Identify the economic and societal drivers of demand;","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"222.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"4. Define the efficiency potentials and energy intensities by energy service and ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"330.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"5. Establish time lines and narratives for the technology implementation on the ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"330.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"6. Estimate the infrastructure needs, generation costs, and other effects;","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"282.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"7. Identify the required policies and discuss the policy options.","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"248.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2.1.1 General Energy Policies","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"134.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"The energy sector requires both very specific measures, such as grid codes and effi -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"effectively develop energy policy and its regulative interventions. The most impor -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"• Renewable energy targets and incentives for their deployment and expansion;","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.15979003,"width":"312.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"• Internalization of external costs by carbon tax or surcharge;","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":387.15979003,"width":"241.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"• Phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies;","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":375.15979003,"width":"137.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"• Accelerated replacement of fossil and inefficient technologies.","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.15979003,"width":"253.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"energy. Experiences of the past two decades clearly show the effectiveness of renew -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"“Targets remain one of the primary means for policy makers to express their com -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"energy development as well as for specific sectors” (REN21-GSR- 2018 ). To achieve ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"333.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"investment stimulated. For the latter, auctions and feed-in tariffs have proven suit -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"internalize the external costs. Carbon-pricing schemes can be established as cap-","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"and- trade schemes or taxes. Carbon pricing is not sufficient on its own to achieve ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"334.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic","HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"carbon pricing will be necessary (Carbon Tracker 2018 ). To make carbon pricing an ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"333.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"total amount of global fossil fuel subsidies was estimated to be around US$260 bil -","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.1597824,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"lion in 2016 (IEA-DB 2018 ). The governments of the G20 and the Asia-Pacific ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"335.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"Economic Cooperation (APEC) reached an agreement to “ rationalize and phase out ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful con -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"economic effects of the energy transition (see Chap. 10 ). Supporting measures to ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"334.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"To reduce the energy demands of existing building stock and new buildings, con -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"stantly most stringent energy demand standards (= building energy codes ) are ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"336.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"energy codes in 15 countries (Young 2014 ) distinguished between residential and ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"334.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel subsidies, could support efforts to save energy. However, they must be accom -","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"in buildings, the efficiency standards for electrical appliances, all forms of informa -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"tion and communication technologies (computers, smart devices, screens, televi -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"gies are required. These efficiency standards must be dynamic and designed to sup -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"(IEA-PM 2018 ) is a positive example of dynamic efficiency standards. Labelling ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"transport system. Their aim should be to promote the use of less ecologically prob -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"In parallel, environmentally less harmful transportation modes should be incen -","line":22,"x":65.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"vehicles will speed up the electrification of fleets. CO 2 taxation, road tolls, and con -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.6598053,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"reduced cities. The assignment of parking lots and driving lanes exclusively to elec -","line":30,"x":53.86309051,"y":201.1598053,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"In aviation, measures could include the taxation of jet fuel and CO 2 , the applica -","line":32,"x":65.86309051,"y":175.6598053,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"following their path. Cities must also curtail tendencies to urban sprawl and ‘rein -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"reducing the need for motorized individual mobility and freeing up space for recre -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"(often) from passenger-car-centred urban structures and policies towards pedes -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"trian-, bike-, and mass-transport-friendly environments. The often densely popu -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"level, and will require stringent and regulatory implementation. Economic incen -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"effects. Public procurement policies and guidelines can help to establish new mar -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15977478,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"kets and to demonstrate new more-efficient products and opportunities. The effec -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"countries can be achieved through networks initiated and coordinated by govern -","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.15977478,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"ments. Public funding for research and development activities with regard to tech -","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"vital to push the technological limits further. Innovative approaches to the realiza -","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2.1.6 Political Framework forPower Markets","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"203.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"with significant shares of variable power generation. The traditional electricity mar -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"limited dispatchable (‘ base load ’) thermal power plants. The electricity markets of ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"power system will also require the built-up and economic operation of a combina -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"must always have preference. Furthermore, the design of distribution and transmis -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"should be completely disengaged from the ownership of power-generation and sup -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"ply companies. To encourage new businesses, relevant grid data must be made avail -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"demand-side management. Finally, a policy framework that supports the electrifica -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":532,"change":"Addition","str":"Glossary, regions, and countries included in the scenarios, further detailed descrip -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["PPZKZK+WbphbcDtgymbJxvcchTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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