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pdf-to-markdown/examples/Achieving-The-Paris-Climate-Agreement/compactLines.json
Johannes Zillmann 616909481a Don't print globals twice
2021-07-18 14:13:38 -06:00

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{"page":3,"change":"Addition","str":"Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com .","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":315.0209961,"width":"302.62","height":"9.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":5,"change":"Addition","str":"estation in Indonesia and the Amazon. Better than ever, we understand the heart -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":298.17608642,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":6,"change":"Addition","str":"Mann, who spoke to me for Before the Flood , face abuse for exposing the truth. As ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"334.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: A/Prof. Dr. Malte Meinshausen Chapters: 2.1, 3.8, 4, 12, 13","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":201.15977478,"width":"272.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Author: Dr. Kate Dooley Chapters: 3.8, 4.1, 7","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"182.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":9,"change":"Addition","str":"Editor: Janine Miller","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":87.1597824,"width":"86.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract An overview of the motivations behind the writing of this book, the sci -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"325.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"term energy pathway, the power sector analysis, employment analysis and an assess -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":382.17608642,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"Introduction The Paris Climate Agreement aims to hold global warming to well ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":292.17608642,"width":"328.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"below 2 degrees Celsius (°C) and to “pursue efforts” to limit it to 1.5 °C. To accom -","line":12,"x":53.85779953,"y":280.17608642,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"plish this, countries have submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions ","line":13,"x":53.85779953,"y":268.17608642,"width":"334.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"energy, because energy-related carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions are the main drivers ","line":19,"x":53.85779953,"y":188.67610168,"width":"333.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"energy- related emissions and mitigation measures for them because it is essential to ","line":21,"x":53.85948944,"y":166.17610168,"width":"333.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"State of Research—Climate Beyond reasonable doubt, climate change over the ","line":23,"x":53.85948944,"y":136.17610168,"width":"328.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":10,"change":"Addition","str":"gas- induced warming is masked by the effect of aerosol emissions.","line":27,"x":53.85850143,"y":88.17610168,"width":"267.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"human-induced climate change. A single kilogram of CO 2 emitted will increase the ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":583.65979003,"width":"334.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"atmospheric CO 2 concentration over hundreds or even thousands of years. Since the ","line":3,"x":53.86328125,"y":571.65979003,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"finding that cumulative CO 2 emissions are roughly linearly related to temperature ","line":5,"x":53.86259841,"y":547.65979003,"width":"334.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"has shaped scientific and political debate. The remaining permissible CO 2 emissions ","line":6,"x":53.86251068,"y":535.65979003,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report concluded that beyond 2011, cumulative CO 2","line":9,"x":65.85640716,"y":499.65979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions of roughly 1000 GtCO 2 are permissible for a “likely below 2.0 °C” target ","line":10,"x":53.86180114,"y":487.65979003,"width":"334.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"change, and approximately 400 GtCO 2 are permissible for a 1.5  °C target change. ","line":11,"x":53.8536911,"y":475.65979003,"width":"335.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"substantially higher carbon emissions of 1600 GtCO 2 will achieve a 2.0 °C change ","line":13,"x":53.85509872,"y":451.65979003,"width":"334.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"GtCO 2 to account for additional Earth system feedback over the twenty- first century. ","line":15,"x":53.85680007,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"that we are away from 1.5 °C warming? While that question seems simple, it is sur -","line":17,"x":53.86180877,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Trends in the Energy Sector In 2017, the ongoing trends continued: solar ","line":25,"x":53.86180877,"y":303.15979003,"width":"328.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"Since 2013, global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from fossil ","line":42,"x":65.86139678,"y":91.65979766,"width":"323.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":11,"change":"Addition","str":"suggest that this changed in 2017, with global CO 2 emissions increasing by around ","line":44,"x":53.85371017,"y":67.65979766,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"Methodology for Developing Emission Pathways The complete decarbonisation ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.15979003,"width":"327.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"frameworks for the electricity, heating and cooling sectors as well as for the trans -","line":19,"x":53.8577118,"y":375.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"• Generalized Equal Quantile Walk (GQW) : This statistical method is used to ","line":22,"x":53.8577118,"y":327.15979003,"width":"327.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"complement the CO 2 pathways with non-CO 2 regional emissions for relevant ","line":23,"x":65.8577118,"y":313.65979003,"width":"323.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5  °C.  The GQW method calculates the median non-CO 2 gas emission levels ","line":27,"x":65.85910797,"y":265.65979003,"width":"323.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"every 5 years—conditional on the energy-related CO 2 emission level percentile ","line":28,"x":65.85430908,"y":253.6598053,"width":"322.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"• Land-based sequestration design : A Monte Carlo analysis across temperate, ","line":32,"x":53.85398864,"y":207.1598053,"width":"327.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"quantified literature-based synthesis of the potential for land-based CO 2","line":36,"x":65.85398864,"y":157.6598053,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"• Carbon cycle and climate modelling (Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse ","line":39,"x":53.86180877,"y":123.15979766,"width":"326.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":12,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas-Induced Climate Change, MAGICC) : This study uses the MAGICC climate ","line":40,"x":65.86180877,"y":111.15979766,"width":"321.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"• Renewable Resource Assessment [R]E-SPACE : RE-SPACE is based on a ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"329.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"• Transport model (TRAEM) : The transport scenario model allows the ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"• Energy system model (EM) : The energy system model (a long-term energy ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"327.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"• Power system models [R]E 24/7 : Power system models simulate electricity ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"327.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":13,"change":"Addition","str":"the use of electrical equipment and common electrical appliances. Figure  1","line":41,"x":65.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"317.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"GIS based renewable energy potentials based on weather & ","line":3,"x":70.87670135,"y":439.07705688,"width":"233.61","height":"8.67","fontName":["XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport model (TRAEM) freight & passenger transport ","line":5,"x":59.87480163,"y":268.6369934,"width":"236.18","height":"9.85","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold","XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by mode full energy balances: final energy demand power, heat & transport, supply structure, primary energy ","line":6,"x":80.89987945,"y":290.7361145,"width":"495.57","height":"9.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica","ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"demand, curtailment","line":10,"x":350.12469482,"y":488.50598144,"width":"85.52","height":"9.00","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"total climate change effects","line":11,"x":339.32467651,"y":194.4579773,"width":"118.04","height":"9.00","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"Modelling cluster","line":24,"x":71.16480255,"y":129.22430419999995,"width":"101.99","height":"12.84","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy system model (EM) bottom-up simulation of future energy balances based on GDP, ","line":39,"x":163.23869323,"y":274.22601317999994,"width":"381.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold","XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"& energy intensity development in all sectors and for 10 world regions","line":41,"x":208.89660644,"y":270.74301146999994,"width":"277.12","height":"9.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"Simplified land-based sequestration model","line":42,"x":244.35969543,"y":190.55479430999995,"width":"128.48","height":"6.30","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"complementing reforestation, restoration, ","line":43,"x":260.61068725,"y":201.34100340999996,"width":"118.42","height":"6.42","fontName":["XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"sustainable use and agroforestry options. ","line":44,"x":283.71368408,"y":193.85177611999995,"width":"119.14","height":"6.42","fontName":["XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":14,"change":"Addition","str":"complexity carbon cycle and climate model (MAGICC) to calculate the climatic effects of multi-gas pathways ","line":46,"x":212.81570434,"y":103.68740080999994,"width":"419.03","height":"9.00","fontName":["ZXJECP+WxxcwrPbwmqvLsfyjjHelveticaBold","XUKSAT+ClsxfyFwlhkgKwwbqbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"Nonenergy-GHG Mitigation Scenarios The most important sequestration ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":531.15979003,"width":"333.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"(see yellow pathways in Fig.  2 ). The second most important pathway in terms of the ","line":8,"x":53.85929107,"y":507.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"amount of CO 2 sequestered is the sustainable use of existing forests, which basically ","line":9,"x":53.85929107,"y":493.65979003,"width":"333.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"Overall, the median assumed sequestration pathways, shown in Fig.  2 , would ","line":16,"x":65.85910034,"y":405.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"historical land-use-related CO 2 emissions and indicates the substantial challenges ","line":18,"x":53.8590889,"y":379.65979003,"width":"334.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"2000 2050 2100 2150","line":23,"x":99.6088028,"y":87.79329681,"width":"67.38","height":"7.57","fontName":["XUKSAT+ScnjyxDmwkqlBxrnqxHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"Reforestation (temperate and boreal )","line":41,"x":241.65870666,"y":199.41729736,"width":"99.36","height":"6.06","fontName":["XUKSAT+ScnjyxDmwkqlBxrnqxHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":15,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 2 Sequestration pathways—annual sequestration over time","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":68.19879913,"width":"212.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"sequestration option were to be used instead of mitigation. However, the benefits ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumptions for Scenarios Scenario studies cannot predict the future. Instead, ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"329.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"The 5.0 °C Scenario (Reference Scenario): The reference scenario only takes into ","line":27,"x":53.85630035,"y":267.15979003,"width":"328.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"The 2.0 °C Scenario: The first alternative scenario aims for an ambitious reduction ","line":36,"x":53.85509872,"y":147.15979003,"width":"327.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":16,"change":"Addition","str":"in GHG emissions to zero by 2050 and a global energy-related CO 2 emission budget ","line":37,"x":53.85849,"y":133.6598053,"width":"333.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C Scenario allows for some delays due to political, economic and societal pro -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"The 1.5  °C Scenario: The second alternative scenario aims to achieve a global ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"329.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"energy-related CO 2 emission budget of around 450 Gt, accumulated between 2015 ","line":4,"x":53.8622017,"y":547.65979003,"width":"334.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Transport Transport emissions have increased at a rapid rate in recent ","line":11,"x":53.86289978,"y":453.15979003,"width":"329.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"decades and accounted for 21% of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions in 2015. The ","line":12,"x":53.86059951,"y":439.65979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"The 5.0  °C Scenario follows the IEA World Energy Outlook (WEO) scenario ","line":26,"x":65.8533783,"y":267.15979003,"width":"322.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":17,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 2.0 °C Scenario minimal progress in electrification until 2020 will occur, ","line":37,"x":65.8533783,"y":135.15977478,"width":"322.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 1.5 °C Scenario , an earlier and more rapid increase in electric powertrain ","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":351.37469482,"width":"322.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"in both the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios. In OECD regions, cars with internal com -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.37469482,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"America or Africa, for example, a small share of internal combustion engine inter -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.37469482,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"(Fig.  3 ).","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":243.37469482,"width":"32.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"increasing the efficiency at the MJ/pkm or MJ/tkm level will result from the follow -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":183.37469482,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"– Reductions in powertrain losses through more efficient motors, gears, power ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.37469482,"width":"328.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"– Reductions in aerodynamic drag","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.37469482,"width":"134.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"– Reductions in vehicle mass through lightweighting","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.3746872,"width":"208.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"– The use of smaller vehicles","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.3746872,"width":"114.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"– Operational improvements (e.g. through automatic train operation, load factor ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.3746872,"width":"328.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport performance will increase in all scenarios on a global scale but with dif -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":63.374691,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"100% 2.0\u001fC 1.5\u001fC","line":43,"x":60.49798965,"y":595.18603163,"width":"40.84","height":"6.50","fontName":["USWAKZ+QrkqjpSllbysRndrsqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Powertrain split of world passenger car fleet","line":44,"x":58.28839874,"y":505.4939845100001,"width":"193.84","height":"5.92","fontName":["USWAKZ+QrkqjpSllbysRndrsqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"Internal Combus\u001don Engine Plug-In Hybrid Electric Hydrogen","line":45,"x":128.36509704,"y":495.65008192000005,"width":"156.94","height":"6.54","fontName":["USWAKZ+QrkqjpSllbysRndrsqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"100 %","line":56,"x":217.24139404,"y":595.1831027100001,"width":"13.24","height":"5.92","fontName":["USWAKZ+QrkqjpSllbysRndrsqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":57,"x":227.12077331,"y":507.1599398700001,"width":"96.09","height":"5.92","fontName":["USWAKZ+QrkqjpSllbysRndrsqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":18,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3 Powertrain split of the world passenger car fleet in the 2  °C Scenario (left) and 1.5  °C ","line":58,"x":53.85829925,"y":475.7583895800001,"width":"328.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"transport performance until 2050 are extrapolated for the 5.0 °C Scenario. In rela -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"levels, and in particular, energy-intensive aviation, passenger car transport and com -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"world regions (Fig.  4 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"90.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"The modal shifts from domestic aviation to rail and from road to rail are mod -","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"to maintain the carbon budget. The passenger car pkm decline will be partly com -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":14,"x":234.56129455,"y":277.89239501,"width":"94.44","height":"5.31","fontName":["XUKSAT+BxqvthDldstnPrhcgbHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":15,"x":154.09030151,"y":137.89039611,"width":"94.44","height":"5.31","fontName":["XUKSAT+YcbtjdSnjpvtVldmttHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0° C","line":16,"x":142.7796936,"y":406.35031127,"width":"30.89","height":"5.82","fontName":["ZXJECP+SgrtnsPdymwqDgpdtgHelveticaBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":27,"x":74.595253,"y":277.89401245,"width":"94.44","height":"5.31","fontName":["XUKSAT+YcbtjdSnjpvtVldmttHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"Freight Train Truck","line":28,"x":202.41530227999996,"y":111.12729668,"width":"43.35","height":"5.31","fontName":["XUKSAT+YcbtjdSnjpvtVldmttHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"Passenger Train Aviation (Domestic) Passenger Car Bus 2- & 3-Wheeler","line":29,"x":106.96130371,"y":122.95729827,"width":"165.18","height":"5.31","fontName":["XUKSAT+YcbtjdSnjpvtVldmttHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":19,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4 Relative growth in world transport demand (2015, 100% pkm/tkm) in the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C ","line":30,"x":53.7657013,"y":92.20600128,"width":"328.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Renewable Energy Potential To develop the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios, ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"327.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"analysed. Land is a scarce resource. The use of land for nature conservation, agri -","line":3,"x":53.85680007,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Residential and urban settlements","line":12,"x":53.85680007,"y":453.15979003,"width":"139.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Infrastructure for transport (e.g. rail, roads)","line":13,"x":53.85680007,"y":441.15979003,"width":"177.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Industrial areas","line":14,"x":53.85680007,"y":429.15979003,"width":"66.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Intensive agricultural production land","line":15,"x":53.85680007,"y":417.15979003,"width":"155.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Nature conservation areas and national parks","line":16,"x":53.85680007,"y":405.15979003,"width":"184.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Wetlands and swamps","line":17,"x":53.85681152,"y":393.15979003,"width":"93.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"– Closed grasslands (as the land-use type)","line":18,"x":53.85681152,"y":381.15979003,"width":"165.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["XUKSAT+NlvnkgLrrxstVblqlqTimes-Roman","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"In addition to this spatial analysis, the remaining available land areas were cor -","line":19,"x":65.85681152,"y":363.15979003,"width":"319.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"related with the available solar and wind resources. For CSP, a minimum solar radi -","line":20,"x":53.85680007,"y":351.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"ation of 2000 kilowatt hours per square meter and year (kWh/m 2 year) is assumed ","line":21,"x":53.85680007,"y":339.15979003,"width":"334.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"bunker fuels based on hydrogen or synthetic fuels ( synfuels ) to supply the global ","line":40,"x":53.86042022,"y":111.1597824,"width":"334.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":20,"change":"Addition","str":"Key results of the global long-term energy scenarios show that the efficiency ","line":42,"x":65.86042022,"y":87.1597824,"width":"322.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"Global energy intensity will decline from 2.4 MJ/US$GDP in 2015 to 1.25 MJ/","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"Total final energy demand is estimated based on assumptions about the demand ","line":15,"x":65.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"322.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"Global electricity demand will significantly increase in the alternative scenarios ","line":22,"x":65.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"322.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"high- temperature process heat) and the manufacture of synthetic fuels for transport ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":21,"change":"Addition","str":"Global electricity generation from renewable energy sources will reach 100% by ","line":34,"x":65.85829925,"y":201.15977478,"width":"321.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Calculated average electricity-generation costs in 2015 (referring to full costs) ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"322.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"assuming rising CO 2 emission costs in the future, until 2050, when they reach ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":499.65979003,"width":"335.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Total electricity supply costs in the 5.0 °C Scenario will increase from today’s ","line":16,"x":65.85530853,"y":417.15979003,"width":"322.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Global investment in power generation between 2015 and 2050  in the 2.0  °C ","line":21,"x":65.85530853,"y":357.15979003,"width":"323.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Fuel Cost Savings Because renewable energy has no fuel costs other than biomass, ","line":30,"x":53.85530853,"y":243.15977478,"width":"327.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Final energy demand for heating will increase by 59% in the 5.0  °C Scenario ","line":36,"x":65.85720062,"y":165.1598053,"width":"322.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":22,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Heat Supply In 2015, renewables supplied around 20% of the final global ","line":40,"x":53.85720062,"y":111.15979766,"width":"328.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Estimated investments in renewable heating technologies to 2050 will amount to ","line":4,"x":65.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"321.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy demand in the transport sector will increase in the 5.0 °C Scenario from ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":459.15979003,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport Energy Supply By 2030, electricity will provide 12% (2700 TWh/year) ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"328.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Global primary energy demand in the 2.0  °C Scenario will decrease by 21% ","line":31,"x":65.85569,"y":219.15979003,"width":"323.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":23,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Primary Energy Supply Both the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios aim to rapidly ","line":37,"x":53.85569,"y":141.15979003,"width":"327.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"energy supply in 2050 will be based on 100% renewable energy (Fig.  5 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"290.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Bunker Fuels In 2015, the annual bunker fuel consumption was in the order of ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"329.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 emissions from bunker fuels accounted for 1.3 Gt in 2015, approximately 4% ","line":9,"x":53.85889816,"y":487.65979003,"width":"334.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"of the global energy-related CO 2 emissions. In the 5.0  °C case, we assume the ","line":10,"x":53.8580017,"y":475.65979003,"width":"335.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"2015. Because no substitution with “green” fuels is assumed, CO 2 emissions will ","line":14,"x":53.85820007,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"100,00 0","line":30,"x":63.90703964,"y":129.37736511,"width":"19.41","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"200,00 0","line":31,"x":63.90703964,"y":140.87631225,"width":"19.41","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"300,00 0","line":32,"x":63.90703964,"y":152.37527465,"width":"19.41","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"400,00 0","line":33,"x":63.90703964,"y":163.85647583,"width":"19.41","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"500,00 0","line":34,"x":63.90703964,"y":175.35542297,"width":"19.41","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"600,00 0","line":35,"x":63.90703964,"y":186.85438537,"width":"19.41","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"700,00 0","line":36,"x":63.90703964,"y":198.35333251,"width":"19.41","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"800,00 0","line":37,"x":63.90703964,"y":209.85229492,"width":"19.41","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"900,00 0","line":38,"x":63.90859985,"y":221.3531952,"width":"19.41","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"RE F2 .0°C 1.5° CR EF 2.0° C1 .5°C RE F2 .0°C 1.5° CR EF 2.0° C1 .5°C RE F2 .0°C 1.5° C","line":39,"x":100.76789855,"y":110.18039703,"width":"242.70","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":40,"x":111.93589782,"y":98.6183014,"width":"59.74","height":"5.92","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Sola r","line":46,"x":350.51831054,"y":184.42739868,"width":"12.63","height":"6.29","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomas s","line":47,"x":350.51831054,"y":173.41760253,"width":"20.85","height":"6.29","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydr o","line":49,"x":350.51831054,"y":151.39720153,"width":"15.50","height":"6.29","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural ga s","line":50,"x":350.51831054,"y":140.3874054,"width":"28.69","height":"6.29","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Crude oi l","line":51,"x":350.51831054,"y":129.377594,"width":"22.78","height":"6.29","fontName":["SPXOID+SrvwckVlrvvyCrnnsjCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":24,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5 Global projections of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the various ","line":54,"x":53.85829925,"y":79.14980316,"width":"328.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"power- generation capacities could amount to 1100 GW in the 2.0 °C Scenario and ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"load hours per year can be achieved. However, such a scenario requires high elec -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"in the power system but also high utilization rates by downstream synthesis pro -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"Annual global energy-related CO 2 emissions will increase by 40% in the 5.0 °C ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":523.65979003,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 emissions from 2015 until 2050 will sum to 1388 Gt. In contrast, in the 2.0 °C ","line":12,"x":53.85630035,"y":463.65979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"will be 587 Gt and 450 Gt, respectively. Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":14,"x":53.8580017,"y":439.65979003,"width":"334.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"sector analysis with the methodology described in Sect. 1.7 of Chap. 3 . Both the ","line":20,"x":53.85499954,"y":363.15979003,"width":"334.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"Development of Global Power Plant Capacities The size of the global market for ","line":36,"x":53.85499954,"y":165.15979003,"width":"328.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"100 GW in 2017 to an average of 454 GW by 2030. The annual onshore wind mar -","line":39,"x":53.85678863,"y":129.1598053,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":25,"change":"Addition","str":"power sector. By 2050, offshore wind installations will increase to 32  GW annu -","line":42,"x":53.85678863,"y":93.15979766,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"bulk power, especially for industry, and to provide secured capacities to power sys -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 1.5 °C Scenario, the phase-out of coal and lignite power plants is acceler -","line":4,"x":65.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"319.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"ated, and a total capacity of 618 GW—equivalent to approximately 515 power sta -","line":5,"x":53.85829162,"y":543.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"an accelerated trajectory under the 1.5 °C Scenario, whereas the offshore wind mar -","line":11,"x":53.85829162,"y":471.15979003,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"Utilization of Power Plant Capacities On a global scale, in the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C ","line":16,"x":53.85829162,"y":405.15979003,"width":"328.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":26,"change":"Addition","str":"Development of Maximum and Residual Loads for the Ten World Regions The ","line":33,"x":53.85900878,"y":189.15977478,"width":"328.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario calculates slightly higher loads in 2030 due to the accelerated electrifica -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"East, India and Non-OECD Asia Other Asia), where the early application of effi -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"In this analysis, the residual load is the load remaining after the variable renew -","line":9,"x":65.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"trigger an increase in storage capacities. Figure  6 illustrates the development of ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Storage and Dispatch Capacities The world market for storage and dis -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.15979003,"width":"325.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"total installed capacity of batteries will increase to 12 GW, requiring an annual mar -","line":27,"x":53.85570144,"y":279.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"annual installation rate of 22 GW and, as a result, will overtake the global cumula -","line":30,"x":53.85570144,"y":243.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":27,"change":"Addition","str":"tive capacity of pumped hydro between 2040 and 2050. The conversion of gas infra -","line":31,"x":53.85570144,"y":231.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":28,"change":"Addition","str":"Trajectories for a Just Transition of the Fossil Fuel Industry The implementation of ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":231.33340454,"width":"327.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":28,"change":"Addition","str":"2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050","line":22,"x":81.69909667,"y":318.36401367,"width":"404.97","height":"6.66","fontName":["USWAKZ+GkkqrlWtlcfxLxtmpxCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":28,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe Middle East Afric a Eurasi a Other Asia India Chin a OECD Pacific","line":27,"x":137.08091735,"y":311.29501342,"width":"206.96","height":"5.64","fontName":["USWAKZ+GkkqrlWtlcfxLxtmpxCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":28,"change":"Addition","str":"Max Load Development (Base year 2020) [%] Max Load Development (Base year 2020) [%]","line":29,"x":110.72299957,"y":292.39208984,"width":"242.68","height":"6.66","fontName":["USWAKZ+GkkqrlWtlcfxLxtmpxCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":28,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6 Development of maximum loads in ten world regions in 2020, 2030 and 2050 under the ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":272.67559814,"width":"328.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"until the end of the modelling period in 2050. Under the 2.0 °C Scenario, oil produc -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"equivalent of the 2017 production volume of just one of the three largest oil produc -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"Employment The transition to a 100% renewable energy system is not just a tech -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.15979003,"width":"325.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"even less information on the types of occupations that will be affected by the transi -","line":37,"x":53.85779953,"y":159.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":29,"change":"Addition","str":"tion, either by project growth or declines in employment. This study provides pro -","line":38,"x":53.85779953,"y":147.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"Employment—Quantitative Results The 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios will generate ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"328.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"• In 2025, there will be 30.9 million energy-sector jobs under the 5.0 °C Scenario, ","line":6,"x":53.85969924,"y":525.15979003,"width":"325.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"• In 2030, there will be 31.7 million energy-sector jobs under the 5.0 °C Scenario, ","line":8,"x":53.85969924,"y":501.15979003,"width":"325.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"• In 2050, there will be 29.9 million energy-sector jobs under the 5.0 °C Scenario, ","line":11,"x":53.85969924,"y":465.15979003,"width":"325.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"Employment—Occupational Calculations Jobs will increase across all occupations ","line":20,"x":53.85969924,"y":345.15979003,"width":"327.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"2%, as shown in Fig.  7 . However, these results are not uniform across regions. For ","line":22,"x":53.8562889,"y":321.15979003,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":30,"change":"Addition","str":"Mineral and Metal Requirements Under the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios Within ","line":25,"x":53.8562889,"y":273.15979003,"width":"328.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":31,"change":"Addition","str":"00 0","line":10,"x":259.52786254,"y":99.28972625,"width":"6.83","height":"4.14","fontName":["PIJWSJ+XbxgvbMytpmnCllnjtArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":31,"change":"Addition","str":"NI ST","line":105,"x":337.66741943,"y":295.30273437,"width":"10.76","height":"5.51","fontName":["PIJWSJ+MxmqpcCpqfkdGbnrhpArialNarrow"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":31,"change":"Addition","str":"TI VE","line":107,"x":337.66741943,"y":311.85928344,"width":"10.38","height":"5.51","fontName":["PIJWSJ+MxmqpcCpqfkdGbnrhpArialNarrow"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":31,"change":"Addition","str":"T RUC","line":110,"x":331.2331543,"y":342.54730224,"width":"12.32","height":"5.51","fontName":["PIJWSJ+MxmqpcCpqfkdGbnrhpArialNarrow"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":31,"change":"Addition","str":"L TR","line":117,"x":331.2331543,"y":386.600708,"width":"10.04","height":"5.51","fontName":["PIJWSJ+MxmqpcCpqfkdGbnrhpArialNarrow"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":31,"change":"Addition","str":"S &","line":130,"x":331.2331543,"y":487.89105224,"width":"7.45","height":"5.51","fontName":["PIJWSJ+MxmqpcCpqfkdGbnrhpArialNarrow"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":31,"change":"Addition","str":"il fuel","line":175,"x":354.563385,"y":477.59036254,"width":"15.35","height":"6.41","fontName":["PIJWSJ+XbxgvbMytpmnCllnjtArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":32,"change":"Addition","str":"significantly reduces its demand, and this reduction is already happening as manu -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":32,"change":"Addition","str":"higher chance of a 2100 temperature level that is below 1.5 °C—after a slight over -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.15979003,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":32,"change":"Addition","str":"massive net negative emissions. Even the most stringent mitigation scenarios devel -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":243.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":32,"change":"Addition","str":"past use of fossil fuels, unless we remove this CO 2 from the atmosphere in much ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.6598053,"width":"334.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"The authors would like to thank the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation ( https://www.","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"leonardodicaprio.org ) which funded the research for Chaps 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , and ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":418.17608642,"width":"334.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"9 and Chap. 12 . Their ongoing support and dedication to this project was key and ","line":4,"x":53.88830184,"y":406.17608642,"width":"334.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"Greenpeace” ( https://umweltstiftung-greenpeace.de/die-stiftung ) for funding the ","line":7,"x":53.88830184,"y":370.17608642,"width":"336.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"employment calculation research documented in Chap. 10 . Last but not least, our ","line":8,"x":53.88830184,"y":358.17608642,"width":"334.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"thanks also to Earthworks ( earthworks.org ) for funding the research about metal ","line":9,"x":53.88830184,"y":346.17608642,"width":"335.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"requirements presented in Chap. 11 .","line":10,"x":53.88830184,"y":334.17608642,"width":"144.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"van Riet from the World Future Council ( https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/ ); Dr. ","line":15,"x":53.88830184,"y":274.17608642,"width":"334.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"Joachim Fuenfgelt from Bread for the World ( https://www.brot-fuer-die-welt.de/en/","line":16,"x":53.88830184,"y":262.17608642,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"bread-for-the-world ); and Stefan Schurig from F20—Foundations 20 ( http://www.","line":17,"x":53.88830184,"y":250.17608642,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":33,"change":"Addition","str":"foundations-20.org/ ) who provided initial support to make this project possible. ","line":18,"x":53.88830184,"y":238.17608642,"width":"335.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"296.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State of Research ..................................................................................... 5","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":400.17608642,"width":"296.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology ............................................................................................ 25","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":370.17608642,"width":"301.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"4 Mitigation Scenarios for Non-energy GHG .......................................... 79","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":304.17608642,"width":"301.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways .............................................. 93","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":274.17608642,"width":"301.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts .............................................................. 131","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":244.17608642,"width":"306.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment ............................................. 161","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":202.17608642,"width":"305.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results ......................................................................... 175","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":172.17608642,"width":"306.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":34,"change":"Addition","str":"9 Trajectories for a Just Transition of the Fossil Fuel Industry ............. 403","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":130.17608642,"width":"307.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"10 Just Transition: Employment Projections for the 2.0 °C ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"250.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5 °C Scenarios ............................................................................... 413","line":2,"x":73.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"300.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"11 Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"223.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable Scenarios .............................................................................. 437","line":5,"x":73.85829925,"y":543.15979003,"width":"300.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"12 Implications of the Developed Scenarios ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"185.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"for Climate Change ................................................................................. 459","line":9,"x":73.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"301.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"13 Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations .................................. 471","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":459.15979003,"width":"311.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":35,"change":"Addition","str":"Annex ............................................................................................................... 489","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.15979003,"width":"320.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["MTXJCP+NvqljkWdwfdjNcmgdgTimesLTStd-Bold","TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.1 Interaction of models in this study ............................................... 30","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"295.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.2 OECD North America broken down into eight sub-regions ......... 33","line":2,"x":53.8583107,"y":418.17608642,"width":"296.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.3 Current electricity infrastructure in China .................................... 33","line":3,"x":53.85832977,"y":406.17608642,"width":"296.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.4 Potential sites for onshore wind generation in Africa .................. 34","line":4,"x":53.85834121,"y":394.17608642,"width":"294.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.5 Existing and potential solar power sites in Central ","line":5,"x":53.8583603,"y":382.17608642,"width":"235.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"and South America ....................................................................... 35","line":6,"x":104.8583603,"y":370.17608642,"width":"264.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.6 Overview of the energy system model (EM) ","line":7,"x":53.85837173,"y":358.17608642,"width":"211.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"as implemented in Mesap/PlaNet ................................................. 40","line":8,"x":104.85836791,"y":346.17608642,"width":"264.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.7 Schematic representation of the [R] E24/7 model structure ......... 44","line":9,"x":53.85837936,"y":334.17608642,"width":"296.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.8 Spatial concept of the [R]E 24/7 model ....................................... 47","line":10,"x":53.85839843,"y":322.17608642,"width":"294.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.9 Dispatch order module of the [R]E 24/7 model ........................... 50","line":11,"x":53.85840988,"y":310.17608642,"width":"295.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.10 Quantitative employment calculation: methodological ","line":12,"x":53.85842895,"y":298.17608642,"width":"256.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"overview ....................................................................................... 56","line":13,"x":104.85842895,"y":286.17608642,"width":"264.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.11 Distribution of human resources required to manufacture ","line":14,"x":53.8584404,"y":274.17608642,"width":"268.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"power plant. (IRENA 2017) .......................................................... 58","line":16,"x":104.85843658,"y":250.17608642,"width":"266.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.12 Differences between the raw LDF emission scenario data ........... 62","line":17,"x":53.85845184,"y":238.17608642,"width":"302.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.13 The 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios and their absolute fossil ","line":18,"x":53.85845947,"y":226.17608642,"width":"267.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"and industry CO 2 emissions until 2050. The energy-related CO 2","line":19,"x":104.85845947,"y":212.67610168,"width":"254.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":36,"change":"Addition","str":"the CO 2 emissions constant (in the case of the 1.5 °C ","line":22,"x":104.85608673,"y":176.67610168,"width":"216.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"in the lower panel). ....................................................................... 64","line":4,"x":104.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"265.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.14 Example distributions of emissions scenario characteristics ........ 66","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"302.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.1 Land-use sequestration pathways showing annual ","line":6,"x":53.85832977,"y":531.15979003,"width":"233.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"sequestration rates over time ........................................................ 80","line":7,"x":104.85832977,"y":519.15979003,"width":"264.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.2 Land-use-related CO 2 emission and sequestration rates ............... 82","line":8,"x":53.85834121,"y":505.65979003,"width":"297.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.3 Global and regional methane emissions from fossil, ","line":9,"x":53.8569107,"y":495.15979003,"width":"242.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial, and land-use-related sources ....................................... 84","line":10,"x":104.8569107,"y":483.15979003,"width":"264.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.4 Global and regional methane emissions from fossil, ","line":11,"x":53.85691833,"y":471.15979003,"width":"242.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial, and land-use-related sources ....................................... 85","line":12,"x":104.85691833,"y":459.15979003,"width":"264.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.5 Global SF 6 emission levels from literature-reported scenarios ","line":13,"x":53.85694122,"y":445.65979003,"width":"280.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 86","line":14,"x":104.8580017,"y":435.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.6 Global tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) emissions from ","line":15,"x":53.85802078,"y":421.65979003,"width":"229.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"the collection of assessed literature- reported scenarios ","line":16,"x":104.85690307,"y":411.15979003,"width":"221.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 86","line":17,"x":104.85690307,"y":399.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.7 Global and regional sulfate dioxide (SO X ) emissions ","line":18,"x":53.8569107,"y":385.65979003,"width":"244.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 87","line":20,"x":104.85858917,"y":363.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.8 Global and regional nitrate aerosol (NO X ) emissions ","line":21,"x":53.85860824,"y":349.65979003,"width":"244.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 88","line":23,"x":104.85817718,"y":327.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.9 Global and regional black carbon BC emissions ","line":24,"x":53.85820007,"y":315.15979003,"width":"226.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 89","line":26,"x":104.85820007,"y":291.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.10 Global and regional organic carbon OC emissions ","line":27,"x":53.85821151,"y":279.15979003,"width":"240.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF pathways derived in this study ................................ 90","line":29,"x":104.8582077,"y":255.15979003,"width":"264.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.1 Historic development and projections of oil prices ","line":30,"x":53.8582306,"y":237.15979003,"width":"235.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"to Wachtmeister et al. (2018) ........................................................ 104","line":33,"x":104.8582306,"y":201.15979003,"width":"270.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.2 Global supply curve for primary biomass in 2030 ","line":34,"x":53.85823822,"y":189.15979003,"width":"233.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"(IRENA 2014) .............................................................................. 111","line":35,"x":104.85823822,"y":177.15979003,"width":"269.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.3 Development of the specific final energy use (per $GDP) ","line":36,"x":53.8582611,"y":165.15979003,"width":"262.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5 °C Scenario (right) ........................................................... 119","line":39,"x":104.8582611,"y":129.15979003,"width":"270.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.4 Development of the average global RES shares ","line":40,"x":53.85826873,"y":117.15979003,"width":"223.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"in total power generation in the 2.0 °C Scenario .......................... 122","line":41,"x":104.85826873,"y":105.1597824,"width":"270.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.5 Development of the average global RES shares of future ","line":42,"x":53.85829162,"y":93.1597824,"width":"261.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":37,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation options in ‘Industry’ in the 2.0 °C scenario ........ 124","line":43,"x":104.85827636,"y":81.1597824,"width":"270.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.6 Development of the average global shares of future ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"240.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"sector under the 2.0 °C scenario ................................................... 125","line":3,"x":104.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"270.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.1 World final energy use by transport mode in 2015 ....................... 133","line":4,"x":53.8583107,"y":555.15979003,"width":"301.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.2 Transport mode performances of road, rail, and aviation ............. 133","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":543.15979003,"width":"301.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.3 Powertrain split for all transport modes in 2015 ","line":6,"x":53.85834121,"y":531.15979003,"width":"225.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"by transport performance (pkm or tkm) ....................................... 134","line":7,"x":104.8583374,"y":519.15979003,"width":"269.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.4 Final energy use by world transport in 2015 ","line":8,"x":53.8583603,"y":507.15979003,"width":"210.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"according to region ....................................................................... 134","line":9,"x":104.8583603,"y":495.15979003,"width":"270.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.5 Powertrain split for all transport modes in 2050 ","line":10,"x":53.85837173,"y":483.15979003,"width":"225.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"under the 5.0 °C Scenario in terms of transport performance ...... 136","line":11,"x":104.85836791,"y":471.15979003,"width":"270.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.6 Powertrain split (fleet) of passenger cars in selected ","line":12,"x":53.85837936,"y":459.15979003,"width":"241.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"regions in 2030 ( left ) and 2050 ( right ) under ","line":13,"x":104.85838317,"y":447.15979003,"width":"182.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario ....................................................................... 137","line":14,"x":104.85838317,"y":435.15979003,"width":"270.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.7 Battery and trolley electric bus share of total bus pkm ","line":15,"x":53.85839843,"y":423.15979003,"width":"249.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 2.0 °C Scenario ( left ) and fuel-cell electric bus share ","line":16,"x":104.85839843,"y":411.15979003,"width":"239.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"of total bus pkm in the 2.0 °C Scenario ( right ) ............................ 138","line":17,"x":104.85839843,"y":399.15979003,"width":"269.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.8 Electrification of passenger rail ( left ) and freight rail ( right ) ","line":18,"x":53.85840988,"y":387.15979003,"width":"273.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"under the 2.0 °C Scenario (in PJ of final energy demand) ........... 138","line":19,"x":104.8584137,"y":375.15979003,"width":"269.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.9 Electricity-performed pkm in domestic aviation under ","line":20,"x":53.85842895,"y":363.15979003,"width":"251.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario ....................................................................... 139","line":21,"x":104.85842895,"y":351.15979003,"width":"270.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.10 Powertrain split of the world passenger car fleet in the 2.0 °C ","line":22,"x":53.8584404,"y":339.15979003,"width":"285.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario ( left ) and 1.5 °C Scenario ( right ) ................................... 140","line":23,"x":104.85843658,"y":327.15979003,"width":"270.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.11 Final energy demand in urban and inter-urban passenger ","line":24,"x":53.85845947,"y":315.15979003,"width":"266.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"transport modes in 2015 (world averages) .................................... 140","line":25,"x":104.85845184,"y":303.15979003,"width":"271.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.12 Final energy demand in freight transport modes in 2015 ","line":26,"x":53.85847091,"y":291.15979003,"width":"263.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"(world averages) ........................................................................... 141","line":27,"x":104.8584671,"y":279.15979003,"width":"269.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.13 World average energy consumption development for ","line":28,"x":53.85847854,"y":267.15979003,"width":"250.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"passenger cars per powertrain in 2015 ( left ) and 2050 ( right ) ..... 142","line":29,"x":104.85848236,"y":255.15977478,"width":"269.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.14 Average global energy intensities of truck drivetrain ","line":30,"x":53.85850143,"y":243.15977478,"width":"248.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies in 2015 and 2050 ..................................................... 143","line":31,"x":104.85849761,"y":231.15977478,"width":"270.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.15 Average global energy intensities of bus drivetrain ","line":32,"x":53.85850906,"y":219.15977478,"width":"241.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies in 2015 ( left ) and 2050 ( right ) ................................. 144","line":33,"x":104.85851287,"y":207.15977478,"width":"270.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.16 Average global energy intensities of two-wheel vehicles ","line":34,"x":53.85852813,"y":195.15977478,"width":"264.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"( left ) and three-wheel vehicles ( right ) by drivetrain technology ","line":35,"x":104.85852813,"y":183.15977478,"width":"255.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2015 ( left bar ) and 2050 ( right bar ) ......................................... 145","line":36,"x":104.85852813,"y":171.15977478,"width":"270.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.17 MJ/tkm of freight rail trains ( left ) and MJ/pkm of passenger ","line":37,"x":53.85853958,"y":159.15977478,"width":"279.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"rail trains ( right ) for 2015 ( left ) and 2050 ( right ) ......................... 146","line":38,"x":104.8585434,"y":147.15977478,"width":"270.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.18 Region-specific MJ/tkm and MJ/pkm in 2015 and 2050 for ","line":39,"x":53.85855102,"y":135.15977478,"width":"276.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"freight rail trains ( left ) and passenger rail trains ( right ) ............... 146","line":40,"x":104.85855102,"y":123.1597824,"width":"269.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.19 Shares of bio- and synfuels in all world regions ","line":41,"x":53.8585701,"y":111.1597824,"width":"230.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"under all scenarios ........................................................................ 147","line":42,"x":104.85856628,"y":99.1597824,"width":"269.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.20 Relative growth in world transport demand ","line":43,"x":53.85858154,"y":87.1597824,"width":"212.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":38,"change":"Addition","str":"(2015 = 100% pkm/tkm) in the 5.0 °C scenario ........................... 150","line":44,"x":104.85858154,"y":75.1597824,"width":"270.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.21 Relative growth in world transport demand ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"212.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"(2015 = 100% pkm/tkm) in the 2.0 °C Scenario ( left ) ","line":2,"x":104.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"216.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5 °C Scenario ( right ) ........................................................... 150","line":3,"x":104.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"271.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.22 Regional pkm development .......................................................... 151","line":4,"x":53.8583107,"y":561.15979003,"width":"305.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.23 World pkm development in all scenarios ...................................... 152","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":549.15979003,"width":"307.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.24 World pkm development in the 2.0 °C Scenario .......................... 152","line":6,"x":53.85834121,"y":537.15979003,"width":"305.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.25 Pkm development in OECD Europe ( left ) Africa (middle), ","line":7,"x":53.8583603,"y":525.15979003,"width":"270.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"and China ( right ) in the 2.0 °C Scenario ...................................... 153","line":8,"x":104.8583603,"y":513.15979003,"width":"270.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.26 World tkm development in all scenarios ....................................... 154","line":9,"x":53.85837173,"y":501.15979003,"width":"307.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.27 Regional tkm development ........................................................... 154","line":10,"x":53.85837936,"y":489.15979003,"width":"306.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.28 World tkm development in the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, ","line":11,"x":53.8583908,"y":477.15979003,"width":"223.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5 °C Scenarios ..................................................................... 156","line":12,"x":104.8583908,"y":465.15979003,"width":"271.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.29 Road tkm in the 2.0 °C Scenario .................................................. 156","line":13,"x":53.85839843,"y":453.15979003,"width":"305.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.30 Rail tkm in the 2.0 °C Scenario .................................................... 157","line":14,"x":53.85842132,"y":441.15979003,"width":"306.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.31 Share of rail tkm in total rail + road tkm ","line":15,"x":53.85842895,"y":429.15979003,"width":"201.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 2.0 °C Scenario ................................................................... 157","line":16,"x":104.85842895,"y":417.15979003,"width":"270.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.1 Electricity infrastructure in Africa—power plants ","line":17,"x":53.85845184,"y":399.15979003,"width":"232.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"(over 1 MW) and high-voltage transmission lines ....................... 166","line":18,"x":104.85845184,"y":387.15979003,"width":"269.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.2 Solar potential in Africa ................................................................ 166","line":19,"x":53.85845947,"y":375.15979003,"width":"302.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.3 Europe’s potential for utility-scale solar power plants ................. 167","line":20,"x":53.85847091,"y":363.15979003,"width":"300.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.4 OECD North America: existing and potential ","line":21,"x":53.85849,"y":351.15979003,"width":"216.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"wind power sites ........................................................................... 168","line":22,"x":104.85849,"y":339.15979003,"width":"270.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.5 Latin America: potential and existing wind power sites ............... 169","line":23,"x":53.85850143,"y":327.15979003,"width":"302.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.1 Global: projection of final energy (per $ GDP) intensity ","line":24,"x":53.8585205,"y":309.15979003,"width":"258.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"by scenario .................................................................................... 176","line":25,"x":104.8585205,"y":297.15979003,"width":"270.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (without non- energy use or heat from ","line":27,"x":104.85852813,"y":273.15979003,"width":"219.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"combined heat and power [CHP] autoproducers) ......................... 177","line":28,"x":104.85852813,"y":261.15979003,"width":"271.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.3 Global: development of gross electricity demand by sector ","line":29,"x":53.85855102,"y":249.15977478,"width":"269.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.4 Global: development of final energy demand for transport ","line":31,"x":53.85855865,"y":225.15977478,"width":"266.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.5 Global: development of heat demand by sector ","line":33,"x":53.8585701,"y":201.15977478,"width":"222.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.6 Global: development of the final energy demand by sector ","line":35,"x":53.85858917,"y":177.15977478,"width":"268.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.7 Global: development of electricity-generation structure ","line":37,"x":53.85860061,"y":153.15977478,"width":"255.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.8 Global: development of total electricity supply costs ","line":39,"x":53.85861968,"y":129.15977478,"width":"244.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"and specific electricity generation costs in the scenarios ............. 182","line":40,"x":104.85861968,"y":117.1597824,"width":"269.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.9 Global: investment shares for power generation ","line":41,"x":53.85863113,"y":105.1597824,"width":"225.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 183","line":42,"x":104.85862731,"y":93.1597824,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.10 Global: development of heat supply by energy carrier ","line":43,"x":53.85863876,"y":81.1597824,"width":"254.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":39,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 184","line":44,"x":104.85864257,"y":69.1597824,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.11 Global: development of investment in renewable ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"234.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"heat-generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 186","line":2,"x":104.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"269.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.12 Global: final energy consumption by transport ","line":3,"x":53.8583107,"y":573.15979003,"width":"225.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 187","line":4,"x":104.85830688,"y":561.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.13 Global: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":547.65979003,"width":"235.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (since 2015) in the ","line":6,"x":104.8572998,"y":535.65979003,"width":"204.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios (‘Savings’ = lower than in the 5.0 °C Scenario) ........... 188","line":7,"x":104.85749816,"y":525.15979003,"width":"270.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.14 Global: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":8,"x":53.85750961,"y":513.15979003,"width":"242.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"(PED) by energy carrier in the scenarios ...................................... 189","line":9,"x":104.85751342,"y":501.15979003,"width":"270.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.15 Global: scenario of bunker fuel demand for aviation ","line":10,"x":53.85752868,"y":489.15979003,"width":"248.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"and navigation and the resulting cumulative CO 2 emissions ........ 190","line":11,"x":104.85752105,"y":475.65979003,"width":"270.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.16 Development of maximum load in 10 world regions ","line":12,"x":53.85681915,"y":465.15979003,"width":"248.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2020, 2030, and 2050 in the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios ........ 202","line":13,"x":104.85681915,"y":453.15979003,"width":"270.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.17 OECD North America: development of final energy ","line":14,"x":53.85683822,"y":441.15979003,"width":"247.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by sector in the scenarios ................................................ 210","line":15,"x":104.85682678,"y":429.15979003,"width":"270.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.18 OECD North America: development of electricity-generation ","line":16,"x":53.85684967,"y":417.15979003,"width":"283.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"structure in the scenarios .............................................................. 212","line":17,"x":104.85684967,"y":405.15979003,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.19 OECD North America: development of total electricity ","line":18,"x":53.85686111,"y":393.15979003,"width":"260.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 213","line":20,"x":104.8568573,"y":369.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.20 OECD North America: investment shares for power ","line":21,"x":53.85688018,"y":357.15979003,"width":"247.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ........................................................... 214","line":22,"x":104.85688018,"y":345.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.21 OECD North America: development of heat supply ","line":23,"x":53.85689163,"y":333.15979003,"width":"245.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"by energy carrier in the scenarios ................................................. 215","line":24,"x":104.85688781,"y":321.15979003,"width":"270.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.22 OECD North America: development of investments ","line":25,"x":53.8569107,"y":309.15979003,"width":"247.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in renewable heat generation technologies in the scenarios ......... 216","line":26,"x":104.8569107,"y":297.15979003,"width":"270.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.23 OECD North America: final energy consumption ","line":27,"x":53.85691833,"y":285.15979003,"width":"237.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"by transport in the scenarios ......................................................... 218","line":28,"x":104.85691833,"y":273.15979003,"width":"270.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.24 OECD North America: development of CO 2 emissions ","line":29,"x":53.85692977,"y":259.65979003,"width":"258.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) ","line":30,"x":104.85630035,"y":247.6598053,"width":"216.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"the 5.0 °C Scenario) ...................................................................... 219","line":32,"x":104.85710144,"y":225.1598053,"width":"271.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.25 OECD North America: projection of total primary ","line":33,"x":53.85710906,"y":213.1598053,"width":"241.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"(including electricity import balance) .......................................... 220","line":35,"x":104.85710906,"y":189.1598053,"width":"269.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.26 Latin America: development of final energy demand ","line":36,"x":53.85712814,"y":177.1598053,"width":"249.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector in the scenarios .............................................................. 231","line":37,"x":104.85713195,"y":165.1598053,"width":"271.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.27 Latin America: development of electricity-generation ","line":38,"x":53.85713958,"y":153.1598053,"width":"253.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"structure in the scenarios .............................................................. 232","line":39,"x":104.85713958,"y":141.1598053,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.28 Latin America: development of total electricity supply ","line":40,"x":53.85715866,"y":129.1598053,"width":"257.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"costs and specific electricity- generation costs ","line":41,"x":104.85716247,"y":117.15979766,"width":"185.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 233","line":42,"x":104.85716247,"y":105.15979766,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.29 Latin America: investment shares for power generation ","line":43,"x":53.8571701,"y":93.15979766,"width":"260.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":40,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 235","line":44,"x":104.8571701,"y":81.15979766,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.30 Latin America: development of heat supply by energy ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"256.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"carrier in the scenarios .................................................................. 236","line":2,"x":104.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"270.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.31 Latin America: development of investments for renewable ","line":3,"x":53.8583107,"y":573.15979003,"width":"272.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 237","line":4,"x":104.85830688,"y":561.15979003,"width":"269.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.32 Latin America: final energy consumption by transport ","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":549.15979003,"width":"255.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 239","line":6,"x":104.85832977,"y":537.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.33 Latin America: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":7,"x":53.85834121,"y":523.65979003,"width":"265.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) in the scenarios ","line":8,"x":104.85678863,"y":511.65979003,"width":"239.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"(‘Savings’ = reduction compared with the 5.0 °C Scenario) ........ 240","line":9,"x":104.85749816,"y":501.15979003,"width":"270.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.34 Latin America: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":10,"x":53.85750961,"y":489.15979003,"width":"273.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity import balance) ............................................................ 241","line":12,"x":104.85751342,"y":465.15979003,"width":"270.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.35 OECD Europe: development in the scenarios .............................. 251","line":13,"x":53.85752868,"y":453.15979003,"width":"305.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.36 OECD Europe: development of electricity-generation ","line":14,"x":53.85754013,"y":441.15979003,"width":"254.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"structure in the scenarios .............................................................. 253","line":15,"x":104.85753631,"y":429.15979003,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.37 OECD Europe: development of total electricity supply ","line":16,"x":53.85755157,"y":417.15979003,"width":"258.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"costs and specific electricity- generation costs ","line":17,"x":104.85755157,"y":405.15979003,"width":"185.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 253","line":18,"x":104.85755157,"y":393.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.38 OECD Europe: investment shares for power generation ","line":19,"x":53.85757064,"y":381.15979003,"width":"261.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 255","line":20,"x":104.85756683,"y":369.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.39 OECD Europe: development of heat supply by energy ","line":21,"x":53.85757827,"y":357.15979003,"width":"257.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"carrier in the scenarios .................................................................. 256","line":22,"x":104.8575821,"y":345.15979003,"width":"270.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.40 OECD Europe: development of investments for renewable ","line":23,"x":53.85760116,"y":333.15979003,"width":"273.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"heat-generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 257","line":24,"x":104.85759735,"y":321.15979003,"width":"269.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.41 OECD Europe: final energy consumption by transport ","line":25,"x":53.8576088,"y":309.15979003,"width":"256.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.42 OECD Europe: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":27,"x":53.85763168,"y":283.65979003,"width":"267.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.44 Africa: development of final energy demand by sector ","line":33,"x":53.85752868,"y":213.15979003,"width":"256.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.45 Africa: development of electricity-generation structure ","line":35,"x":53.85754013,"y":189.15979003,"width":"259.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.46 Africa: development of total electricity supply costs ","line":37,"x":53.85755157,"y":165.15979003,"width":"248.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":41,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.48 Africa: development of heat supply by energy carrier ","line":41,"x":53.85757827,"y":117.15979003,"width":"252.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.50 Africa: final energy consumption by transport ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"223.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.51 Africa: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":3,"x":53.8583107,"y":571.65979003,"width":"233.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"(‘Savings’ = reduction compared with the 5.0 °C Scenario) ........ 279","line":5,"x":104.85749816,"y":549.15979003,"width":"270.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.52 Africa: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":6,"x":53.85750961,"y":537.15979003,"width":"241.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.53 Middle East: development of the final energy demand ","line":9,"x":53.85752868,"y":501.15979003,"width":"255.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector in the scenarios .............................................................. 287","line":10,"x":104.85752105,"y":489.15979003,"width":"271.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"structure in the scenarios .............................................................. 289","line":12,"x":104.85753631,"y":465.15979003,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.55 Middle East: development of total electricity supply ","line":13,"x":53.85755157,"y":453.15979003,"width":"248.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 290","line":15,"x":104.85755157,"y":429.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.56 Middle East: investment shares for power generation ","line":16,"x":53.85757064,"y":417.15979003,"width":"251.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 292","line":17,"x":104.85756683,"y":405.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.57 Middle East: development of heat supply by energy ","line":18,"x":53.85757827,"y":393.15979003,"width":"247.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"carrier in the scenarios .................................................................. 292","line":19,"x":104.8575821,"y":381.15979003,"width":"270.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.58 Middle East: development of investments for renewable ","line":20,"x":53.85760116,"y":369.15979003,"width":"263.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"heat-generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 294","line":21,"x":104.85759735,"y":357.15979003,"width":"269.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.59 Middle East: final energy consumption by transport ","line":22,"x":53.8576088,"y":345.15979003,"width":"246.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 296","line":23,"x":104.8576126,"y":333.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.60 Middle East: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":24,"x":53.85763168,"y":319.65979003,"width":"257.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) in the scenarios ","line":25,"x":104.85710144,"y":307.65979003,"width":"239.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"(‘Savings’ = reduction compared with the 5.0 °C Scenario) ........ 297","line":26,"x":104.85749816,"y":297.15979003,"width":"270.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.61 Middle East: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":27,"x":53.85750961,"y":285.15979003,"width":"264.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity import balance) ............................................................ 297","line":29,"x":104.85751342,"y":261.15979003,"width":"270.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.62 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of the final ","line":30,"x":53.85752868,"y":249.15979003,"width":"237.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"energy demand by sector in the scenarios .................................... 306","line":31,"x":104.85752105,"y":237.15979003,"width":"269.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.63 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of ","line":32,"x":53.85754013,"y":225.15979003,"width":"202.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation structure in the scenarios ........................... 309","line":33,"x":104.85753631,"y":213.15979003,"width":"270.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.64 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of total electricity ","line":34,"x":53.85755157,"y":201.15979003,"width":"265.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 309","line":36,"x":104.85755157,"y":177.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.65 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: investment shares for power ","line":37,"x":53.85757064,"y":165.15979003,"width":"252.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ........................................................... 311","line":38,"x":104.85756683,"y":153.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.66 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of heat supply ","line":39,"x":53.85757827,"y":141.15979003,"width":"250.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"by energy carrier in the scenarios ................................................. 312","line":40,"x":104.8575821,"y":129.15979003,"width":"270.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.67 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of investments ","line":41,"x":53.85760116,"y":117.15979003,"width":"252.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.68 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: final energy consumption by ","line":43,"x":53.8576088,"y":93.1597824,"width":"254.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":42,"change":"Addition","str":"transport in the scenarios .............................................................. 315","line":44,"x":104.8576126,"y":81.1597824,"width":"270.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.69 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of CO 2 emissions ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"263.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) ","line":2,"x":104.85619354,"y":583.65979003,"width":"216.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"with the 5.0 °C Scenario) .............................................................. 316","line":4,"x":104.85710144,"y":561.15979003,"width":"271.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.70 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: projection of total primary ","line":5,"x":53.85710906,"y":549.15979003,"width":"246.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"(including electricity import balance) .......................................... 317","line":7,"x":104.85710906,"y":525.15979003,"width":"269.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.71 Non-OECD Asia: development of the final energy ","line":8,"x":53.85712814,"y":513.15979003,"width":"240.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by sector in the scenarios ................................................ 325","line":9,"x":104.85713195,"y":501.15979003,"width":"270.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.72 Non-OECD Asia: development of electricity-generation ","line":10,"x":53.85713958,"y":489.15979003,"width":"264.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"structure in the scenarios .............................................................. 327","line":11,"x":104.85713958,"y":477.15979003,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.73 Non-OECD Asia: development of total electricity supply ","line":12,"x":53.85715866,"y":465.15979003,"width":"268.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 328","line":14,"x":104.85716247,"y":441.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.74 Non-OECD Asia: investment shares for power ","line":15,"x":53.8571701,"y":429.15979003,"width":"226.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ........................................................... 329","line":16,"x":104.8571701,"y":417.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.75 Non-OECD Asia: development of heat supply ","line":17,"x":53.85718917,"y":405.15979003,"width":"224.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"by energy carrier in the scenarios ................................................. 330","line":18,"x":104.85717773,"y":393.15979003,"width":"270.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.76 Non-OECD Asia: development of investments ","line":19,"x":53.85720062,"y":381.15979003,"width":"225.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.77 Non-OECD Asia: final energy consumption ","line":21,"x":53.85720825,"y":357.15979003,"width":"215.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"by transport in the scenarios ......................................................... 333","line":22,"x":104.85720825,"y":345.15979003,"width":"270.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.78 Non-OECD Asia: development of CO 2 emissions ","line":23,"x":53.85723114,"y":331.65979003,"width":"237.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) ","line":24,"x":104.8565979,"y":319.65979003,"width":"216.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"with the 5.0 °C Scenario) .............................................................. 334","line":26,"x":104.85710144,"y":297.15979003,"width":"271.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.79 Non-OECD Asia: projection of total primary energy ","line":27,"x":53.85710906,"y":285.15979003,"width":"249.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"(including electricity import balance) .......................................... 335","line":29,"x":104.85710906,"y":261.15979003,"width":"269.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.80 India: development of final energy demand by sector ","line":30,"x":53.85712814,"y":249.15979003,"width":"251.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 345","line":31,"x":104.85713195,"y":237.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.81 India: development of electricity-generation structure ","line":32,"x":53.85713958,"y":225.15979003,"width":"254.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.82 India: development of total electricity supply costs ","line":34,"x":53.85715866,"y":201.15979003,"width":"243.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.83 India: investment shares for power generation ","line":36,"x":53.8571701,"y":177.15979003,"width":"223.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.84 India: development of heat supply by energy carrier ","line":38,"x":53.85718917,"y":153.15979003,"width":"247.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 350","line":39,"x":104.85717773,"y":141.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.85 India: development of investments for renewable ","line":40,"x":53.85720062,"y":129.15979003,"width":"235.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.86 India: final energy consumption by transport ","line":42,"x":53.85720825,"y":105.1597824,"width":"218.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 353","line":43,"x":104.85720825,"y":93.1597824,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.87 India: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":44,"x":53.85723114,"y":79.65979766,"width":"228.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) in the scenarios ","line":45,"x":104.85739898,"y":67.65979766,"width":"239.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":43,"change":"Addition","str":"(‘Savings’ = reduction compared with the 5.0 °C Scenario) ........ 354","line":46,"x":104.85749816,"y":57.15980148,"width":"270.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.88 India: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"264.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"import balance) ............................................................................. 355","line":3,"x":104.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"270.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.89 China: development of final energy demand by sector ","line":4,"x":53.8583107,"y":561.15979003,"width":"254.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 361","line":5,"x":104.85830688,"y":549.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.90 China: development of electricity-generation structure ","line":6,"x":53.85832977,"y":537.15979003,"width":"257.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 363","line":7,"x":104.85832977,"y":525.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.91 China: development of total electricity supply costs ","line":8,"x":53.85834121,"y":513.15979003,"width":"246.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"and specific electricity-generation costs in the scenarios ............. 364","line":9,"x":104.8583374,"y":501.15979003,"width":"270.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.92 China: investment shares for power generation ","line":10,"x":53.8583603,"y":489.15979003,"width":"226.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 366","line":11,"x":104.8583603,"y":477.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.93 China: development of heat supply by energy carrier ","line":12,"x":53.85837173,"y":465.15979003,"width":"251.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 366","line":13,"x":104.85836791,"y":453.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.94 China: development of investments for renewable ","line":14,"x":53.85837936,"y":441.15979003,"width":"239.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"heat-generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 369","line":15,"x":104.85838317,"y":429.15979003,"width":"269.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.95 China: final energy consumption by transport ","line":16,"x":53.85839843,"y":417.15979003,"width":"222.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 370","line":17,"x":104.85839843,"y":405.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.96 China: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":18,"x":53.85840988,"y":391.65979003,"width":"232.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) ","line":19,"x":104.85739898,"y":379.65979003,"width":"177.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"with the 5.0 °C Scenario) .............................................................. 371","line":21,"x":104.85749816,"y":357.15979003,"width":"271.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.97 China: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":22,"x":53.85750961,"y":345.15979003,"width":"239.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity import balance) ............................................................ 371","line":24,"x":104.85751342,"y":321.15979003,"width":"270.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.98 OECD Pacific: development of final energy demand ","line":25,"x":53.85752868,"y":309.15979003,"width":"248.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"by sector in the scenarios .............................................................. 381","line":26,"x":104.85752105,"y":297.15979003,"width":"271.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.99 OECD Pacific: development of electricity-generation ","line":27,"x":53.85754013,"y":285.15979003,"width":"253.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"structure in the scenarios .............................................................. 383","line":28,"x":104.85753631,"y":273.15979003,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.100 OECD Pacific: development of total electricity ","line":29,"x":53.85755157,"y":261.15979003,"width":"232.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"supply costs and specific electricity- generation costs ","line":30,"x":104.85755157,"y":249.15979003,"width":"214.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 384","line":31,"x":104.85755157,"y":237.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.101 OECD Pacific: investment shares for power generation ","line":32,"x":53.85757064,"y":225.15979003,"width":"264.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 385","line":33,"x":104.85756683,"y":213.15979003,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.102 OECD Pacific: development of heat supply by energy ","line":34,"x":53.85757827,"y":201.15979003,"width":"260.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"carrier in the scenarios .................................................................. 386","line":35,"x":104.8575821,"y":189.15979003,"width":"270.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.103 OECD Pacific: development of investments for renewable ","line":36,"x":53.85760116,"y":177.15977478,"width":"277.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"heat-generation technologies in the scenarios .............................. 388","line":37,"x":104.85759735,"y":165.15977478,"width":"269.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.104 OECD Pacific: final energy consumption by transport ","line":38,"x":53.8576088,"y":153.15977478,"width":"259.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios ............................................................................. 389","line":39,"x":104.8576126,"y":141.15977478,"width":"269.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.105 OECD Pacific: development of CO 2 emissions by sector ","line":40,"x":53.85763168,"y":127.65979766,"width":"270.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after 2015) ","line":41,"x":104.85669708,"y":115.65979766,"width":"177.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"with the 5.0 °C Scenario) .............................................................. 390","line":43,"x":104.85749816,"y":93.15979766,"width":"271.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.106 OECD Pacific: projection of total primary energy demand ","line":44,"x":53.85750961,"y":81.15979766,"width":"277.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":44,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity import balance) ............................................................ 391","line":46,"x":104.85751342,"y":57.15980148,"width":"270.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.1 Global coal production in 1981–2017 ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"185.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"(BP 2018—Statistical Review) ..................................................... 405","line":2,"x":104.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"270.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.2 Global coal production until 2050 under ","line":3,"x":53.8583107,"y":573.15979003,"width":"196.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the three scenarios ........................................................................ 405","line":4,"x":104.85830688,"y":561.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.3 Global oil production in 1965–2017 ","line":5,"x":53.85832977,"y":549.15979003,"width":"179.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"(BP 2018—Statistical Review) ..................................................... 406","line":6,"x":104.85832977,"y":537.15979003,"width":"270.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.4 Global oil production until 2050 under ","line":7,"x":53.85834121,"y":525.15979003,"width":"190.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the three scenarios ........................................................................ 407","line":8,"x":104.8583374,"y":513.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.5 Global gas production in 1970–2017 ","line":9,"x":53.8583603,"y":501.15979003,"width":"182.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"(BP 2018—Statistical Review) ..................................................... 408","line":10,"x":104.8583603,"y":489.15979003,"width":"270.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.6 Global gas production until 2050 under ","line":11,"x":53.85837173,"y":477.15979003,"width":"193.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the three scenarios ........................................................................ 408","line":12,"x":104.85836791,"y":465.15979003,"width":"269.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.1 World employment in the energy sector under ","line":13,"x":53.85837936,"y":447.15979003,"width":"224.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the 5.0 °C and 2.0 °C Scenarios ( left ) and the 5.0 °C ","line":14,"x":104.85838317,"y":435.15979003,"width":"213.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5 °C Scenarios ( right ) ......................................................... 418","line":15,"x":104.85838317,"y":423.15979003,"width":"270.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.2 Distribution of human resources required to manufacture ","line":16,"x":53.85839843,"y":411.15979003,"width":"268.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"power plant. (IRENA 2017a) ........................................................ 420","line":18,"x":104.85839843,"y":387.15979003,"width":"271.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.3 Division of occupations between fossil fuels and renewable ","line":19,"x":53.85840988,"y":375.15979003,"width":"278.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"energy in 2015 and 2025 under the 1.5 °C Scenario .................... 427","line":20,"x":104.8584137,"y":363.15979003,"width":"269.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.4 Division of occupations between fossil fuels and ","line":21,"x":53.85842895,"y":351.15979003,"width":"235.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario ....................................................................... 428","line":23,"x":104.85842895,"y":327.15979003,"width":"270.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.5 Employment changes between 2015 and 2025 ","line":24,"x":53.8584404,"y":315.15979003,"width":"224.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"by occupational breakdown under the 2.0 °C Scenario ................ 433","line":25,"x":104.85843658,"y":303.15979003,"width":"270.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 10.6 Employment changes between 2015 and 2025 ","line":26,"x":53.85845947,"y":291.15979003,"width":"224.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"by occupational breakdown under the 1.5 °C Scenario ................ 434","line":27,"x":104.85845184,"y":279.15979003,"width":"270.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.1 Overview of key metal requirements and supply ","line":28,"x":53.85847091,"y":261.15979003,"width":"232.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"chain for solar PV ......................................................................... 439","line":29,"x":104.8584671,"y":249.15977478,"width":"270.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.2 Overview of key metal requirements and supply ","line":30,"x":53.85847854,"y":237.15977478,"width":"232.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"chain for wind power .................................................................... 440","line":31,"x":104.85848236,"y":225.15977478,"width":"270.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.3 Overview of key metal requirements and supply ","line":32,"x":53.85850143,"y":213.15977478,"width":"232.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"chain for LIB and EV ................................................................... 441","line":33,"x":104.85849761,"y":201.15977478,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.4 Cumulative demand from renewable energy ","line":34,"x":53.85850906,"y":189.15977478,"width":"215.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"and transport technologies to 2050 compared with reserves ........ 446","line":35,"x":104.85851287,"y":177.15977478,"width":"270.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.5 Annual demand from renewable energy and storage ","line":36,"x":53.85852813,"y":165.15977478,"width":"247.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"rates (note that scale varies across the metals) ............................. 446","line":38,"x":104.85852813,"y":141.15977478,"width":"269.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.6 Annual primary demand for cobalt from EVs and storage ........... 447","line":39,"x":53.85853958,"y":129.15977478,"width":"307.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.7 Cumulative primary demand for cobalt from EVs ","line":40,"x":53.85855102,"y":117.1597824,"width":"238.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"and storage by 2050 ...................................................................... 447","line":41,"x":104.85855102,"y":105.1597824,"width":"270.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.8 Annual primary demand for lithium from EVs ","line":42,"x":53.8585701,"y":93.1597824,"width":"225.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"and storage .................................................................................... 448","line":43,"x":104.85856628,"y":81.1597824,"width":"270.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.9 Cumulative primary demand for lithium from EVs ","line":44,"x":53.85858154,"y":69.1597824,"width":"242.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":45,"change":"Addition","str":"and storage by 2050 ...................................................................... 449","line":45,"x":104.85858154,"y":57.1597786,"width":"270.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.10 Annual primary demand for silver from solar PV (c-Si) .............. 449","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"311.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.11 Cumulative primary demand for silver from solar PV ","line":2,"x":53.8583107,"y":585.15979003,"width":"258.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"(c-Si) by 2050 ............................................................................... 450","line":3,"x":104.85830688,"y":573.15979003,"width":"270.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.12 Top five oil-producing countries (left) versus ","line":4,"x":53.85832977,"y":561.15979003,"width":"224.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"lithium-producing countries (right) .............................................. 453","line":5,"x":104.85832977,"y":549.15979003,"width":"269.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.1 Global CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O concentrations under ","line":6,"x":53.85834121,"y":529.65979003,"width":"232.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"and the LDF scenarios are those developed in this study ............. 462","line":10,"x":104.85720062,"y":483.15979003,"width":"270.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.2 CO 2 equivalence concentrations and radiative forcing ","line":11,"x":53.85720825,"y":469.65979003,"width":"253.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"the LDF scenarios developed in this study ................................... 463","line":15,"x":104.8580017,"y":423.15979003,"width":"270.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.3 Global cumulative CO2 emissions – 2.0 °C and ","line":16,"x":53.85802078,"y":411.15979003,"width":"230.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C scenarios ............................................................................ 464","line":17,"x":104.85801696,"y":399.15979003,"width":"270.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.4 Global-mean surface air temperature projections ......................... 467","line":18,"x":53.85802841,"y":387.15979003,"width":"307.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.5 Global-mean sea level rise projections under the three ","line":19,"x":53.85803985,"y":375.15979003,"width":"256.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":46,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios developed in this study ................................................. 468","line":20,"x":104.85803985,"y":363.15979003,"width":"269.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.1 Overview of regions and sub-regions used in the analysis ........ 31","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.17608642,"width":"295.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.2 Input parameters for the dispatch model .................................... 48","line":2,"x":53.8583107,"y":418.17608642,"width":"296.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.3 Output parameters for the dispatch model ................................. 49","line":3,"x":53.85831832,"y":406.17608642,"width":"295.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.4 Technology groups for dispatch order selection ........................ 51","line":4,"x":53.85832977,"y":394.17608642,"width":"295.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.5 Technology options—variable renewable energy ...................... 51","line":5,"x":53.85834121,"y":382.17608642,"width":"295.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.6 Technology options—dispatch generation ................................. 51","line":6,"x":53.85834884,"y":370.17608642,"width":"296.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.7 Technology options—storage technologies ............................... 52","line":7,"x":53.8583603,"y":358.17608642,"width":"295.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.8 Key assumptions ........................................................................ 59","line":8,"x":53.85837173,"y":346.17608642,"width":"295.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.9 Regional definitions according to the Integrated ","line":9,"x":53.85837936,"y":334.17608642,"width":"232.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Assessment Modelling community ............................................ 61","line":10,"x":111.85836791,"y":322.17608642,"width":"259.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.10 Narrative for each sequestration pathway ","line":11,"x":53.85837936,"y":310.17608642,"width":"210.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"per climatic biome ..................................................................... 68","line":12,"x":111.85838317,"y":298.17608642,"width":"257.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.11 Assumptions regarding the four land-use sequestration ","line":13,"x":53.8583908,"y":286.17608642,"width":"265.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"pathways for two climate domain categories ............................. 71","line":14,"x":111.85838317,"y":274.17608642,"width":"259.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.1 World regions used in the scenarios ........................................... 96","line":15,"x":53.8583908,"y":256.17608642,"width":"296.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.2 Population growth projections (in millions) ............................... 102","line":16,"x":53.85839843,"y":244.17608642,"width":"302.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.3 GDP development projections based on average annual ","line":17,"x":53.85839843,"y":232.17608642,"width":"262.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"and on our own extrapolations ................................................... 103","line":19,"x":111.85839843,"y":208.17608642,"width":"263.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.4 Investment cost assumptions for power generation ","line":20,"x":53.85840988,"y":196.17608642,"width":"242.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"plants (in $2015/kW) in the scenarios until 2050 ...................... 107","line":21,"x":111.8584137,"y":184.17608642,"width":"263.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.5 Specific investment cost assumptions (in $2015) ","line":22,"x":53.85840988,"y":172.17608642,"width":"235.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"for heating technologies in the scenarios until 2050 ................. 108","line":23,"x":111.8584137,"y":160.17608642,"width":"262.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.6 Development projections for fossil fuel prices ","line":24,"x":53.85842132,"y":148.17608642,"width":"225.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"in $2015 (IEA 2017) .................................................................. 110","line":25,"x":111.85842132,"y":136.17608642,"width":"263.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.7 Biomass price projections for 2030 at 108 EJ ","line":26,"x":53.85842132,"y":124.1760788,"width":"222.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"of the biomass demand (IRENA 2014) ...................................... 112","line":27,"x":111.85842132,"y":112.1760788,"width":"264.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":47,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.8 CO 2 cost assumptions in the scenarios ....................................... 113","line":28,"x":53.85842895,"y":98.67610168,"width":"301.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.9 Assumed average development of specific (per $GDP) ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.159729,"width":"259.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"in the ‘Industry’ sector ............................................................... 115","line":3,"x":111.85829925,"y":573.159729,"width":"263.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.10 Assumed average development in final energy use ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.159729,"width":"247.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"(per $GDP) ................................................................................. 116","line":6,"x":111.85829925,"y":537.159729,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.11 Assumed average developments of per capita electricity ","line":7,"x":53.8583107,"y":525.159729,"width":"270.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"appliances (without power-to-heat) ........................................... 117","line":9,"x":111.85830688,"y":501.159729,"width":"262.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.12 Assumed average development of specific final energy ","line":10,"x":53.85831832,"y":489.159729,"width":"264.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"(including power-to-heat) .......................................................... 118","line":12,"x":111.85830688,"y":465.159729,"width":"262.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.13 Development of power from co-generation ","line":13,"x":53.85831832,"y":453.159729,"width":"217.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"per $GDP ................................................................................... 126","line":14,"x":111.85832214,"y":441.159729,"width":"262.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.14 Development of heat from co-generation per $GDP ................. 126","line":15,"x":53.85832977,"y":429.159729,"width":"305.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 6.1 Pkm “per km” shift from domestic aviation ","line":16,"x":53.85834121,"y":411.159729,"width":"215.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"to trains (in %) ........................................................................... 151","line":17,"x":111.8583374,"y":399.159729,"width":"262.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 6.2 Global tkm shifts from truck to train in the 2.0 °C ","line":18,"x":53.85834121,"y":387.159729,"width":"240.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"and 1.5 °C Scenarios (in %) ....................................................... 155","line":19,"x":111.8583374,"y":375.159729,"width":"264.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.1 Theoretical and technical renewable energy potentials ","line":20,"x":53.85834884,"y":357.159729,"width":"257.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"versus utilization in 2015 ........................................................... 163","line":21,"x":111.85835266,"y":345.159729,"width":"263.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.2 [R]E-SPACE: key results part 1 ................................................. 169","line":22,"x":53.85834884,"y":333.159729,"width":"300.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.3 [R]E-SPACE: key results part 2 ................................................. 171","line":23,"x":53.8583603,"y":321.159729,"width":"300.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.1 Global: development of renewable electricity-generation ","line":24,"x":53.85837173,"y":303.159729,"width":"267.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity in the scenarios ............................................................ 180","line":25,"x":111.85836791,"y":291.159729,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.2 Global: development of renewable heat supply ","line":26,"x":53.85837936,"y":279.159729,"width":"228.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 184","line":27,"x":111.85838317,"y":267.159729,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.3 Global: installed capacities for renewable heat generation ","line":28,"x":53.85837936,"y":255.15971374,"width":"271.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios .......................................................................... 185","line":29,"x":111.85838317,"y":243.15971374,"width":"262.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.4 Global: projection of transport energy demand ","line":30,"x":53.8583908,"y":231.15971374,"width":"227.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 187","line":31,"x":111.8583908,"y":219.15971374,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.5 Global: projection of bunker fuel demands for aviation ","line":32,"x":53.85839843,"y":207.15971374,"width":"260.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"and navigation by fuel in the scenarios ...................................... 191","line":33,"x":111.8583908,"y":195.15971374,"width":"264.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.6 Economic potential within a space-constrained scenario ","line":34,"x":53.85839843,"y":183.15971374,"width":"264.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"and utilization rates for the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios ........... 194","line":35,"x":111.85839843,"y":171.15971374,"width":"263.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.7 World: average annual change in the installed power ","line":36,"x":53.85840988,"y":159.15971374,"width":"251.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"plant capacity ............................................................................. 196","line":37,"x":111.8584137,"y":147.15971374,"width":"263.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.8 Global: power system shares by technology group .................... 197","line":38,"x":53.85840988,"y":135.15971374,"width":"302.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.9 Global: capacity factors for variable and dispatchable","line":39,"x":53.85842132,"y":123.15972137,"width":"252.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman","EHWIUF+GmkwrjQwhrjhPbfgkvTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"power generation ........................................................................ 198","line":40,"x":111.85842132,"y":111.15972137,"width":"264.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.10 Global: load, generation, and residual load development .......... 200","line":41,"x":53.85842895,"y":99.15972137,"width":"305.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.11 Global: storage and dispatch ...................................................... 205","line":42,"x":53.8584404,"y":87.15972137,"width":"306.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":48,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.12 Required increases in storage capacities until 2050 ................... 208","line":43,"x":53.85845184,"y":75.15972137,"width":"307.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.13 Estimated average global investment costs for batty ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"252.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"and hydro pump storage ............................................................. 209","line":2,"x":111.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"264.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.14 OECD North America: development of renewable ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"247.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 211","line":4,"x":111.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"262.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.15 OECD North America: development of renewable heat ","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"266.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 215","line":7,"x":111.85830688,"y":525.15979003,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.16 OECD North America: installed capacities ","line":8,"x":53.85831832,"y":513.15979003,"width":"217.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"for renewable heat generation in the scenarios .......................... 216","line":9,"x":111.85830688,"y":501.15979003,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.17 OECD North America: projection of the transport ","line":10,"x":53.85831832,"y":489.15979003,"width":"245.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"energy demand by mode in the scenarios .................................. 217","line":11,"x":111.85832214,"y":477.15979003,"width":"263.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.18 OECD North America: average annual change ","line":12,"x":53.85832977,"y":465.15979003,"width":"232.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"in installed power plant capacity ............................................... 222","line":13,"x":111.85832977,"y":453.15979003,"width":"262.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.19 OECD North America and sub-regions: power system ","line":14,"x":53.85832977,"y":441.15979003,"width":"262.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"shares by technology group ....................................................... 223","line":15,"x":111.85832977,"y":429.15979003,"width":"262.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.20 OECD North America: capacity factors ","line":16,"x":53.85834121,"y":417.15979003,"width":"204.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"by generation type ...................................................................... 225","line":17,"x":111.8583374,"y":405.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.21 OECD North America: load, generation, and residual ","line":18,"x":53.85834121,"y":393.15979003,"width":"259.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"load development ....................................................................... 226","line":19,"x":111.8583374,"y":381.15979003,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.22 OECD North America: storage and dispatch ","line":20,"x":53.85834884,"y":369.15979003,"width":"223.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"service requirements .................................................................. 228","line":21,"x":111.85835266,"y":357.15979003,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.23 Latin America: development of renewable ","line":22,"x":53.8583603,"y":345.15979003,"width":"215.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 232","line":23,"x":111.85835266,"y":333.15979003,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.24 Latin America: development of renewable heat ","line":24,"x":53.8583603,"y":321.15979003,"width":"234.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 236","line":26,"x":111.8583603,"y":297.15979003,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.25 Latin America: installed capacities for renewable ","line":27,"x":53.85837173,"y":285.15979003,"width":"242.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation in the scenarios ................................................. 238","line":28,"x":111.85836791,"y":273.15979003,"width":"263.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.26 Latin America: projection of transport energy demand ","line":29,"x":53.85837173,"y":261.15979003,"width":"262.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 239","line":30,"x":111.85836791,"y":249.15977478,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.27 Latin America: average annual change in installed ","line":31,"x":53.85837936,"y":237.15977478,"width":"247.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"power plant capacity .................................................................. 242","line":32,"x":111.85838317,"y":225.15977478,"width":"263.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.28 Latin America: power system shares by technology group ........ 243","line":33,"x":53.85837936,"y":213.15977478,"width":"307.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.29 Latin America: capacity factors by generation type ................... 245","line":34,"x":53.85837936,"y":201.15977478,"width":"307.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.30 Latin America: load, generation, and residual ","line":35,"x":53.8583908,"y":189.15977478,"width":"227.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"load development ....................................................................... 246","line":36,"x":111.8583908,"y":177.15977478,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.31 Latin America: storage and dispatch service ","line":37,"x":53.85839843,"y":165.15977478,"width":"222.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"requirements in the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios ....................... 249","line":38,"x":111.85839843,"y":153.15977478,"width":"264.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.32 OECD Europe: development of renewable ","line":39,"x":53.85839843,"y":141.15977478,"width":"216.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 252","line":40,"x":111.85839843,"y":129.15977478,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.33 OECD Europe: development of renewable heat ","line":41,"x":53.85840988,"y":117.1597824,"width":"235.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 256","line":43,"x":111.8584137,"y":93.1597824,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.34 OECD Europe: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":44,"x":53.85840988,"y":81.1597824,"width":"263.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":49,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 258","line":45,"x":111.8584137,"y":69.1597824,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.35 OECD Europe: projection of the transport energy ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"244.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by mode in the scenarios .............................................. 259","line":2,"x":111.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"263.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.36 OECD Europe: average annual change in installed ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"248.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"power plant capacity .................................................................. 262","line":4,"x":111.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"263.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.37 OECD Europe: power system shares by technology group ....... 263","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"306.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.38 OECD Europe: capacity factors by generation type .................. 265","line":6,"x":53.85831832,"y":537.15979003,"width":"305.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.39 OECD Europe: load, generation, and residual ","line":7,"x":53.85832977,"y":525.15979003,"width":"228.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"load development ....................................................................... 266","line":8,"x":111.85832977,"y":513.15979003,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.40 OECD Europe: storage and dispatch service requirements ....... 267","line":9,"x":53.85834121,"y":501.15979003,"width":"305.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.41 Africa: development of renewable electricity-generation ","line":10,"x":53.85834121,"y":489.15979003,"width":"271.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity in the scenarios ............................................................ 271","line":11,"x":111.8583374,"y":477.15979003,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.42 Africa: development of renewable heat supply ","line":12,"x":53.85834884,"y":465.15979003,"width":"231.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 275","line":13,"x":111.85835266,"y":453.15979003,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.43 Africa: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":14,"x":53.8583603,"y":441.15979003,"width":"230.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 276","line":15,"x":111.85835266,"y":429.15979003,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.44 Africa: projection of transport energy demand ","line":16,"x":53.8583603,"y":417.15979003,"width":"230.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 277","line":17,"x":111.8583603,"y":405.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.45 Africa: average annual change in installed power ","line":18,"x":53.85837173,"y":393.15979003,"width":"242.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"plant capacity ............................................................................. 281","line":19,"x":111.85836791,"y":381.15979003,"width":"263.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.46 Africa: power system shares by technology group .................... 282","line":20,"x":53.85837173,"y":369.15979003,"width":"305.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.47 Africa: capacity factors by generation type ............................... 283","line":21,"x":53.85837936,"y":357.15979003,"width":"305.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.48 Africa: load, generation, and residual load development ........... 284","line":22,"x":53.8583908,"y":345.15979003,"width":"306.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.49 Africa: storage and dispatch service requirements ..................... 285","line":23,"x":53.85839843,"y":333.15979003,"width":"307.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.50 Middle East: development of renewable ","line":24,"x":53.85840988,"y":321.15979003,"width":"206.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 289","line":25,"x":111.8584137,"y":309.15979003,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.51 Middle East: development of renewable heat supply ","line":26,"x":53.85842132,"y":297.15979003,"width":"254.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 293","line":27,"x":111.85842132,"y":285.15979003,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.52 Middle East: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":28,"x":53.85842132,"y":273.15979003,"width":"253.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 294","line":29,"x":111.85842132,"y":261.15979003,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.53 Middle East: projection of transport energy demand ","line":30,"x":53.85842895,"y":249.15977478,"width":"253.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 295","line":31,"x":111.85842895,"y":237.15977478,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.54 Middle East: average annual change in installed ","line":32,"x":53.85842895,"y":225.15977478,"width":"238.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"power plant capacity .................................................................. 299","line":33,"x":111.85842895,"y":213.15977478,"width":"263.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.55 Middle East: power system shares by technology group ........... 300","line":34,"x":53.8584404,"y":201.15977478,"width":"306.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.56 Middle East: capacity factors by generation type ...................... 302","line":35,"x":53.85845184,"y":189.15977478,"width":"305.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.57 Middle East: load, generation, and residual ","line":36,"x":53.85845947,"y":177.15977478,"width":"218.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"load development ....................................................................... 303","line":37,"x":111.85845947,"y":165.15977478,"width":"263.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.58 Middle East: storage and dispatch service requirements ........... 304","line":38,"x":53.85845947,"y":153.15977478,"width":"305.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.59 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of renewable ","line":39,"x":53.85847091,"y":141.15977478,"width":"251.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 308","line":40,"x":111.8584671,"y":129.15977478,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.60 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of renewable ","line":41,"x":53.85847854,"y":117.1597824,"width":"251.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 312","line":43,"x":111.85848236,"y":93.1597824,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.61 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: installed capacities for renewable ","line":44,"x":53.85849,"y":81.1597824,"width":"279.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":50,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation in the scenarios ................................................. 313","line":45,"x":111.85848236,"y":69.1597824,"width":"263.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.62 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: projection of transport energy ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"265.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by mode in the scenarios .............................................. 315","line":2,"x":111.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"263.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.63 Eurasia: average annual change in installed power ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"246.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"plant capacity ............................................................................. 318","line":4,"x":111.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"263.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.64 Eurasia: power system shares by technology group ................... 319","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"307.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.65 Eurasia: capacity factors by generation type .............................. 321","line":6,"x":53.8583107,"y":537.15979003,"width":"307.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.66 Eurasia: load, generation, and residual load development ......... 322","line":7,"x":53.85831832,"y":525.15979003,"width":"306.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.67 Eurasia: storage and dispatch service requirements ................... 323","line":8,"x":53.85832977,"y":513.15979003,"width":"306.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.68 Non-OECD Asia: development of renewable ","line":9,"x":53.85834121,"y":501.15979003,"width":"225.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 327","line":10,"x":111.8583374,"y":489.15979003,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.69 Non-OECD Asia: development of renewable heat ","line":11,"x":53.85834121,"y":477.15979003,"width":"244.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"use of electricity) ....................................................................... 331","line":13,"x":111.8583374,"y":453.15979003,"width":"262.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.70 Non-OECD Asia: installed capacities for renewable ","line":14,"x":53.85834884,"y":441.15979003,"width":"253.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation in the scenarios ................................................. 332","line":15,"x":111.85835266,"y":429.15979003,"width":"263.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.71 Non-OECD Asia: projection of transport energy demand ","line":16,"x":53.8583603,"y":417.15979003,"width":"273.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 333","line":17,"x":111.85835266,"y":405.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.72 Non-OECD Asia: average annual change in installed ","line":18,"x":53.8583603,"y":393.15979003,"width":"257.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"power plant capacity .................................................................. 337","line":19,"x":111.8583603,"y":381.15979003,"width":"263.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.73 Non-OECD Asia: power system shares ","line":20,"x":53.85837173,"y":369.15979003,"width":"202.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"by technology group .................................................................. 338","line":21,"x":111.85836791,"y":357.15979003,"width":"262.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.74 Non-OECD Asia: capacity factors ","line":22,"x":53.85837173,"y":345.15979003,"width":"183.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"by generation type ...................................................................... 340","line":23,"x":111.85836791,"y":333.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.75 Non-OECD Asia: load, generation, and residual ","line":24,"x":53.85837936,"y":321.15979003,"width":"238.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"load development—2.0 °C Scenario .......................................... 341","line":25,"x":111.85838317,"y":309.15979003,"width":"264.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.76 Non-OECD Asia: storage and dispatch ","line":26,"x":53.85837936,"y":297.15979003,"width":"201.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"service requirements .................................................................. 343","line":27,"x":111.85838317,"y":285.15979003,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.77 India: development of renewable electricity-generation ","line":28,"x":53.8583908,"y":273.15979003,"width":"266.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity in the scenarios ............................................................ 347","line":29,"x":111.8583908,"y":261.15979003,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.78 India: development of renewable heat supply ","line":30,"x":53.85839843,"y":249.15977478,"width":"226.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 350","line":31,"x":111.8583908,"y":237.15977478,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.79 India: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":32,"x":53.85839843,"y":225.15977478,"width":"225.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 351","line":33,"x":111.85839843,"y":213.15977478,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.80 India: projection of transport energy demand ","line":34,"x":53.85840988,"y":201.15977478,"width":"225.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 353","line":35,"x":111.8584137,"y":189.15977478,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.81 India: average annual change in installed power ","line":36,"x":53.85840988,"y":177.15977478,"width":"237.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"plant capacity ............................................................................. 356","line":37,"x":111.8584137,"y":165.15977478,"width":"263.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.82 India: power system shares by technology group ...................... 358","line":38,"x":53.85842132,"y":153.15977478,"width":"305.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.83 India: capacity factors by generation type ................................. 358","line":39,"x":53.85842895,"y":141.15977478,"width":"305.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.84 India: load, generation, and residual load development ............. 359","line":40,"x":53.8584404,"y":129.15977478,"width":"306.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.85 India: storage and dispatch service requirements ....................... 360","line":41,"x":53.85845184,"y":117.1597824,"width":"307.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.86 China: development of renewable electricity-generation ","line":42,"x":53.85845184,"y":105.1597824,"width":"269.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity in the scenarios ............................................................ 363","line":43,"x":111.85845184,"y":93.1597824,"width":"263.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.87 China: development of renewable heat supply ","line":44,"x":53.85845184,"y":81.1597824,"width":"229.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":51,"change":"Addition","str":"in the scenarios (excluding the direct use of electricity) ........... 367","line":45,"x":111.85845184,"y":69.1597824,"width":"262.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.88 China: installed capacities for renewable heat ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"228.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"generation in the scenarios ......................................................... 368","line":2,"x":111.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"264.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.89 China: projection of transport energy demand ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"229.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 370","line":4,"x":111.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.90 China: average annual change in installed power ","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":549.15979003,"width":"240.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"plant capacity ............................................................................. 373","line":6,"x":111.85830688,"y":537.15979003,"width":"263.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.91 China: power system shares by technology group ..................... 374","line":7,"x":53.85831832,"y":525.15979003,"width":"306.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.92 China: capacity factors by generation type ................................ 376","line":8,"x":53.85832977,"y":513.15979003,"width":"306.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.93 China: load, generation, and residual load development ........... 377","line":9,"x":53.85834121,"y":501.15979003,"width":"305.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.94 China: storage and dispatch service requirements ..................... 379","line":10,"x":53.85834121,"y":489.15979003,"width":"305.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.95 OECD Pacific: development of renewable ","line":11,"x":53.85834884,"y":477.15979003,"width":"214.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios ......................... 383","line":12,"x":111.85835266,"y":465.15979003,"width":"263.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.96 OECD Pacific: development of renewable heat ","line":13,"x":53.8583603,"y":453.15979003,"width":"233.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"of electricity) .............................................................................. 387","line":15,"x":111.8583603,"y":429.15979003,"width":"264.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.97 OECD Pacific: installed capacities for renewable ","line":16,"x":53.85837173,"y":417.15979003,"width":"242.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"heat generation in the scenarios ................................................. 387","line":17,"x":111.8583603,"y":405.15979003,"width":"263.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.98 OECD Pacific: projection of transport energy demand ","line":18,"x":53.85837173,"y":393.15979003,"width":"262.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"by mode in the scenarios ............................................................ 389","line":19,"x":111.85836791,"y":381.15979003,"width":"264.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.99 OECD Pacific: average annual change in installed ","line":20,"x":53.85837936,"y":369.15979003,"width":"246.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"power plant capacity .................................................................. 393","line":21,"x":111.85838317,"y":357.15979003,"width":"263.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.100 OECD Pacific: power system shares by technology group ........ 394","line":22,"x":53.85837936,"y":345.15979003,"width":"311.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.101 OECD Pacific: capacity factors by generation type ................... 396","line":23,"x":53.8583908,"y":333.15979003,"width":"311.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.102 OECD Pacific: load, generation, and residual load ","line":24,"x":53.85839843,"y":321.15979003,"width":"251.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"development ............................................................................... 397","line":25,"x":111.85839843,"y":309.15979003,"width":"263.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.103 OECD Pacific: storage and dispatch service requirements ........ 398","line":26,"x":53.85840988,"y":297.15979003,"width":"311.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 9.1 Fossil reserves, resources, and additional occurrences .............. 404","line":27,"x":53.85842132,"y":279.15979003,"width":"300.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 9.2 Summary—coal, oil, and gas trajectories for a just ","line":28,"x":53.85842895,"y":267.15979003,"width":"243.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"transition under the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.5 °C Scenarios ......... 410","line":29,"x":111.85842132,"y":255.15977478,"width":"263.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.1 Summary of employment factors used in a global ","line":30,"x":53.85842895,"y":237.15977478,"width":"244.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"analysis in 2012 ......................................................................... 415","line":31,"x":111.85842895,"y":225.15977478,"width":"262.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.2 Employment factors used for coal fuel supply ","line":32,"x":53.8584404,"y":213.15977478,"width":"229.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"(mining and associated jobs) ..................................................... 415","line":33,"x":111.85843658,"y":201.15977478,"width":"262.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.3 Regional multipliers used for the quantitative calculation ","line":34,"x":53.8584404,"y":189.15977478,"width":"274.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"of employment ........................................................................... 416","line":35,"x":111.85843658,"y":177.15977478,"width":"263.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.4 Wind and solar PV manufacturing–study methodology ............ 421","line":36,"x":53.85845184,"y":165.15977478,"width":"305.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.5 Occupational hierarchy, solar PV construction .......................... 422","line":37,"x":53.85845947,"y":153.15977478,"width":"306.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.6 Occupational compositions for renewable and fossil ","line":38,"x":53.85847091,"y":141.15977478,"width":"254.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel technologies ........................................................................ 425","line":39,"x":111.8584671,"y":129.15977478,"width":"263.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.7 Jobs created and lost between 2015 and 2025 under ","line":40,"x":53.85847091,"y":117.1597824,"width":"253.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"the 1.5 °C Scenario .................................................................... 429","line":41,"x":111.8584671,"y":105.1597824,"width":"262.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.8 Jobs created or lost between 2015 and 2025 by region ","line":42,"x":53.85847854,"y":93.1597824,"width":"262.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":52,"change":"Addition","str":"under the 1.5 °C Scenario .......................................................... 430","line":43,"x":111.85848236,"y":81.1597824,"width":"263.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.9 Jobs created and lost between 2015 and 2025 under ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"253.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario .................................................................... 431","line":2,"x":111.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"262.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.10 Jobs created or lost between 2015 and 2025 by region ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"267.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"under the 2.0 °C Scenario .......................................................... 432","line":4,"x":111.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"263.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.1 Summary of metal scenarios ...................................................... 443","line":5,"x":53.8583107,"y":543.15979003,"width":"306.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.2 Material intensity and recycling rates ........................................ 444","line":6,"x":53.85831832,"y":531.15979003,"width":"305.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.3 Market share ............................................................................... 444","line":7,"x":53.85832977,"y":519.15979003,"width":"306.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.4 Metal assumptions ...................................................................... 445","line":8,"x":53.85834121,"y":507.15979003,"width":"307.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":53,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.5 Comparison of results with other studies ................................... 452","line":9,"x":53.85834884,"y":495.15979003,"width":"306.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["TGOZWB+JkylrpTwghlkTlcrnvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"1 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"81.39","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Brief introduction to the UNFCCC Paris Agreement and its main goals, ","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":477.13769531,"width":"328.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["BVRIAQ+VnxxvjKxlcpvTrncyxTimesLTStd-Bold","MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"between those scenarios and the newly developed 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C scenarios pre -","line":10,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":429.13769531,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"1. This Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the Convention, ","line":15,"x":66.10549829999998,"y":331.89089965,"width":"307.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"(a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below ","line":19,"x":79.46549890999998,"y":277.89089965,"width":"292.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the tem -","line":20,"x":95.26550195999998,"y":265.89089965,"width":"278.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"(b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate ","line":23,"x":78.60549829999998,"y":229.89089965,"width":"295.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske ( * ) ","line":27,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":145.39169311,"width":"46.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","VHPYUC+JksxxjKsbskyMdpydqWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: sven.teske@uts.edu.au","line":29,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":125.39968872,"width":"103.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":54,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: thomas.pregger@dlr.de","line":33,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":80.40918731,"width":"105.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"climate actions (Rogelj et al. 2016 ). The aim of this research is to develop practical ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":461.1947937,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"pathways to achieve the Paris climate goals in an economically feasible and sustain -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":449.1947937,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"produce energy, because energy-related CO 2 emissions are the main driver of cli -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":411.6947937,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"energy- related emissions and mitigation measures because it is essential to address ","line":10,"x":53.8623085,"y":389.1947937,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario studies are an important way of linking expected or assumed anthropo -","line":15,"x":65.86231231,"y":329.1947937,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"must adopt a holistic approach and integrate comprehensive state-of-the-art back -","line":24,"x":53.8623085,"y":221.1947937,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"Existing global scenario studies do not provide a comprehensive view of the pos -","line":27,"x":65.86231231,"y":185.1947937,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"most scenario models are based on objective cost-optimizing functions, which over -","line":31,"x":53.8623085,"y":137.1947937,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"misleading and fallacious ‘optimized’ scenario pathways and derived policy recom -","line":35,"x":53.8623085,"y":89.1947937,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"mendations (see e.g., Mai et al. 2013 ; Mohn 2016 ).","line":36,"x":53.8623085,"y":77.1947937,"width":"204.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"(c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low green -","line":37,"x":78.00330352,"y":586.07470703,"width":"291.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":55,"change":"Addition","str":"2. This Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of ","line":39,"x":64.94329833,"y":556.07470703,"width":"307.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"unknown, disadvantages. These technologies include nuclear power generation, car -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"bon capture and sequestration, and geoengineering (see e.g., Rogelj et  al. 2018 ; ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"Kriegler et al. 2015 ). Such scenarios involve considerable risk. Moreover, the reader ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"334.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"therefore has limited information about the transparency and traceability of the fac -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"of the global transition to renewable energy. We provide two exemplary develop -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"In addition to scenario building, we assess the major economic and infrastruc -","line":17,"x":65.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"tural implications of the two pathways in comparison with a 5.0 °C ‘reference’ sce -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"published in the Word Energy Outlook 2017 (IEA-WEO 2017 ). We do not claim that ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"333.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman","GAERSG+WxhbhpYtwxcnWvnkwmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"of possible climate mitigation pathways and the contributions of the illustrated strat -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"modelled by applying a feasible model with reduced complexity, which is fre -","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":201.15977478,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"Any scenario building on a global scale must severely simplify the complex tran -","line":36,"x":65.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"sition processes and their interrelations. The introduction of different new technolo -","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":56,"change":"Addition","str":"1 Introduction","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"47.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"achievable, it will be essential for developing countries to avoid inefficient tech -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"Paris/International Energy Agency, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/weo-2017-en .","line":11,"x":65.86029815,"y":433.16378784,"width":"269.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO (USA). URL: http://iea-retd.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/","line":14,"x":65.86029815,"y":403.17578125,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"RE-ASSUME_IEA-RETD_2013.pdf (accessed on July 27th, 2015).","line":15,"x":65.86029815,"y":393.17977905,"width":"231.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"Business School, Norwegian School of Economics. Available at: http://www1.uis.no/ansatt/","line":17,"x":65.86029815,"y":373.18780517,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"631–639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18307","line":21,"x":65.86029815,"y":333.20379638,"width":"174.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"325–332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3","line":26,"x":65.86029815,"y":283.2237854,"width":"198.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.06929016,"width":"327.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["BVRIAQ+VnxxvjKxlcpvTrncyxTimesLTStd-Bold","MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":57,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.07328796,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["MOGBYU+NlttbmRrqjxqWvxgqcTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"5 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"81.39","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman","VZMDTX+CwjlgqLvlqkdLrqllqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This chapter sets the context for the climate and energy scenario develop -","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"325.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold","VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"past decade. Trends in the power-, transport- and heating sector in regard to technolo -","line":12,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":393.13769531,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"2.1 Scientific Status Quo of Climate Change Research","line":15,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":325.14169311,"width":"270.77","height":"12.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"2.1.1 Basics of Climate Change and Radiative Forcing","line":19,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":229.14169311,"width":"265.68","height":"12.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+MsgvqrMjxxtlDjlkftTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"Roughly half (165 W/m 2 ) the incoming short-wave radiation (340 W/m 2 ) reaches the ","line":22,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":177.14169311,"width":"334.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske ( * ) ","line":23,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":149.6519928,"width":"46.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman","FBKGDD+XhkpnmFpbkdgDhtgnmWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: sven.teske@uts.edu.au","line":25,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":129.6599884,"width":"103.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":58,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: malte.meinshausen@unimelb.edu.au ; kate.dooley@unimelb.edu.au","line":29,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":84.669487,"width":"254.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"scattering gases, such as N 2 and O 2 (100  W/m 2 ) or is absorbed by the troposphere ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":583.65979003,"width":"335.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"(75 W/m 2 ) (Stephens et al. 2012 ). With the exception of clouds and aerosols, this win -","line":3,"x":53.85879135,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"There is a second window for radiation, through which outgoing long-wave radi -","line":10,"x":65.85919952,"y":489.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"vapour, humanity is now adding more layers of absorbers of other long-wave radia -","line":20,"x":53.85919952,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"existing curtain and closing the curtain further across the long-wave radiation win -","line":22,"x":53.85919952,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"dow. Compared with the overall incoming solar radiation at 340 W/m 2 , the ‘curtain’ ","line":23,"x":53.85919952,"y":333.15979003,"width":"333.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"generated by human-induced increases in the concentrations of long-lived green -","line":24,"x":53.8548088,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"house gases (CO 2 , CH 4 , halocarbons, N 2 O and fluorinated gases) appears to be of ","line":25,"x":53.8548088,"y":307.65979003,"width":"334.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"little importance, as it “only” amounts to 2.83 W/m 2 . The addition and subtraction ","line":26,"x":53.86120986,"y":297.15979003,"width":"334.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"(year 2011) forcing of 2.29 W/m 2 .","line":28,"x":53.86071014,"y":273.15979003,"width":"136.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"2.1.1.1 Anthropogenic Contribution","line":29,"x":53.85718917,"y":239.15979003,"width":"149.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"anthropogenic activities. In fact, the human-induced release of GHGs into the atmo -","line":31,"x":53.85718917,"y":203.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"2.1.1.2 Carbon Budget and Future Warming","line":37,"x":53.85718917,"y":109.15979003,"width":"186.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":59,"change":"Addition","str":"dominant influence: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions.","line":41,"x":53.85718917,"y":47.65980148,"width":"212.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"It is not only the magnitude of the anthropogenic emissions of CO 2 that makes it ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"322.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"difference between CO 2 and almost all other GHGs and aerosols. Over the time ","line":3,"x":53.85741043,"y":571.65979003,"width":"335.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"scales of interest here, CO 2 does not have a finite lifetime in the atmosphere. All ","line":4,"x":53.85800933,"y":559.65979003,"width":"335.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"for example, consumed by the bacteria in soils. However, once CO 2 is released from ","line":6,"x":53.85570144,"y":535.65979003,"width":"333.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"and the atmosphere. Therefore, if CO 2 is added to one, the level in all three pools ","line":9,"x":53.85411834,"y":499.65979003,"width":"334.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"example, whereas CO 2 is consumed by plants during the photosynthesis process and ","line":11,"x":53.85541152,"y":475.65979003,"width":"333.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"then built into plant tissue as carbon, this same carbon is released again as CO 2","line":12,"x":53.85990142,"y":463.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"and other animals oxidize the food they eat. Therefore, a kilogram of CO 2 emissions ","line":14,"x":53.86180114,"y":439.65979003,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"will increase the atmospheric CO 2 concentration for hundreds or even thousands of ","line":15,"x":53.85630035,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"years. Initially, the average CO 2 concentration will shoot up by that kilogram, and ","line":16,"x":53.86080932,"y":415.65979003,"width":"334.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report highlighted this key difference between CO 2","line":19,"x":65.85559844,"y":379.65979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"and other GHGs. The airborne fraction of CO 2 emissions diminishes over time, as ","line":20,"x":53.86180114,"y":367.65979003,"width":"334.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"for other GHGs. However, the airborne CO 2 fraction does not decline to zero over ","line":21,"x":53.8592987,"y":355.65979003,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"mechanisms mean that higher CO 2 concentrations cause more carbon to remain in ","line":23,"x":53.85950088,"y":331.65979003,"width":"334.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"the atmosphere. Acting in the other direction, any extra amount of CO 2 in the atmo -","line":24,"x":53.86029815,"y":319.65979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"sphere will have less and less effect on radiative forcing, i.e., how much each CO 2","line":25,"x":53.85509872,"y":307.65979003,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"caused by CO 2 emissions. In other words, every extra kilogram of CO 2 produces a ","line":33,"x":53.86180114,"y":211.6598053,"width":"334.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"slightly greater increase in temperature than the preceding kilogram, and the warm -","line":34,"x":53.85749816,"y":201.1598053,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"100 or 500 years. Over time, less of the CO 2 will remain in the atmosphere, but the ","line":36,"x":53.85749816,"y":175.6598053,"width":"334.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 that has ever been emitted, largely independent of when a certain amount of ","line":42,"x":53.86211013,"y":103.65979766,"width":"334.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 was emitted in the past. Based on this understanding, we can compute the car -","line":43,"x":53.8580017,"y":91.65979766,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"unknown amount of warming arises in response to other GHG emissions and aero -","line":45,"x":53.85799026,"y":69.15979766,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":60,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State of Research","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"is the sum of the linear CO 2 -induced warming level (often described as the ‘tran -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":571.65979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"sient climate response to cumulative emissions of carbon’) and a smaller and some -","line":4,"x":53.8567009,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"2.1.2 Carbon Budgets for 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C Warming","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":505.15979003,"width":"258.99","height":"12.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+MsgvqrMjxxtlDjlkftTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"a multi-gas world) that would be consistent with, for example, temperatures main -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"emit 1320 GtCO 2 before reaching 2.0  °C warming (66% chance) and 770 GtCO 2","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":307.65979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"further 100 GtCO 2 to account for the additional Earth system feedback that has ","line":23,"x":53.86180114,"y":283.65979003,"width":"335.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"historical temperature evolution is used (i.e., calculated by consistently using prox -","line":25,"x":53.8536911,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"The substantial difference between these two sets of figures (and also their dif -","line":34,"x":65.8536911,"y":153.15979003,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"e.g., Schurer et al. 2017 , 2018 ; Hawkins et al. 2017 ). As already mentioned, one of ","line":37,"x":53.8536911,"y":117.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"the key factors in deriving a carbon budget is the estimated current level of warm -","line":38,"x":53.8536911,"y":105.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":61,"change":"Addition","str":"‘hiatus’ period substantially influences the level of warming that is taken as a start -","line":41,"x":53.8536911,"y":69.1597824,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"recent upswing in the global mean temperatures gives us an idea of how much natu -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"discussion in the determination of carbon budgets include the pre-industrial warm -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"ing level and the already-mentioned amount of warming induced by non-CO 2 gases.","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":547.65979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"This study does not aim to resolve the differences in opinions about carbon bud -","line":6,"x":65.86250305,"y":537.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"undoubtedly allowed great growth in prosperity across the globe, but their replace -","line":17,"x":53.86249923,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"2.2 Development of Energy Markets—Past and Present","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":337.15979003,"width":"279.08","height":"12.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"power, heating, and transport sectors up to the year of writing (2018). These devel -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"global context. The research and data in Sect. 2.2.1 are based on the REN21 ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15979003,"width":"336.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"2.2.1 Global Trends in Renewable Energy in 2018","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":193.1598053,"width":"243.45","height":"12.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+MsgvqrMjxxtlDjlkftTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"In 2017, ongoing trends continued: solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power domi -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.1598053,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"nated the global market for new power plants, the price of renewable energy tech -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.1598053,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"existing fossil fuel power plants in some markets (Malik 2017 ). Electrification of ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.15979766,"width":"334.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":62,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State of Research","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"increases in the coal, gas, and nuclear capacities (FS-UNEP 2018 ). Storage is ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"336.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). However, bioenergy (including traditional biomass) remains the leading ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"336.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"overall energy demand (except for the drop in 2009 after the global economic reces -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"Since 2013, the global energy-related CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels have ","line":18,"x":65.85829925,"y":391.65979003,"width":"324.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"changed in 2017, with global CO 2 emissions growing by around 1.4% (REN21-","line":20,"x":53.8597908,"y":367.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"GSR 2018 ). These increased emissions were primarily due to increased coal con -","line":21,"x":53.85990142,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). This increased Chinese consumption, as well as steady growth of around 4% ","line":23,"x":53.85990142,"y":333.15979003,"width":"333.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"global decline observed from 2013 to 2016 (ENERDATA 2018 ).","line":25,"x":53.85990142,"y":309.15979003,"width":"257.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"the United Kingdom (Carrington 2017 ). An increasing number of companies who ","line":29,"x":53.85990142,"y":261.15979003,"width":"334.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"business (Shearer 2017 ). Also in 2017, 26 of 28 European Union member states ","line":31,"x":53.85990142,"y":237.15979003,"width":"335.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"year, announced plans to become coal-free by 2030 (Campbell 2017 ).","line":34,"x":53.85990142,"y":201.15979003,"width":"278.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"still almost double the prices from 1996 to 2005 (Statista 2018 ). Natural gas prices ","line":37,"x":53.85990142,"y":165.15977478,"width":"334.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"decreased further in 2017 (BP 2017 ). Low fossil fuel prices have challenged renew -","line":39,"x":53.85990142,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"able energy markets, especially in the heating and transport sectors (IEA-RE 2016 ).","line":40,"x":53.85990142,"y":129.15977478,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":63,"change":"Addition","str":"The value of direct global fossil fuel consumption subsidies in 2016 was esti -","line":41,"x":65.85990142,"y":117.1597824,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). The value of fossil fuel subsidies also increases by an order of magnitude if ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"externalities are considered (IMF 2015 ). Although the Group of Twenty (G20) reaf -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"civil society to both increase transparency and accelerate the process (G20- 2017 ). ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"The main problems identified include that the G20 has not defined ‘inefficient sub -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"commitments (Asmelash 2017 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"128.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), a technical meet -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"23rd Conference of the Parties (COP23) (UNFCCC 2017 ). Although renewable ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"335.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy commitments could be ramped up (Timberley 2017 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"284.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"regions have introduced 100% renewable energy targets. The number of cities pow -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"and Oslo (CDP-WEB 2018 ).","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"114.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"2016 . In December 2017 (REN21-GSR 2018 ), China launched the first phase of its ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman","VZMDTX+CwjlgqLvlqkdLrqllqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"power companies emitting more than 3 billion tonnes of CO 2 annually (Xu and ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":259.65979003,"width":"335.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"Mason 2017 ). For comparison, the emissions trading scheme of the European Union ","line":30,"x":53.85348892,"y":249.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"included around 1.7 billion tonnes of CO 2 in 2016 (EC 2017 ). Reforms to the ","line":31,"x":53.85348892,"y":235.6598053,"width":"335.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"certificates (Agora 2018 ).","line":34,"x":53.8567009,"y":201.1598053,"width":"102.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"plants larger than 50 megawatts [MW]) was USD 280 billion (REN21-GSR 2018 ), ","line":36,"x":53.8567009,"y":177.1598053,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe since about 2010, with a drop of 30% from 2016 to 2017 (UNEP-FS 2018 ).","line":45,"x":53.8567009,"y":69.15979766,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":64,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State of Research","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"with more than 70% of deals involving solar PV or wind, and 16% involving biofu -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"els (Bloomberg 2017 ). However, this is dwarfed by the spending of these companies ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"(Schneyer and Bousso 2018 ). Bank finance for fossil fuels increased in 2017 by ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"335.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"11% relative to that in 2016, after a significant decline in 2016 (RAN 2018 ).","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"304.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"transport—is gaining increasing attention as a way to increase the uptake of renew -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"ables by the transport and thermal sectors. Sector coupling also allows the integra -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"hydropower. Several USA states are examining options for electrification, specifi -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"cally to increase the overall renewable energy share (NEEP 2017 ).","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"265.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"2.2.1.1 Trends in the Renewable Power Sector","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"192.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"power. Wind and hydropower installations were in second and third positions, con -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"respectively (REN21-GSR 2018 ).","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"134.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"global power-generating capacity, up from 63% in 2016 (REN21-GSR 2018 ). The ","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"334.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"energy in many markets, and even with existing fossil fuel generation in some mar -","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":65,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity generation. Offshore wind prices also fell significantly in 2017, as com -","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.1597824,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"By the end of 2017, the countries with the greatest total installed renewable elec -","line":3,"x":65.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"(32%, 10%, and 7%, respectively) (REN21-GSR 2018 ). Increasing proportions of ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"into their energy systems as instantaneous shares of the total demand for short peri -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"Ireland (60% of load from wind alone) (Parkinson 2017 ).","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"228.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"of grid integration challenges. In six of the jurisdictions with the highest VRE pen -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"etration, the curtailment rates were low (0–6%) in 2016 (Wynn 2018 ). Although ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"334.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"significantly reduced curtailment (Wynn 2018 ). Integration challenges have led to ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"335.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"CN 2018 ). These were reduced in 2017, with the average curtailment of wind power ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"solar PV was 6–7%, down 4.3% relative to that in 2016 (Haugwitz 2018 ).","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"291.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"power demand in some countries and by targeted renewable energy support mecha -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"nisms. 44 Solar PV and onshore wind power are now competitive with new fossil fuel ","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"12.9. 2017 ).","line":40,"x":53.8581009,"y":129.1598053,"width":"45.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"communities) where electricity prices tend to be high (if they are not heavily subsi -","line":43,"x":53.8581009,"y":93.15979766,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":66,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State of Research","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity in 2016, 223 million fewer than in 2012 (IEA-WEO 2016 ; IEA-EAO ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"335.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). Distributed renewables for energy access (DREA) systems were serving an ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"334.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"new electricity connections worldwide between 2012 and 2016 (IRENA-P 2017 ). In ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"DREA systems (Dahlberg 2018 ). Off-grid solar devices, such as solar lanterns and ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ).","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"25.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"2.2.1.2 Heating and Cooling","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"115.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial process heat (IEA-RE 2017 ). Around 27% of this was supplied by renew -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"cooking in the developing world (IEA-RE 2017 ). Renewable energy—excluding ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"335.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2017, up from about 6% in 2008 (REN21-GSR 2018 ).","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"227.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"for the past decade (IEA-Collier 2018 ). The use of modern renewable heat has ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15977478,"width":"335.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"in modern renewables for electricity (IEA-RE 2017 ). Renewable energy technolo -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"gies for heating and cooling include a variety of solar thermal collectors for differ -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"and subsequently used for heat; and any type of renewable electricity used for heat -","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"degrees Celsius for some industrial processes (Averfalk et  al. 2017 ; USA-EPA ","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"336.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":67,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). The variety in renewable heating systems and applications is much greater ","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":81.1597824,"width":"334.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"(which was nearly all bioenergy), and geothermal at 2% (REN21-GSR 2018 ). ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). District heating systems are suitable for use in densely populated regions ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"335.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"with an annual heating demand during ≥ 4 months of the year, such as in the north -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman","FBKGDD+DntjppKxpvkvHkthdrSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"the northern United States (IRENA-RE-H 2017 ). However, district heating supplies ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"333.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"0% to 42% (IRENA-RE-H 2017 ). Switching existing districting heating systems ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"335.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"from fossil fuels to renewables has considerable potential (IRENA-RE-H 2017 ). ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"(Brown 2018 ). District heating can combine different sources of heat, and can play ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"a reduction of 3% (REN21-GSR 2018 ) compared with 2016, but the markets in ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"335.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"Electricity accounts for an estimated 6% of the total heating and cooling con -","line":33,"x":65.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"be renewable (IEA-RE 2017 ). The further electrification of heating and cooling ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"335.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"Space cooling accounts for about 2% (REN21-GSR 2018 ) of the total world final ","line":41,"x":65.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"321.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"energy consumption, and is supplied almost entirely by electricity (IEA-RE 2017 ). ","line":42,"x":53.8583107,"y":105.1597824,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar-based space-cooling systems are still in the minority compared with conven -","line":43,"x":53.8583107,"y":93.1597824,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":68,"change":"Addition","str":"2 State of Research","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"66.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["VZMDTX+DdrwxxLqxklyJnbhfvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"2.2.1.3 Transport","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"70.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["FBKGDD+TgytvtDqsrjtPqxhkhTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"use and 24% of GHG emissions (IEA-WEO 2017 ). The vast majority (92%) of ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"335.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"(2.9%) and electricity (1.4%) (IEA-WEO 2017 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"193.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"gas vehicles and infrastructure (these can run on upgraded biogas); and the electri -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"estimated to be 4.2% in 2016, with nearly all of that from biofuels (IEA-RE 2017 ). ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"(IEA OIL 2018 ). Biodiesel production remained relatively stable in 2017, following ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"333.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"a 9% increase in 2016 relative to 2015 (IEA OIL 2018 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"223.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"The technology for producing, purifying, and upgrading biogas for use in trans -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"good entry point for biogas in the transport sector (IRENA-RV- 2017 ). The largest ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"the UK, and the USA (IRENA-RV- 2017 ). The main barriers to the further expansion ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"metre (m 3 ), compared with natural gas prices, which are as low as USD 0.13 per m 3 . ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"However, the lack of consistent regulation and access to gas grids are also signifi -","line":28,"x":53.86180114,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"open to electrification. Fully electric passenger cars, scooters, and bicycles are rap -","line":32,"x":53.86180114,"y":213.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"ships were released in 2017 (Hawkins 2017 ).","line":34,"x":53.86180114,"y":189.15979003,"width":"180.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2017 (Guardian 25.12. 2017 ). Annual sales are still only a very small proportion ","line":36,"x":53.86180114,"y":165.15979003,"width":"334.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":69,"change":"Addition","str":"Slovenia) or 2040 (France and the UK) (Bloomberg 11. 2017 ). The announcement ","line":40,"x":53.86180114,"y":117.15979003,"width":"334.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"(Wang 2017 ). Electric two- and three-wheel vehicles account for less than 0.5% of ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"after biofuels (IEA-RE 2017 ).","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"119.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"for renewable energy and ease the integration of variable renewable energy, if mar -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"with the requirements of electricity systems. There are already examples of coun -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":70,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity, including the Netherlands (BI 2017 ), Delhi (Times of India 2017 ), and ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["VZMDTX+QjfkjqRrbhprHjqhbmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"tent database of renewable energy potentials and their temporal and spatial distribu -","line":28,"x":53.8548088,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"flows and emissions across all energy subsectors, such as industry, transport, resi -","line":30,"x":53.8548088,"y":249.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"dential, etc.; and a comprehensive assessment of all CO 2 emissions, in order to assess ","line":31,"x":53.8548088,"y":235.6598053,"width":"333.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the time required for infrastructure planning and other substantial trans -","line":40,"x":53.85789871,"y":129.1598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"(Elliston and MacGill 2014 ; Teske and Dominish 2016 ; Klaus et al. 2010 ; Teske and ","line":44,"x":53.85789871,"y":81.15979766,"width":"333.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":78,"change":"Addition","str":"Brown 2012 ), only a handful of analyses have been performed on a global level. The ","line":45,"x":53.85789871,"y":69.15979766,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"– A Road Map to 100 Percent Renewable Energy in 139 Countries by 2050, Mark ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"327.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 (Jacobson and Choi 2017 );","line":3,"x":65.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"129.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"– Internet of Energy, A 100% Renewable Electricity System, Christian Breyer, ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"328.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"(Breyer 2016 ; Breyer and Bogdanov 2018 );","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"174.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"– Energy [R]evolution—A sustainable World Energy Outlook 2015, Greenpeace ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"327.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"Germany (Teske and Pregger 2015 ).","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"144.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"Options with large uncertainties in terms of techno-economic, societal, and environ -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":447.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"University and the University of Technology Lappeenranta include an hourly simula -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"insights into the heat and transport sectors. However, all these studies cover only CO 2","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":361.65979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, our project combines these strengths into a single approach by com -","line":22,"x":65.86180114,"y":339.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"2015. It models scenarios of comprehensive pathways for power, heat, and fuel sup -","line":25,"x":53.86180114,"y":303.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"ply in 5-year steps, and includes specific insights from a transport model. The sce -","line":26,"x":53.86180114,"y":291.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"10 to 72 regions. Another significant improvement over existing studies is its com -","line":29,"x":53.86180114,"y":255.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"and a high-resolution integrated energy assessment model (IAM) provides addi -","line":31,"x":53.86180114,"y":231.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"3.1 100% Renewable Energy—Modelling Approach","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.1598053,"width":"261.37","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"the narratives and assumptions as core step of scenario development (see Chap. 5 ).","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":51.15980148,"width":"327.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":79,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"• Global GHG Model: The non-energy GHG emissions scenarios are calculated ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.1597824,"width":"326.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"– Generalized Equal Quantile Walk (GQW): This statistical method is used to ","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":525.1597824,"width":"315.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"complement the CO 2 pathways with the non-CO 2 regional emissions for the ","line":7,"x":77.85829925,"y":511.65978240000004,"width":"310.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"relevant GHGs and aerosols, based on a statistical analysis of the large num -","line":8,"x":77.85630798,"y":501.15978240000004,"width":"307.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C. The GQW method calculates the median non-CO 2 gas emission levels ","line":11,"x":77.85630798,"y":463.65978240000004,"width":"309.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"every 5 years, conditional on the energy-related CO 2 emission level percentile ","line":12,"x":77.85710906,"y":451.65978240000004,"width":"309.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"– Land-based sequestration design: A Monte Carlo analysis across temperate, ","line":16,"x":65.86192321,"y":405.15978240000004,"width":"316.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"as a quantified literature synthesis of the potential for land-based CO 2 sequestra -","line":20,"x":77.86192321,"y":355.65978240000004,"width":"307.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"– Carbon cycle and climate modelling (MAGICC): This study used the ","line":22,"x":65.8628006,"y":333.15978240000004,"width":"318.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"• Renewable Resource Assessment [R]E-SPACE: This is based on a Geographic ","line":29,"x":53.8628006,"y":243.15978240000004,"width":"327.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"Information Systems (GIS) approach and provides maps of the solar and wind poten -","line":30,"x":65.8628006,"y":231.15978240000004,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"world, at a single point in time or over an extended period (Goodchild 2005 ). The ","line":32,"x":65.8628006,"y":207.15978240000004,"width":"322.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"• Transport model (TRAEM): The transport scenario model allows the representa -","line":36,"x":53.8628006,"y":159.15978240000004,"width":"323.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":80,"change":"Addition","str":"• Energy system model (EM): The scenario model is a mathematical accounting ","line":43,"x":53.8628006,"y":75.15977477000003,"width":"326.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"• Power system model [R]E 24/7: This simulates the electricity system on an ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"327.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"hourly basis and at geographic resolution to assess the requirements for infra -","line":14,"x":65.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"(Teske 2015 ). High-penetration or renewable-energy-only scenarios will contain ","line":17,"x":65.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"historical demand curves are used, or—if unavailable—demand curves are cal -","line":24,"x":65.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.1 provides an overview of the interactions between the energy- and ","line":27,"x":65.85829925,"y":279.15979003,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"non-CO 2 emissions modules provide information on additional gases based on the ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":241.6598053,"width":"334.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"energy-related CO 2 emissions (output of the energy model). Besides the climate and ","line":31,"x":53.8580017,"y":229.6598053,"width":"333.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"resources have been calculated (see Sects. 3.6 and 3.7 ).","line":33,"x":53.85960006,"y":207.1598053,"width":"220.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"3.2 Global Mapping—Renewable Energy Potential in Space-","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":169.1598053,"width":"306.32","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"viewing, editing, and analysis of geo-spatial data. It analyses and edits spatial infor -","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":67.15979766,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":81,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"t u p t u O","line":1,"x":322.6599121,"y":117.40640258,"width":"38.27","height":"12.83","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"GIS based renewable energy potentials based on weather & ","line":3,"x":70.53649902,"y":436.006073,"width":"245.42","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"demand by mode full energy balances: final energy demand power, heat & transport, supply structure, primary energy","line":8,"x":82.5167923,"y":293.138031,"width":"484.40","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri","RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"balanced RE power system, storage ","line":11,"x":326.89678955,"y":472.71212768,"width":"149.37","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"demand, curtailment","line":12,"x":350.85736083,"y":488.12106323,"width":"85.27","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"total climate change effects","line":13,"x":332.8819275,"y":196.35191345,"width":"112.63","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"generation curves","line":19,"x":118.33519744,"y":476.37033081,"width":"66.73","height":"9.24","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"2 emissions","line":24,"x":173.59590148,"y":179.01190185,"width":"40.81","height":"9.24","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"2 emission","line":30,"x":264.9559021,"y":359.1749878,"width":"37.12","height":"9.24","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"Modelling cluster","line":36,"x":70.63710021,"y":129.21400451,"width":"89.87","height":"12.83","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"7 )","line":39,"x":174.00889587,"y":512.69006347,"width":"8.89","height":"11.38","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"& energy intensity development in all sectors and for 10 world regions","line":65,"x":208.58088684,"y":269.96359252,"width":"283.47","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"complementing reforestation, restoration, ","line":70,"x":258.34091186,"y":203.07600402,"width":"111.94","height":"6.42","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"sustainable use and agroforestry options. ","line":71,"x":281.43780517,"y":195.975708,"width":"109.19","height":"6.42","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"complexity carbon cycle and climate model (MAGICC) to calculate the climatic effects of mult","line":73,"x":207.73228454,"y":100.74089813,"width":"380.63","height":"10.03","fontName":["RXZLYA+SxqmbgHvxfdvLjxxyxCalibri-Bold","RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":82,"change":"Addition","str":"i- gas ","line":74,"x":267.63430786,"y":144.51716613,"width":"20.79","height":"10.01","fontName":["RXZLYA+TpcfgrMxbfmlPgkwfmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"A list of regions and their respective clusters is given in Table  3.1 .","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":53.76380157,"width":"263.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.1 Overview of regions and sub-regions used in the analysis","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"226.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Regions Cluster/Sub-regions Regions Cluster / Sub-regions","line":9,"x":56.69285581000004,"y":583.9188184899999,"width":"195.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Eurasia Central Asia","line":21,"x":186.14784238000004,"y":571.3048048199998,"width":"67.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe Balkans & Greece","line":52,"x":56.69283292000004,"y":367.73830700999986,"width":"86.86","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"India East India","line":59,"x":186.14782712000004,"y":367.7638197099999,"width":"51.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa Central Africa","line":64,"x":56.69282530000004,"y":295.9473219099998,"width":"70.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"China Central China","line":70,"x":186.14781186000005,"y":295.96432019999986,"width":"67.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East East ME","line":78,"x":56.69281384000004,"y":214.16031934999984,"width":"70.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific South Korea","line":85,"x":186.14781186000005,"y":214.18581677999984,"width":"90.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":83,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":92,"x":53.86230466000004,"y":623.9368238599999,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"from Vaisala 2017 . For this analysis, wind speed at a height of 80 m was used to ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"334.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"mapped within the range of 5–12 m/s to gain an understanding of the potential gen -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"Land Cover 2015 ), hosted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"334.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar Atlas 2016 ), owned by the World Bank Group and provided by SolarGis. Data ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"333.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"calculated at the cluster level using the Geometry tool in the QGIS-processing tool -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"potentials. The raster tools ‘clipper’ (used to cut a raster file to the size of the clus -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"The regional maps illustrate the different clusters that were identified for sce -","line":27,"x":65.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"The example given in Fig.  3.2 shows OECD North America—one of the 10 ","line":35,"x":65.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"system analysis (see Sect. 3.5 ) calculates an electricity demand and supply scenario ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"333.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":84,"change":"Addition","str":"other (see Sect. 3.8 ).","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.15977478,"width":"82.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":85,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.2 OECD North America broken down into eight sub-regions","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":350.6592102,"width":"225.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":85,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.3 Current electricity infrastructure in China","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15200042,"width":"167.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":85,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.64953613,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"The example given in Fig.  3.3 shows the current electricity infrastructure—","line":2,"x":65.85829925,"y":579.1597900300001,"width":"317.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"the generation capacity for dispatch and the transmission capacity to transport elec -","line":5,"x":53.85829162,"y":543.1597900300001,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.4 gives an overview of the potential onshore wind-power-generation ","line":9,"x":65.85829162,"y":483.15979003000007,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.5 shows the suitable sites for utility-scale solar power sites in Central ","line":15,"x":65.85829162,"y":399.15979003000007,"width":"322.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":86,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.4 Potential sites for onshore wind generation in Africa","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":76.65200042000005,"width":"204.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"3.3 Transport Energy Model-TRAEM","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":311.88650512,"width":"191.31","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"3.3.1 Transport Model Structure","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.88250732,"width":"156.91","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"The transport scenario model TRAEM (TRAnsport Energy Model) allows the mod -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":257.88650512,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"km (pkm) and tonne–km (tkm) activity-based bottom-up approach. The model cal -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":209.88650512,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario (IEA 2017b ). The total energy demands by region for the years 2045 and ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":77.8864975,"width":"334.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.5 Existing and potential solar power sites in Central and South America","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.13931274,"width":"263.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":87,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.649292,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"In the transport model, the CO 2 emissions from biofuels are given a GHG emis -","line":3,"x":65.85829925,"y":571.65978621,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions. The CO 2 emissions from synthetic fuels are also given a value of zero, ","line":5,"x":53.8567009,"y":547.65978621,"width":"334.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"because the CO 2 used for producing the fuels upstream level out the downstream ","line":6,"x":53.8540001,"y":535.65978621,"width":"334.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Light duty vehicles (cars): automobiles, vans and sports utility vehicles with ","line":12,"x":65.85839843,"y":453.15978621,"width":"315.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– 2- and 3-wheel vehicles: includes rollers, motorbikes, and rickshaws;","line":15,"x":65.85839843,"y":417.15978621,"width":"281.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Busses: urban, suburban, and long-distance buses and minibuses serving pub -","line":16,"x":65.85839843,"y":405.15978621,"width":"312.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Urban metro/light rail vehicles;","line":19,"x":65.85839843,"y":357.15978621,"width":"130.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Regional/intercity trains;","line":20,"x":65.85839843,"y":345.15978621,"width":"104.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– High-speed trains.","line":21,"x":65.85839843,"y":333.15978621,"width":"78.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Small and medium aircrafts for domestic flights;","line":23,"x":65.85839843,"y":297.15978621,"width":"198.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Medium and large aircrafts for international flights, distinguishing narrow-","line":24,"x":65.85839843,"y":285.15978621,"width":"312.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Light-duty trucks (< 3.5 t gross vehicle weight [GVW]);","line":27,"x":65.85839843,"y":237.15978621,"width":"230.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Medium-duty trucks (3.5–15 t GVW);","line":28,"x":65.85839843,"y":225.15978621,"width":"158.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Heavy-duty trucks (> 15 t GVW).","line":29,"x":65.85839843,"y":213.15978621,"width":"140.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Ordinary freight, intermodal, and low-density high-value freight trains are ","line":31,"x":65.85839843,"y":177.15978621,"width":"316.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Inland navigation;","line":34,"x":65.85839843,"y":129.15978621,"width":"77.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"– Coastal ships for domestic navigation and maritime shipping are distinguished ","line":35,"x":65.85839843,"y":117.15978620999998,"width":"314.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":88,"change":"Addition","str":"We assume that energy efficiency improves over time. The changes in the pow -","line":37,"x":65.85839843,"y":87.15978620999998,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"downstream CO 2 budgets of the world regions are met. The emission reductions are ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":523.65979003,"width":"333.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"modelling—such as powertrain electrification, the use of biomass-based and syn -","line":9,"x":53.8614006,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric powertrains is priori -","line":12,"x":65.86139678,"y":465.15979003,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"ramped up ubiquitously. Therefore, a shift towards more energy-efficient and elec -","line":16,"x":53.8614006,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"transport performance at the current levels. Supply constraints on biomass and espe -","line":20,"x":53.8614006,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"in Chap. 6 .","line":29,"x":53.8614006,"y":261.15979003,"width":"43.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"3.3.2 Transport Data","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":217.1598053,"width":"99.90","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"total energy consumption levels according to transport mode from statistical agen -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.1598053,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"– IEA Mobility Model;","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":147.1598053,"width":"90.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"– OECD statistics;","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":135.1598053,"width":"71.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"– World Bank Open Data;","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":123.15979766,"width":"101.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"– National and supranational statistical bodies;","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":111.15979766,"width":"184.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"– UIC IEA Railway Handbook;","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":99.15979766,"width":"123.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"– UIC Railway Synopsis;","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":87.15979766,"width":"99.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"– Railway operators data;","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":75.15979766,"width":"99.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":89,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– HBEFA (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren);","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"166.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– EIA Open Data.","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"69.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"3.3.3 Transport Model Output","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":463.15979003,"width":"144.91","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"Based on the TRAEM model, energy consumption and CO 2 emissions can be calcu -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":433.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"TTE Dt TP Pt SECP tT PF","line":15,"x":83.73329925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"155.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+YgvvngMndpqmPvqbrsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"wr () = () × () +","line":27,"x":109.51450347,"y":356.37850952,"width":"70.25","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+YgvvngMndpqmPvqbrsTimesLTStd-Italic","CYMZWE+XmrcwlVmqqxgJlwbyfSymbolMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"== = ∑∑ ∑","line":28,"x":132.10830688,"y":347.31600952,"width":"59.38","height":"15.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+XmrcwlVmqqxgJlwbyfSymbolMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"11 1","line":29,"x":141.20199584,"y":347.31600952,"width":"24.58","height":"5.78","fontName":["CYMZWE+VvhkmjSjgmhkYhnylwTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":",, , t tS EC Ft mi","line":30,"x":185.67097473,"y":354.47229003,"width":"200.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+VvhkmjSjgmhkYhnylwTimesLTStd-Roman","CYMZWE+YgvvngMndpqmPvqbrsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"wr () × () ,","line":31,"x":291.76449584,"y":354.47229003,"width":"44.83","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+YgvvngMndpqmPvqbrsTimesLTStd-Italic","CYMZWE+XmrcwlVmqqxgJlwbyfSymbolMT","CYMZWE+VvhkmjSjgmhkYhnylwTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– SECF t mi","line":33,"x":53.8583107,"y":305.47229003,"width":"42.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CYMZWE+LnnbgsSmvfstRfvtlnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":", () : specific freight mode energy consumption of powertrain i and ","line":35,"x":95.50965881,"y":305.47229003,"width":"292.56","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+LnnbgsSmvfstRfvtlnTimesLTStd-Roman","CYMZWE+RcgwydFpwfvdCpckssSymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"mode m in world region wr at time step t [MJ/tkm]","line":36,"x":65.85829925,"y":296.15979003,"width":"203.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– SECP t mi","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":281.47229003,"width":"42.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CYMZWE+ThcfdrXbqwrcQsmprdTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":", () : specific passenger mode energy consumption of powertrain i and ","line":39,"x":95.50965881,"y":281.47229003,"width":"291.13","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+ThcfdrXbqwrcQsmprdTimesLTStd-Roman","CYMZWE+VnrsysFlbxnmFwhrfxSymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"mode m in world region wr at time step t [MJ/pkm]","line":40,"x":65.85829925,"y":272.15979003,"width":"205.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– TP Ft mi","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":257.47229003,"width":"63.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CYMZWE+WpwsghBglmvyQfnjxvTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":", () : freight transport performance of powertrain i and mode m in world ","line":43,"x":89.10337066,"y":257.47229003,"width":"298.03","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+WpwsghBglmvyQfnjxvTimesLTStd-Roman","CYMZWE+RcgwydFpwfvdCpckssSymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"region wr at time step t [tkm/a]","line":44,"x":65.85830688,"y":248.15979003,"width":"124.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– TP Pt mi","line":45,"x":53.8583107,"y":233.4723053,"width":"63.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CYMZWE+HgylsfSvfnxsMsbxldTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":", () : passenger transport performance of powertrain i and mode m in ","line":47,"x":89.10337066,"y":233.4723053,"width":"299.31","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+HgylsfSvfnxsMsbxldTimesLTStd-Roman","CYMZWE+RcgwydFpwfvdCpckssSymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":90,"change":"Addition","str":"– TTED(t): total transport (final) energy demand at time step t [PJ/year]","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":212.1598053,"width":"284.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"pe () = () ∑","line":25,"x":196.88949584,"y":385.50350952,"width":"53.37","height":"15.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+BshqpvSpkmshWkjxslTimesLTStd-Italic","CYMZWE+VmnspxJjprylKxyfwnSymbolMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• PD pe (t): total demand of (primary) energy carrier pe at time step t [PJ/year]","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":337.15979003,"width":"302.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• TPD(t): total primary energy demand at time step t [PJ/year]","line":28,"x":53.86199951,"y":325.15979003,"width":"245.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• MS fe","line":29,"x":53.86199951,"y":311.65979003,"width":"22.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"ct (t): market share of conversion technology ct in the generation of final ","line":30,"x":84.97019958,"y":313.15979003,"width":"304.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"energy carrier fe [dimensionless]","line":31,"x":65.86199951,"y":301.15979003,"width":"131.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"ct (t): efficiency of conversion technology 3 ct using the final energy carrier fe at ","line":33,"x":75.64019775,"y":289.15979003,"width":"309.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"time step t [dimensionless]","line":34,"x":65.85809326,"y":277.15979003,"width":"107.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• pe : (primary) energy carrier","line":36,"x":53.85808944,"y":241.15979003,"width":"114.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• ct : conversion sector technology 4","line":37,"x":53.85808944,"y":229.15979003,"width":"135.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• electricity and heat consumption per person and per GDP;","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":169.1598053,"width":"235.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"• the ratio of industrial heat demand to GDP;","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.1598053,"width":"176.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"2 Note that some technologies (e.g., electric heat pumps) require two energy carriers as inputs ","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.45469665,"width":"333.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Some conversion technologies produce more than one output, e.g. CHP plants, leading to con -","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":102.45469665,"width":"330.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"4 Power and district heat generation, biofuel, synfuel, and H 2 generation, and refineries.","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":79.17970275,"width":"293.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":93,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":48,"x":53.85602188,"y":623.65570068,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• demand for energy services, such as useful heat;","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"196.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• different transport modes based on the Transport Model (see Sect. 3.4 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"287.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"For both heat and electricity production, the model distinguishes between differ -","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":531.15979003,"width":"319.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"sector, the model is directly linked to the results of the transport model (Sect. 3.3 ). ","line":11,"x":53.85829162,"y":471.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"For each technology, the market share with respect to total heat or electricity pro -","line":12,"x":53.85829162,"y":459.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"costs, and societal, structural, and economic barriers. The model eventually calcu -","line":14,"x":53.85829162,"y":435.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• IEA World Energy Balances 2017 (IEA 2016a ) for the calibration of the model ","line":17,"x":53.85829162,"y":393.15979003,"width":"326.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• IEA World Energy Outlook 2016/2017 (IEA 2016b , 2017a ) for the parameteriza -","line":19,"x":53.85829162,"y":369.15979003,"width":"323.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• various studies and statistics used for the assumption of further specific values, ","line":21,"x":53.85829162,"y":345.15979003,"width":"326.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"such as the power-to-heat ratios of co-generation plants, coefficients of perfor -","line":22,"x":65.85829162,"y":333.15979003,"width":"319.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• narratives and assumptions regarding the further development of demand and ","line":25,"x":53.85829162,"y":297.15979003,"width":"326.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"imposed by production capacities and regional implementation. These assump -","line":28,"x":65.85829162,"y":261.15979003,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"tions and narratives are described in detail in Chap. 5 , Sect. 4 .","line":29,"x":65.85829162,"y":249.15977478,"width":"247.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• the final and primary energy demands, broken down by fuel, technology, and ","line":31,"x":53.85829162,"y":213.15977478,"width":"326.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• the results broken down by the three main types of energy demand—electricity, ","line":34,"x":53.85829162,"y":177.15977478,"width":"325.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• total energy budget, which is the total cost of energy for the whole power ","line":37,"x":53.85829162,"y":141.15977478,"width":"327.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":94,"change":"Addition","str":"• energy-related CO 2 emissions over the projected period.","line":39,"x":53.85829162,"y":115.65979766,"width":"227.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5 [R]E 24/7 (UTS-ISF)","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"121.00","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"(see Sect. 3.4 ) are used as the input data for the dispatch modelling described in this ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.79382324,"width":"333.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"into hourly load and generation curves. The annual electricity demand is trans -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":531.79382324,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"formed into an hourly load curve (see Sect. 3.2 ) and the annual power generation is ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":519.79382324,"width":"334.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"regional solar and wind data and dispatchable power-generation data via inter -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":495.79382324,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"changeable dispatch orders (see Sect. 3.7 ). The [R]E24/7 model is an accounting ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":483.79382324,"width":"334.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"1. a flow calculation module, which balances the energy supply and demand; and","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.79382324,"width":"321.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"2. a cost calculation module, which calculates the corresponding generation and ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.79382324,"width":"330.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"[R]E 24/7 also calculates load curves for the residential, industry, and transport sec -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"3.2 ).","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.79382324,"width":"18.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5.1 [R]E 24/7—Model Structure","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":283.79379272,"width":"165.35","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"Teske ( 2015 ) has developed a three-level grid model called ‘[R]E 24/7’ as a grid ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":255.79379272,"width":"334.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"and the calculation time. High resolution, with multiple voltage levels, is impracti -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":219.79379272,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"cal for a global energy scenario, because the required input data would not be avail -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":207.79379272,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity (see Sect. 3.8 ). Different voltage levels are not calculated. Figure  3.7 pro -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":159.79379272,"width":"331.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"The data are partly with the GIS tool (see Sect. 3.2 ) and partly from other informa -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":111.79379272,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ), GDP (CIA 2018 ; ST 7- 2018 ), and energy efficiency indicators (WEC 2018 ), ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":87.79379272,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":95,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ) and the World Resources Institute (WRI 2018 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":326.30880737,"width":"214.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5.2 Development and Calculation of Load Curves","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":282.30880737,"width":"249.98","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"in calculating supply security and the dispatch and storage capacities required, espe -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":242.30880737,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"(a) Actual demand curves are not available for all countries and/or regions and are ","line":9,"x":54.41830062,"y":188.30880737,"width":"328.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"(b) Future load curves with high penetration of storage, electric heating systems ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":164.30880737,"width":"330.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"(c) For developing countries with low access to energy rates or little access to suf -","line":13,"x":54.41830062,"y":140.30880737,"width":"326.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"1. Calculation of each cluste r","line":18,"x":305.40029907,"y":544.6928711,"width":"58.30","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Capex, Opex, Fuel cost s","line":20,"x":235.4347229,"y":465.63116455,"width":"47.58","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"St an da rd Re po rt","line":22,"x":322.89672851,"y":480.35943603,"width":"37.16","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"5. Result Analysi s","line":23,"x":305.39526367,"y":441.60510253,"width":"34.78","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"in hourly resolutio n","line":25,"x":239.32929992,"y":495.47329711,"width":"39.53","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Ma cr o","line":28,"x":334.55630493,"y":553.22161865,"width":"15.21","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Re gi on Dist ri bu ti on De ma nd an dL oa d","line":30,"x":153.0269928,"y":569.88104248,"width":"87.42","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Ge ne ra ti on da ta","line":33,"x":72.9467926,"y":441.60748291,"width":"37.07","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Dist ri bu ti on of","line":34,"x":241.27029418,"y":561.35357666,"width":"33.63","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Disp at ch Mo du le","line":36,"x":238.94088745,"y":511.74719238,"width":"39.32","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"generation capacity > by region","line":37,"x":81.12506103,"y":418.74380493,"width":"62.49","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"So ci oe co no mi cd at a","line":38,"x":67.13295745,"y":553.21929931,"width":"53.64","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Re gi on Dist ri bu ti on","line":39,"x":235.82429504,"y":434.24429321,"width":"44.91","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Dist ri bu ti on of","line":40,"x":241.26986694,"y":426.88269042,"width":"33.63","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Ho us eh ol dD eman d","line":41,"x":151.09559631,"y":553.21929931,"width":"47.47","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"In terc o nne ct io n","line":42,"x":155.36729431,"y":410.6072998,"width":"37.49","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"St or ag e","line":43,"x":165.4723053,"y":434.24429321,"width":"17.93","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"and Infrastructu r","line":47,"x":156.627594,"y":466.27600097,"width":"35.59","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"4. Key results cost s","line":49,"x":305.402771,"y":449.35940551,"width":"38.33","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"2. Hourly results - Supply & Storag e","line":58,"x":305.40188598,"y":465.62817382,"width":"71.55","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"En er gy Cons um er da ta Tr an sp or tD eman d","line":60,"x":65.57972717,"y":519.89233398,"width":"95.13","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Co st Ca lc ul at io n","line":61,"x":239.7223053,"y":472.9921875,"width":"37.32","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"GDP, total & by sector I ndu st ry De ma nd","line":63,"x":69.8455429,"y":536.5592041,"width":"83.82","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light","RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Population, Household-size Calculation modul e","line":69,"x":64.42030334,"y":545.07958984,"width":"94.27","height":"5.04","fontName":["XZRLEO+CcgsdxXqtymqWfxnlmCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Re gi on al Da ta ba se","line":71,"x":70.2444992,"y":569.87988281,"width":"42.61","height":"5.04","fontName":["RXZLYA+HhsjsrFdmwkgKpfdglCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":96,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.7 Schematic representation of the [R] E24/7 model structure","line":73,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.13879394,"width":"225.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• households;","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"51.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• industry and business; and","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"109.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• transport (public and individual electric mobility).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"203.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• electrical applications in use;","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"119.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• demand pattern (24 h);","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"94.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• efficiency progress (base year 2015) for 2020 until 2050, and individual effi -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"323.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5.3 Load Curve Calculation for Households","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":307.15979003,"width":"222.39","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"The model differentiates nine household groups, with various degrees of electrifica -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Rural—phase 1: Minimal electrification stage","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15979003,"width":"186.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Rural—phase 2: White goods are introduced and increase the overall demand","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15979003,"width":"312.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Rural—phase 3: Fully equipped western-standard household with electrical ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15979003,"width":"328.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Urban single: Single-person household with minimal equipment","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":201.15979003,"width":"260.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Urban shared flat: 3–5 persons share one apartment; fully equipped western ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15979003,"width":"327.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Urban—Family 1: 2 adults and 2–3 children; middle income, middle western ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15979003,"width":"326.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Urban—Family 2: 2 adults and > 3 children and/or higher income, full western ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15979003,"width":"326.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Suburbia 1: average family, middle income, full equipment, high transport ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.15979003,"width":"328.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"• Suburbia 2: High-income household, fully equipped, extremely high transport ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.15979003,"width":"326.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":97,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Lighting: 4 different light bulb types (LED, three efficiency classes of CFLs),","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":579.15979003,"width":"313.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Cooking: 10 different cooking stoves (2+4 burners, electricity, gas, firewood)","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.15979003,"width":"311.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Entertainment: 3 different efficiency levels of computers, TV, and radio types","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"312.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• White goods: 2 different efficiency levels each for washing machine, dryer, ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":543.15979003,"width":"327.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Climatization: 2 different efficiency levels each for fan, air-conditioning","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":519.15979003,"width":"291.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Water heating: A selection of direct electric, heat-pump, and solar heating ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":507.15979003,"width":"328.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5.4 Load Curve Calculation for Business and Industry","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":451.15979003,"width":"274.41","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Agriculture","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"49.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Manufacturing","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"62.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Mining","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"32.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Iron and steel","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"57.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Cement industry","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"69.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Construction industry","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"90.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Chemical industry","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"77.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"• Service and trade","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"72.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"Each sector has a definite energy intensity in energy per dollar GDP (MJ/$ GDP ), ","line":21,"x":65.85829925,"y":289.65979003,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"which is been converted to electrical units (kW/$ GDP ) based on an estimated fuel ","line":22,"x":53.86188125,"y":277.65979003,"width":"335.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity intensity per dollar GDP conversion can only show the required con -","line":24,"x":53.8592987,"y":255.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"nected load and the specific consumption of an industrial sector to a first approxima -","line":25,"x":53.8592987,"y":243.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"(a) significant regional differences;","line":27,"x":54.41930007,"y":213.15979003,"width":"137.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"(b) significant demand differences within one industry sector, such as manufactur -","line":28,"x":53.8592987,"y":201.15979003,"width":"326.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"ing or chemical industry ;","line":29,"x":70.51930236,"y":189.15979003,"width":"100.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"(c) lack of standardized data on industry energy demands, especially for the elec -","line":30,"x":54.41930007,"y":177.15979003,"width":"326.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"because after an initial calibration, the current statistically recorded industrial elec -","line":33,"x":53.85929107,"y":135.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":98,"change":"Addition","str":"(e.g., Europe) can be recalculated with a tolerance of ± 10%. However, this method -","line":35,"x":53.85929107,"y":111.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5.5 Load Distribution by Cluster","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"165.46","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"The spatial concept of the [R]E 24/7 is shown in Fig.  3.8 . The model calculates the ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.79382324,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"data availability and the model limitations (maximum of eight clusters) force sim -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":423.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"The distribution of the regional load, calculated in Sects. 3.3 and 3.4 , is con -","line":18,"x":65.85829925,"y":375.79382324,"width":"319.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"genera\u001fon capacity (individuel input )","line":40,"x":263.07528686,"y":304.49917602,"width":"69.71","height":"4.66","fontName":["XZRLEO+BmhrsqLbtwbhGccrlrCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":99,"change":"Addition","str":"Popula\u001fon Popula\u001fon","line":43,"x":74.27089691,"y":134.90138244,"width":"47.81","height":"5.50","fontName":["XZRLEO+BmhrsqLbtwbhGccrlrCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"The cluster-specific data for the base year (2015) are taken from the model’s data -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"not available for each sub-region, the input data from the entire region will be bro -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"2050) for all 10 regions and their respective sub-regions. In the next step, the result -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":100,"change":"Addition","str":"load curves calculated as described in Sects. 3.3 and 3.4 . Each cluster has an hourly ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"334.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":104,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro pump STORAGE Hydro Pump storage","line":40,"x":217.34648895999996,"y":559.74529936,"width":"154.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":104,"change":"Addition","str":"H2 H2","line":41,"x":217.34648895999996,"y":547.91332913,"width":"20.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"Limitations: The solar and wind resources can differ within one cluster. In some ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":531.15979003,"width":"328.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"take into account the time variations in sunrise and sunset between different clus -","line":11,"x":53.85779953,"y":471.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"3.5.8 Interconnection Capacities","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":391.15979003,"width":"157.68","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"demand (in megawatts) by 2005 (EMP-BARCELONA 2002 ). The EU developed ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.15979003,"width":"335.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"15% (EU-EG 2017 ), whereas the [R]E 24/7 model implements a simplified approach ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.15979003,"width":"333.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"by taking a percentage of the overall installed capacity. Clusters that are not con -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":267.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"Several simplifications have been made to the [R]E 24/7 model for ease of com -","line":30,"x":65.85829925,"y":195.15979003,"width":"319.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"– Interconnections between the project-defined regions are the only ones consid -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15979003,"width":"324.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"ered, so all intra-regional interconnections or line constraints are excluded (‘ cop-","line":34,"x":65.85829925,"y":141.15979003,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"per plate ’);","line":35,"x":65.85829925,"y":129.15979003,"width":"45.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"– Optimal load flow is neglected because policy and price signals are considered to ","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"326.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"– Non-adjacent inter-regional interconnections are neglected for computational ","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"329.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":105,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"– Excess generation capacity;","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.15979003,"width":"116.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"– Unmet load;","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"54.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"– Interconnection capacity with each adjacent region, both in and out.","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":543.15979003,"width":"276.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+TmcjtyKmygfwVfvvtxTimes-Roman","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"when the load within the region is met. These excesses and shortfalls were calcu -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"consume power, for example, after the variable renewables and dispatchable gen -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"behaviour. For regions sending generation capacity to other regions, the intercon -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"3.6 Employment Modelling (UTS-ISF)","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":193.1598053,"width":"193.01","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"Two of the key dimensions influencing the social and economic impacts of the tran -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.1598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). ISF has developed a model to estimate the volume of renewable energy jobs ","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.15979766,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":106,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ), and an increasing body of research is estimating the jobs created by ","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15979766,"width":"336.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy. The following section provides an overview of the basic method -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"in Sect. 3.2 .","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"47.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"3.6.1 Quantitative Employment Calculation","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":529.15979003,"width":"211.74","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"Sydney (UTS) developed a quantitative employment model that calculates employ -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"analysis of future energy pathways (Rutovitz and Dominish 2015 ). Figure  3.10 pro -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"Rutovitz ( 2015b ). The main inputs for the quantitative employment calculations ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"335.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"for each calculated scenario, e.g., the 5.0 °C (Sect. 5.1.1 ) and 2.0 °C Scenarios ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"322.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"(Sect. 5.1.2 ),","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"51.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the electrical and heating capacity that will be installed each year for each ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":387.15979003,"width":"327.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the primary energy demand for coal, gas, and biomass fuels in the electricity and ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.15979003,"width":"325.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the amount of electricity generated per year from nuclear power, oil, and diesel.","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":339.15979003,"width":"321.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• ‘employment factors’, or the number of jobs per unit of capacity, separated into ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.15979003,"width":"325.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"manufacturing, construction, operation, and maintenance, and per unit of pri -","line":21,"x":65.85829925,"y":291.15979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• for the 2020, 2030, and 2050 calculations, a ‘decline factor’ for each technology, ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":267.15979003,"width":"325.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the percentage of local manufacturing and domestic fuel production in each ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":195.15979003,"width":"327.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"• the percentage of world trade in coal and gas fuels, and traded renewable compo -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":159.15979003,"width":"323.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":107,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"calculation is summarized in Fig.  3.10 .","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":244.75949096,"width":"155.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"required to make these calculations means that employment numbers are only esti -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":112.75949096,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"local use) = MW installed per","line":18,"x":58.30550003,"y":591.25170898,"width":"65.60","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"year in region x Manufacturing ","line":19,"x":122.73919677,"y":591.25170898,"width":"70.48","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"em ploy me nt factor x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":20,"x":189.02929687,"y":591.25170898,"width":"100.12","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"for year x %l ocal","line":21,"x":266.0993042,"y":591.25170898,"width":"39.75","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"ma nufacturin g","line":22,"x":337.0512085,"y":591.25170898,"width":"33.43","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"(for export ) = MW exported per ","line":24,"x":58.30550003,"y":557.56030273,"width":"72.19","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NkhmqvYsqfljDqfpbyTimesNewRomanPSMT","HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"year x Manufacturing ","line":25,"x":122.7409668,"y":557.55456542,"width":"48.39","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"em ploy me nt factor x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":26,"x":189.03123474,"y":557.54882812,"width":"100.12","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"Construction = MW installed per","line":28,"x":58.30550003,"y":527.46557617,"width":"74.67","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"year x Construction ","line":29,"x":122.7352295,"y":523.88232421,"width":"43.93","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"em ploy me nt factor x Regional job mu ltiplier ","line":30,"x":189.02549743,"y":523.88232421,"width":"101.51","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+QjpbhcRvgfvyClyhqtTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"Maintenance =C um ulative capacit yx O&M em ploy me nt","line":33,"x":58.30550003,"y":490.24798583,"width":"158.44","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+JxtxfxJmclymQkjnvkTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"factor x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":34,"x":189.03123474,"y":490.25372314,"width":"69.97","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+JxtxfxJmclymQkjnvkTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"(nuclear ) = Electricity","line":37,"x":59.7303009,"y":456.5710144,"width":"47.87","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"generatio n xF uel employment factor x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":38,"x":122.73592376,"y":456.5710144,"width":"156.48","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"fo ry ea r","line":39,"x":266.09494018,"y":456.5710144,"width":"19.47","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"gas and biom ass) =","line":41,"x":58.30550003,"y":419.30899047,"width":"43.02","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"de ma nd plus","line":43,"x":122.7409668,"y":422.9382019,"width":"29.19","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"export s","line":44,"x":122.74671173,"y":415.77166748,"width":"16.94","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+VqwcmpLrvfsvQrqnfbTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"coal )","line":48,"x":189.0369873,"y":415.77740478,"width":"11.48","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":49,"x":255.0975647,"y":422.90371704,"width":"56.51","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"for year x % of local ","line":50,"x":266.1057434,"y":419.32046508,"width":"45.97","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat supply = MW installed per","line":52,"x":58.30550003,"y":385.6749878,"width":"71.09","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"year x Em ploy me nt factor for ","line":53,"x":122.7352295,"y":382.09173583,"width":"67.07","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"heat x Regional job mu ltiplier","line":54,"x":189.03123474,"y":382.09173583,"width":"67.53","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"Jobs in region = Manufacturin g+ Constructio n+ Operation and maintenance ","line":56,"x":58.30550003,"y":346.88598632,"width":"253.69","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"(O&M) + Fuel + Heat","line":57,"x":249.56219482,"y":343.30200195,"width":"45.07","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+WlwtdtPtlbjmPsgtyhTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"Em ploy me nt factors at 2020 , ","line":58,"x":58.30550003,"y":315.36801147,"width":"68.21","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NygjffVbyrtwHymvpxTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 or 2050 =2 015 em ploy me nt factor x Technology decline factor [ number of ye ars after 2015 ]","line":59,"x":58.30550003,"y":308.20150756,"width":"216.93","height":"5.74","fontName":["HWUTOU+NygjffVbyrtwHymvpxTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":108,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.10 Quantitative employment calculation: methodological overview","line":60,"x":53.85829925,"y":281.58938598,"width":"247.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"3.6.2 Occupational Employment Modelling","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"209.90","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"The quantitative employment model documented in Sect. 3.6.1 were further devel -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"oped to analyse the qualitative occupational composition of employment in the fos -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"provide a richer picture of the composition of this employment change. The meth -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.79382324,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"across a range of developed and developing nations, IRENA has estimated the per -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.79382324,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"and offshore wind farm supply chains (IRENA 2017 ). Figure  3.11 is an example (in ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.79382324,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"application of IRENA’s work. Chapter 10 provides more details about the methodol -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":231.79380798,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"3.7 Material and Metal Resources Analysis (UTS-ISF)","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.79379272,"width":"272.43","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"3.7.1 Methodology—Material and Metal Resources Analysis","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":149.78979492,"width":"294.91","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"Chap. 6 .","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":73.79380035,"width":"33.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":109,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"When assuming that the introduced amount of specific technologies in year t is l t , ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":235.69450378,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"the accumulated stock amount in year t (generation capacity or in-use stock) is S t , and ","line":8,"x":53.85678863,"y":223.69450378,"width":"333.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"the discarded amount in year t is O t , can be expressed by:","line":9,"x":53.85330963,"y":211.69450378,"width":"227.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"SS IO tt tt =+ − − 1 (3.1)","line":10,"x":186.20199584,"y":187.50700378,"width":"225.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+HwpmsnFtgshfNycmdvTimesLTStd-Italic","CYMZWE+WnljlfVhlmlkYpmbjmSymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"Where O t depends on the number of use years of each product. This use year ","line":11,"x":65.85830688,"y":164.69450378,"width":"322.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"distribution. Therefore, if the number of use years of the product is assumed as a , ","line":14,"x":53.86270141,"y":130.19450378,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"lifetime distribution can be defined as g (a) . Hence, is given by following:","line":15,"x":53.86270141,"y":116.69450378,"width":"288.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"OI ga t","line":16,"x":187.23330688,"y":84.50700378,"width":"81.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+RfkmlmCbwfhrNjlfsrTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"ta = ()","line":19,"x":199.82699584,"y":84.50700378,"width":"38.77","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+RfkmlmCbwfhrNjlfsrTimesLTStd-Italic","CYMZWE+FqsltlTjdspvJgbmhfSymbolMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"− ∑","line":21,"x":208.01449584,"y":84.50782775,"width":"13.87","height":"15.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+FqsltlTjdspvJgbmhfSymbolMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"ma x","line":23,"x":210.76449584,"y":97.06950378,"width":"7.19","height":"4.19","fontName":["CYMZWE+SxssfpCjrrymFffxnmTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"4% Quality control","line":26,"x":234.67230224,"y":582.43817138,"width":"57.62","height":"7.91","fontName":["HWUTOU+WmhlxyKwpmbbVtkhlsCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.11 Distribution of human resources required to manufacture the main components of a ","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":344.02441406,"width":"329.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":110,"change":"Addition","str":"50 MW solar photovoltaic power plant. (IRENA 2017 )","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":334.02841186,"width":"186.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Where a max is the maximum value of the product life. Therefore ,I t can be calcu -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"319.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"lated with equation ( 3.3 ).","line":2,"x":53.85668945,"y":585.15979003,"width":"100.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"IS SI ga tt t","line":3,"x":168.85830688,"y":551.47229003,"width":"163.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+JnnmwhRppsbdNjtrhcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"ta =− + () −","line":6,"x":178.35830688,"y":551.47229003,"width":"77.89","height":"13.43","fontName":["CYMZWE+JnnmwhRppsbdNjtrhcTimesLTStd-Italic","CYMZWE+LlcbxwCjblldRrfmkqSymbolMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"− ∑ 1","line":8,"x":214.10830688,"y":551.47229003,"width":"16.76","height":"15.00","fontName":["CYMZWE+LlcbxwCjblldRrfmkqSymbolMT","CYMZWE+XmxrchHpvfbwGtgfhrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"ma x","line":10,"x":229.92080688,"y":564.03479003,"width":"7.19","height":"4.19","fontName":["CYMZWE+XmxrchHpvfbwGtgfhrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"the products described above, with the key assumptions shown in Table  3.8 .","line":13,"x":53.8583107,"y":511.15979003,"width":"302.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"equation ( 3.3 ), the metal demand for technology p in year t is estimated as:","line":15,"x":53.8583107,"y":487.15979003,"width":"299.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Demand IM etal intensity pt pt pt ,, , =⋅ (3.4)","line":16,"x":150.85830688,"y":461.47229003,"width":"254.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+YctbqfJtrbjwNbgjgfTimes-Italic","RYSWYA+SttfqgYhbwvtSrrmhqTimes-Roman","CYMZWE+BkhypbHgxfqqVvqjgySymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Where Metal intensity p,t is the amount of required metal in technology p in year ","line":17,"x":65.85830688,"y":437.65979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"t . Because this value can change over time with technological developments, we ","line":18,"x":53.85979843,"y":427.15979003,"width":"335.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"The demand estimated with equation ( 3.4 ) indicates the total metal requirements ","line":21,"x":65.85980224,"y":391.15979003,"width":"321.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, we evaluated the effects of recycling by estimating the potential reduction ","line":26,"x":53.85979843,"y":331.15979003,"width":"333.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"in primary production entailed. When the recycling of end-of-life products is con -","line":27,"x":53.85979843,"y":319.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"sidered, primary production is given by equation ( 3.5 ).","line":28,"x":53.85979843,"y":307.15979003,"width":"218.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Primar yp roduction Demand Discar dR ecyclin gr at e pt pt pt p ,, , =− ⋅ (3.5)","line":29,"x":91.35829925,"y":281.47229003,"width":"495.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+LkkmwjJfmwhjJqsdrnTimes-Italic","RYSWYA+SttfqgYhbwvtSrrmhqTimes-Roman","CYMZWE+StydcbYcsxcnRbpthnSymbolMT","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Where Discard p,t is end-of-life technology in year , and is estimated from the ","line":30,"x":65.85830688,"y":257.65979003,"width":"322.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Weibull distribution, and the Recycling rate p indicates the proportion of metals ","line":31,"x":53.85950088,"y":245.6598053,"width":"335.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman","XYDAEO+HjtskvTgsfgjSbnbnyTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"recovered from end-of-life technology. Since this value can be increased by techno -","line":32,"x":53.85499954,"y":235.1598053,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"This recycling rate is based on the rate of recycling of the metal within the tech -","line":35,"x":65.85500335,"y":199.1598053,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"nology (e.g., silver discarded from solar panels can be recycled into new solar pan -","line":36,"x":53.85499954,"y":187.1598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.8 Key assumptions","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":111.22750091,"width":"90.73","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Technology Lifetime (years) Shape parameter","line":42,"x":56.692901610000014,"y":96.9720011,"width":"151.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar PV 30 5.38","line":43,"x":56.68439865000001,"y":84.32399848,"width":"54.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"Battery 8 3.5","line":44,"x":56.675891870000015,"y":72.49199774,"width":"39.90","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":111,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":45,"x":53.836891170000015,"y":623.6575327099999,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"Ultimately, the mineral requirements estimated with equations ( 3.4 ) and ( 3.5 ) ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"under the various assumptions were compared with metal reserves and annual pro -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"with the current technologies and at the current metal price, and can change signifi -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"rapid increase in requirements. The key results are presented in Chap. 11 .","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"293.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8 Climate Model","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":457.15979003,"width":"91.32","height":"12.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8.1 Deriving Non-CO 2 GHG Pathways","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.35980224,"width":"195.33","height":"12.00","fontName":["RXZLYA+BcdfsfHdkjrkMdtlhjTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"This section provides an overview of the methodology that has been used to com -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":403.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"plement the energy-related CO 2 emission pathways for non-energy-related CO 2","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"The energy-related CO 2 emissions were derived using energy-system modelling ","line":15,"x":65.86180114,"y":365.65979003,"width":"322.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"frameworks, but two different approaches have been used to derive the land-use CO 2","line":16,"x":53.8586998,"y":353.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"statistical analysis of currently published scenarios. To derive non-CO 2 pathways ","line":19,"x":53.86180114,"y":317.65979003,"width":"335.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"that are consistent with the relevant emission mitigation levels, the non-CO 2 emis -","line":20,"x":53.85599136,"y":305.65979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"sions were regressed against the fossil fuel and industrial CO 2 emissions. These ","line":21,"x":53.86241912,"y":293.65979003,"width":"335.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"regression characteristics were then used to derive the non-CO 2 emissions. This ","line":22,"x":53.8630104,"y":281.65979003,"width":"335.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"Meinshausen et al. ( 2006 ).","line":25,"x":53.85881042,"y":247.15979003,"width":"106.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"gas- emission scenarios in the literature is that regional and sectoral definitions differ ","line":27,"x":53.85881042,"y":223.15979003,"width":"333.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"categories and regions have been adopted in this analysis of non-CO 2 emission path -","line":30,"x":53.85881042,"y":185.6598053,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8.1.1 Regional Definitions","line":32,"x":53.86288833,"y":139.1598053,"width":"113.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":112,"change":"Addition","str":"First, the regional energy-related CO 2 emissions developed in the previous sections ","line":33,"x":53.86288833,"y":113.65979766,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"membership status as of 1990), ASIA (Asian countries), REF (economies in transi -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":460.47140502,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"tion), LAM (Latin America), and MAF (Middle East and Africa). Table  3.9 (above) ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":448.47140502,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"regions described in this report. As an indicator of how different the regional defini -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":424.47140502,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"tions are, we used the fossil fuel and industrial emissions for the year 2015 accord -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":412.47140502,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"ing to the 2017 update of the PRIMAP database (Gütschow et al. 2016 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":400.47140502,"width":"288.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.9 provides an overview to the regional definitions used in this study. The ","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":388.47140502,"width":"322.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"top row indicates the regions for the CO 2 fossil and industrial emissions, and the ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":374.97140502,"width":"335.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"various rows refer to the five regions used in IAMs. To derive the non-CO 2 emis -","line":9,"x":53.86320114,"y":362.97140502,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial emissions in the year 2015 in MtCO 2 , aggregated from country-level data. ","line":11,"x":53.86310958,"y":338.97140502,"width":"333.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.9 Regional definitions according to the Integrated Assessment Modelling ","line":13,"x":65.86190795,"y":316.47140502,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"shown with the 2015 fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions. For example, the first row ","line":16,"x":53.86191177,"y":278.97140502,"width":"333.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"MtCO 2 of emissions.","line":18,"x":53.85948944,"y":254.97140502,"width":"83.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"The transfer of the energy-related CO 2 emission results to fit the IAM’s regional ","line":19,"x":65.8580017,"y":242.97140502,"width":"322.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"applied to the 2015 energy-related country-level CO 2 emissions from the PRIMAP ","line":22,"x":53.86000061,"y":206.97140502,"width":"334.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8.1.2 Harmonization: Emission Category Adjustments","line":25,"x":53.85419082,"y":148.47140502,"width":"235.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Before proceeding with the application of CO 2 versus non-CO 2 statistical relation -","line":26,"x":53.85419082,"y":122.9713974,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"ships, a harmonization step is necessary. Various IAM use slightly different catego -","line":27,"x":53.85739898,"y":112.4713974,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia Africa","line":31,"x":99.74060058,"y":569.53692626,"width":"22.82","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+WynkvtXxtvxvNkvlxmTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Am er Eurasia Chin a Indi a","line":36,"x":204.60629272,"y":569.53692626,"width":"50.77","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+WynkvtXxtvxvNkvlxmTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Am erica","line":38,"x":308.30630493,"y":569.53692626,"width":"18.04","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+WynkvtXxtvxvNkvlxmTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Oceani a Subtotal","line":41,"x":335.38031005,"y":569.53692626,"width":"34.52","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+WynkvtXxtvxvNkvlxmTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"RCP5_Asi a 1,561 - - - 19 21 8,826 1,985 - 674 13 ,0 86","line":42,"x":57.88019943,"y":557.65802001,"width":"104.95","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+WynkvtXxtvxvNkvlxmTimesNewRomanPSMT","HWUTOU+HsfmgfQlwhtgGjclvpTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"RCP5_RE F - 720 - - - 2,153 - - - - 2,873 ","line":43,"x":57.88019943,"y":545.8317871,"width":"73.98","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+HsfmgfQlwhtgGjclvpTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"RCP5_MA F - - 1,174 2,021 - - - - - - 3,195 ","line":44,"x":57.88019943,"y":533.95880126,"width":"79.61","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+HsfmgfQlwhtgGjclvpTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"RCP5_OECD 9","line":45,"x":57.88019943,"y":522.1326294,"width":"31.86","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+HsfmgfQlwhtgGjclvpTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"0 2 3,031 - - - - - - 5,766 1,577 10 ,3 76","line":46,"x":57.88019943,"y":516.19598388,"width":"70.55","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+HsfmgfQlwhtgGjclvpTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"RCP5_LA M - - - - 1,216 - - - 461 - 1,676 ","line":47,"x":57.88019943,"y":504.3171997,"width":"75.98","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+HsfmgfQlwhtgGjclvpTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Subtotal 1,563 3,751 1,174 2,021 1,235 2,174 8,826 1,985 6,226 2,251 31 ,2 06","line":48,"x":57.88019943,"y":492.48999023,"width":"162.72","height":"5.18","fontName":["HWUTOU+HsfmgfQlwhtgGjclvpTimesNewRomanPSMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.9 Regional definitions according to the Integrated Assessment Modelling community","line":50,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.18432617,"width":"314.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":113,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":51,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65032958,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"have either been scaled or shifted towards a common reference point. A recent his -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"were related to the CO 2 fossil and industrial emission categories (such as waste-","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":511.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 emission chapters. The scenarios from which these ‘other’ energy-related CO 2","line":10,"x":53.85609817,"y":487.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario). In the second harmonization step, the overall sum of the complemented ","line":14,"x":53.86180114,"y":441.15979003,"width":"334.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C and 1.5 °C scenario CO 2 emissions were compared with the overall fossil and ","line":15,"x":53.86180114,"y":427.65979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial sum of CO 2 emissions in the year 2015, which were used for scenario ","line":16,"x":53.8600998,"y":415.65979003,"width":"335.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"harmonization under the CMIP6 ScenarioMIP process (Meinshausen et al., in prep -","line":17,"x":53.86148834,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"complemented energy scenarios (see Chapter 8 ) and the harmonization emission ","line":19,"x":53.86148834,"y":381.15979003,"width":"335.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"levels for the various regions. These differences could again have resulted from dif -","line":20,"x":53.86148834,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"raw and regionally disaggregated energy scenario emissions towards the harmoni -","line":24,"x":53.86148834,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"zation emission levels. Figure  3.12 shows the differences between the raw emission ","line":25,"x":53.86148834,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"harmonization fossil and industrial CO 2 emission levels for 2015 (in GtC). The dif -","line":27,"x":53.86148834,"y":283.65979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"0.87 0.78","line":31,"x":201.97419738,"y":135.44848632,"width":"24.82","height":"7.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+RgptjqBjcnlgPrdbsmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"0.46 0.35","line":32,"x":286.0302124,"y":124.7244873,"width":"24.82","height":"7.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+RgptjqBjcnlgPrdbsmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"0.63 0.51 0.48","line":36,"x":256.34320068,"y":127.6574936,"width":"37.23","height":"7.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+RgptjqBjcnlgPrdbsmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia OECD90 MAF REF LAM BUNKERS","line":43,"x":123.35479736,"y":104.58049774,"width":"112.55","height":"8.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+RgptjqBjcnlgPrdbsmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"Harmonisation of Fossil & Industry CO 2 Emissions","line":46,"x":145.01119995,"y":217.63310241,"width":"180.25","height":"9.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+RgptjqBjcnlgPrdbsmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0C (Reference) Harmonised Fossil & Industrial","line":47,"x":135.81440734,"y":89.19450378,"width":"153.10","height":"8.00","fontName":["HWUTOU+RgptjqBjcnlgPrdbsmCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":114,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.12 Differences between the raw LDF emission scenario data","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15200042,"width":"225.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8.1.3 A New Quantile Regression Method for Non-CO 2 Gases","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"264.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"The completed fossil and industrial CO 2 emission time series can now be compared ","line":2,"x":53.85588836,"y":571.65979003,"width":"333.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"literature- reported studies are either reference scenarios or mitigation scenarios ","line":5,"x":53.85549926,"y":537.15979003,"width":"336.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"levels of change, others for 450 ppm CO 2 -equivalence concentrations, and yet oth -","line":7,"x":53.85549926,"y":511.65979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"approach. In summary, the input assumptions of all these literature-reported sce -","line":9,"x":53.86019897,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"behind them that provides first-level assurance that the envisaged CO 2 , methane, ","line":11,"x":53.86019897,"y":463.65979003,"width":"335.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"This study and the approach it uses are not dependent on absolute levels of miti -","line":17,"x":65.85559844,"y":393.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"required to reduce CO 2 emissions. Therefore, using the emission characteristics ","line":20,"x":53.85559844,"y":355.65979003,"width":"335.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"technological feasibility, economic mitigation costs, and implementation opportuni -","line":22,"x":53.86289978,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"ties will be required to reduce emissions of CO 2 and various other gases.","line":23,"x":53.86289978,"y":319.65979003,"width":"289.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"More specifically, we derived the non-CO 2 emissions in a particular year by ","line":24,"x":65.85610961,"y":307.65979003,"width":"323.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"ranking all the scenarios against the indicator of fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions ","line":25,"x":53.85770034,"y":295.65979003,"width":"333.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"in that year (see Fig.  3.11 below). By comparing them to the ‘crowd’ of other ","line":26,"x":53.85660171,"y":285.15979003,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"literature- reported scenarios, the LDF pathways could also be ranked. Specifically, ","line":27,"x":53.85660171,"y":273.15979003,"width":"334.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"distribution of the fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions across all 811 scenarios con-","line":29,"x":53.85660171,"y":247.6598053,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario distribution (see Fig.  3.13 ).","line":35,"x":53.8603897,"y":177.1598053,"width":"144.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.13 shows the 1.5  °C and 2.0  °C Scenarios, their absolute fossil and ","line":36,"x":65.8603897,"y":165.1598053,"width":"322.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"industry CO 2 emissions until 2050 (upper panel), and their respective locations in ","line":37,"x":53.8603897,"y":151.6598053,"width":"334.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario extensions were extrapolated differently for fossil and industrial CO 2 and ","line":39,"x":53.8611908,"y":127.65979766,"width":"334.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"the non-CO 2 gases. To derive the non-CO 2 gases, the 2050 percentile location was ","line":40,"x":53.86019897,"y":115.65979766,"width":"334.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"industrial CO 2 emissions in the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios, which do not assume ","line":42,"x":53.85519027,"y":91.65979766,"width":"334.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":115,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"emission level was assumed (straight constant emission level in the upper panel cor -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":202.35710144,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8.1.4 ‘Pseudo’ Fossil and Industrial CO 2 Extensions Beyond 2050","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":140.85710144,"width":"281.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"By the end of the century, almost 40% of all of 811 scenarios will feature net nega -","line":6,"x":53.85710144,"y":118.35710144,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"tive fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions, largely because there is some level of bio -","line":7,"x":53.85710144,"y":104.85710144,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100","line":17,"x":91.98180408000006,"y":338.97750454999994,"width":"187.79","height":"8.44","fontName":["RYSWYA+XlhkqrKjnnnpXyfrmgHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"2 Emissions (","line":27,"x":81.25440216,"y":511.3420105,"width":"51.61","height":"10.13","fontName":["RYSWYA+BbhhmtKhhfrxDfrlsdMyriadPro-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0C (Ref erence)","line":35,"x":239.19129943,"y":448.87850952,"width":"57.06","height":"8.44","fontName":["RYSWYA+BbhhmtKhhfrxDfrlsdMyriadPro-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0C (Ref erence)","line":36,"x":235.53495788,"y":581.89996337,"width":"57.06","height":"8.44","fontName":["RYSWYA+BbhhmtKhhfrxDfrlsdMyriadPro-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"Theoretical post-2050 percentil e","line":41,"x":245.4439087,"y":407.9395752,"width":"91.14","height":"6.76","fontName":["RYSWYA+BbhhmtKhhfrxDfrlsdMyriadPro-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"within set of 811 scenarios (incl. BEC CS)","line":43,"x":226.0832367,"y":391.72686767,"width":"110.44","height":"6.76","fontName":["RYSWYA+BbhhmtKhhfrxDfrlsdMyriadPro-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"under constant post-2050 percentil e","line":45,"x":175.7494812,"y":480.1942749,"width":"102.60","height":"6.76","fontName":["RYSWYA+BbhhmtKhhfrxDfrlsdMyriadPro-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumed constant post-2050 percentil e","line":46,"x":259.4003601,"y":357.51800537,"width":"111.76","height":"6.76","fontName":["RYSWYA+BbhhmtKhhfrxDfrlsdMyriadPro-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.13 The 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios and their absolute fossil and industry CO 2 emissions ","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":317.9119873,"width":"328.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"until 2050. The energy-related CO 2 emissions pathways from the other chapters are used until ","line":49,"x":53.85900878,"y":307.9119873,"width":"334.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":116,"change":"Addition","str":"2050, and then extended beyond 2050 by either keeping the CO 2 emissions constant (in the case of ","line":50,"x":53.86100006,"y":297.9119873,"width":"333.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"level of mitigation effort. Therefore, to derive non-CO 2 emissions that involve a ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":583.65979003,"width":"335.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"energy-related CO 2 emissions, we assumed that the energy scenarios developed for ","line":4,"x":53.85931015,"y":559.65979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"the twenty-first century. Therefore, whereas the actual fossil and industrial CO 2","line":7,"x":53.85990142,"y":523.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions in the LDF scenarios are assumed to remain constant at zero, the non-CO 2","line":8,"x":53.86180114,"y":511.65979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"(see the lower panel in Fig.  3.13 ).","line":11,"x":53.86180114,"y":477.15979003,"width":"134.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"We now have the fossil and industrial CO 2 emission levels throughout the twenty-","line":12,"x":65.86180114,"y":463.65979003,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"‘pseudo’ CO 2 emission levels for the second half of the twenty-first century. ","line":14,"x":53.86040115,"y":439.65979003,"width":"336.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, we can derive the corresponding non-CO 2 emissions.","line":15,"x":53.86100006,"y":427.65979003,"width":"256.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"In the first step, we derived the total non-CO 2 emissions for a specific year and ","line":16,"x":65.8556137,"y":415.65979003,"width":"322.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"for the world as a whole. In the second step, we determined the shares of global fos -","line":17,"x":53.86080932,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"against the overall fossil CO 2 emission level as an indicator of the ‘stringency’ of the ","line":19,"x":53.86080932,"y":379.65979003,"width":"333.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario. In the third step, we disaggregated these fossil and land-use-specific emis -","line":20,"x":53.86040115,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"were derived with the same quantile regressions shown in Fig.  3.13 above. With ","line":22,"x":53.86040115,"y":345.15979003,"width":"333.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"ranges are chosen), medium (for a median 50% quantile regression), or higher emis -","line":24,"x":53.86040115,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"method developed earlier (Meinshausen et al. 2006 ) is that the negative correlations ","line":29,"x":53.86040115,"y":261.15979003,"width":"333.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"between CO 2 and other gases can also be taken into account. By performing all ","line":30,"x":53.86040115,"y":247.6598053,"width":"335.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"quantile regressions in the space defined by the global fossil and industrial CO 2","line":31,"x":53.86260986,"y":235.6598053,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions in a particular year, any kind of non-linear, positive or negative relation -","line":32,"x":53.86180114,"y":225.1598053,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"ship with other non-CO 2 gas emission levels, sectoral divisions, or regional divi -","line":33,"x":53.86180114,"y":211.6598053,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios contained details of all the sectoral and regional divisions, but the step -","line":36,"x":53.86008834,"y":177.1598053,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"wise approach of this method can incorporate the characteristics from all the sce -","line":37,"x":53.86008834,"y":165.1598053,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 3.14 shows sample distributions of the emission scenario characteristics for ","line":39,"x":65.86009216,"y":141.1598053,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"and industrial CO 2 emissions, and the y-axis shows the global emission levels of ","line":41,"x":53.8600998,"y":115.65979766,"width":"335.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"another GHG, with one marker (blue dot) for each literature-reported scenario consid -","line":42,"x":53.85700988,"y":105.15979766,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"total gas emissions correlate strongly with the fossil and industrial CO 2 emissions ","line":45,"x":53.85700988,"y":67.65979766,"width":"335.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":117,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"-5 05 10 15 20 25","line":152,"x":85.78949737,"y":113.79859924,"width":"41.71","height":"2.58","fontName":["RYSWYA+DsljxlLptjfqGqxcbyHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Fossil & Industrial CO 2 Emissions (GtC)","line":165,"x":153.4995575,"y":101.41860198,"width":"131.48","height":"6.35","fontName":["RYSWYA+DsljxlLptjfqGqxcbyHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"-5 05 10 15 20 25","line":166,"x":180.74499511,"y":113.79859924,"width":"41.71","height":"2.58","fontName":["RYSWYA+BgkhrxDrpscmDndtkgHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"-5 05 10 15 20 25","line":175,"x":275.02600097,"y":113.79859924,"width":"41.71","height":"2.58","fontName":["RYSWYA+BgkhrxDrpscmDndtkgHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (kt) Global Emissions (kt)","line":206,"x":176.34977722,"y":270.08322143,"width":"59.95","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (kt) Global Emissions (kt) Global Emissions (kt)","line":207,"x":80.61859893,"y":341.6166687,"width":"89.92","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (Mt) Global Emissions (MtN)","line":208,"x":80.61859893,"y":412.8196106,"width":"64.35","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (Mt) Global Emissions (Mt)","line":209,"x":80.61859893,"y":482.34759521,"width":"62.06","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Emissions (MtCH4) Global Emissions (MtN2O-N) Global Emissions (MtS)","line":210,"x":80.61859893,"y":550.73321533,"width":"111.43","height":"3.17","fontName":["RYSWYA+HkcdnhVtqgwfBnbklrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":118,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 3.14 Example distributions of emissions scenario characteristics","line":213,"x":53.85829925,"y":82.10009765,"width":"231.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"(such as the SO X aerosols in the top-right panel), whereas others correlate less strongly. ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"334.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"3.8.1.5 Land-Use Assumptions","line":3,"x":53.854599,"y":549.15979003,"width":"126.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"reported as a negative emission in the fossil and industrial CO 2 emission categories. ","line":6,"x":53.854599,"y":499.65979003,"width":"333.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the quantile regression approach can also be applied to the land-use CO 2","line":7,"x":53.86001968,"y":487.65979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"various land-use scenarios, we developed a new (probabilistic) scenario in conjunc -","line":9,"x":53.86180114,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"tion with another land-use emission project (Dooley et al. 2018 )","line":10,"x":53.86180114,"y":453.15979003,"width":"255.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"ecosystem restoration’, ‘reforestation’, ‘sustainable use of forests’, and ‘agrofor -","line":13,"x":53.86180114,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"better management of terrestrial ecosystems should allow previously degraded car -","line":15,"x":53.86180114,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"bon stocks to be restored, entailing the removal of significant atmospheric CO 2","line":16,"x":53.86180114,"y":379.65979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"(DeCicco and Schlesinger 2018 ; Law et  al. 2018 ; Mackey et  al. 2013 ; Mackey ","line":17,"x":53.86180114,"y":369.15979003,"width":"335.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"2014 ; Nabuurs et al. 2017 ). We derived the overall pathways separately for the tem -","line":18,"x":53.86180114,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"the other. This distinction is largely consistent with the dominant distinction of dif -","line":20,"x":53.86180114,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"ferent climate domain characteristics in the literature (Grace et al. 2014 ; Houghton ","line":21,"x":53.86180114,"y":321.15979003,"width":"334.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"and Nassikas 2018 ; Pan et al. 2011 ), although the temperate and boreal biomes are ","line":22,"x":53.86180114,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"because several of the RCP regions cross both temperate and boreal biomes. A nar -","line":25,"x":53.86180114,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"rative for each of these pathways is available in Table  3.10 below.","line":26,"x":53.86180114,"y":261.15979003,"width":"261.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"Based on literature studies and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statis -","line":27,"x":65.86180114,"y":249.15979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"equilibrium, termed the ‘saturation’ period. At the equilibrium point, these ecosys -","line":36,"x":53.86180114,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"tems have a net zero effect on atmospheric CO 2 over the time scales of interest here ","line":37,"x":53.86180114,"y":127.65979766,"width":"333.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"(Houghton and Nassikas 2018 ). The period over which the maximal sequestration ","line":38,"x":53.85678863,"y":117.15981292,"width":"334.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"change that is achieved over the full period. The difference between a degraded for -","line":42,"x":53.85678863,"y":69.15979766,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":119,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.10 Narrative for each sequestration pathway per climatic biome","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.17034912,"width":"242.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"domain Narrative","line":4,"x":143.75839231999998,"y":573.9188194399999,"width":"57.26","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"Te,B Assume 25% of degraded natural forest put aside for full ","line":11,"x":143.76689144999997,"y":561.2878379999999,"width":"211.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"200 years (Luyssaert et al. 2008 ; Roxburgh et al. 2006 ). ","line":14,"x":181.58338926,"y":531.2998008799998,"width":"191.61","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"recent literature (Böttcher et al. 2018 ; Nabuurs et al. 2017 ), ","line":16,"x":181.58338926,"y":511.30782700999976,"width":"203.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"S,Tr Assume 25% of degraded natural forests across the tropics ","line":19,"x":143.76689144999997,"y":479.4838218799998,"width":"215.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"than in temperate and boreal biomes (Anav et al. 2015 ), ","line":24,"x":181.58338926,"y":429.50381089999985,"width":"191.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"(Arneth et al. 2017 ; Poorter et al. 2016 ). Sequestration rates ","line":27,"x":181.58338926,"y":399.5158042999998,"width":"205.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"Te Forest expansion on recently deforested land via natural ","line":36,"x":143.77539059999998,"y":337.7123069999998,"width":"200.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"Nassikas 2018 ).","line":46,"x":181.5918884,"y":237.7523155299998,"width":"54.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"S,Tr Natural forest expansion on recently deforested land as ","line":47,"x":143.77539059999998,"y":225.9203147999998,"width":"203.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"are in tropical regions (Wheeler et al. in press ). All ","line":50,"x":181.5918884,"y":195.9323234699998,"width":"174.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"biodiversity values (Grace et al., 2014 ; Wheeler et al. in ","line":53,"x":181.5918884,"y":165.9443168699998,"width":"191.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"press ). Saturation of tropical regrowth forests is assumed at ","line":54,"x":181.5918884,"y":155.9483146799998,"width":"203.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":120,"change":"Addition","str":"to mature (Poorter et al. 2016 ).","line":56,"x":181.5918884,"y":135.9563102799998,"width":"105.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"hectare carbon density of undisturbed forest ecosystems (Keith et al. 2009 ), rather ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":145.58380126,"width":"334.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"than average global biome values (Liu et al. 2015 ), to define the maximum carbon ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":133.58380126,"width":"334.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 3.10 (continued)","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.18432617,"width":"76.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"domain Narrative","line":13,"x":143.75839996,"y":573.9287204999999,"width":"57.26","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"Te,B Sustainable use of natural production forests (i.e. excluding ","line":19,"x":143.76689908999998,"y":561.4422092699999,"width":"220.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"extending rotation lengths (Law et al. 2018 ; Nabuurs et al. ","line":23,"x":181.5833969,"y":521.45820048,"width":"200.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ; Pingoud et al. 2018 ). Wood harvest is slightly ","line":24,"x":181.5833969,"y":511.46222880000005,"width":"178.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"(Law et al. 2018 ; Pingoud et al. 2018 ). Including harvested ","line":27,"x":181.5833969,"y":481.47422221,"width":"202.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"mitigation values (Houghton and Nassikas 2018 ; Nabuurs ","line":29,"x":181.5833969,"y":461.48221781999996,"width":"198.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"et al. 2017 ), but the life-time of HWP is generally too short ","line":30,"x":181.5833969,"y":451.48621562000005,"width":"203.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"forest biomass (Law et al. 2018 ; Keith et al. 2015 ).","line":32,"x":181.5833969,"y":431.49421123,"width":"172.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"S,Tr Reduced harvest intensity and management practices such ","line":33,"x":143.76689908999998,"y":419.66221049,"width":"214.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"carbon stock in tropical forests (Martin et al. 2015 ). Carbon ","line":35,"x":181.5833969,"y":399.6702061,"width":"204.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ; Zimmerman and Kormos 2012 ). Our scenario ","line":40,"x":181.5833969,"y":349.69022563,"width":"179.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"improved swidden practices (Mackey et al. 2018 ; Ziegler ","line":44,"x":181.5833969,"y":309.70621684,"width":"196.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"et al. 2012 ).","line":45,"x":181.5833969,"y":299.71021464,"width":"40.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"T,B We calculate biome-average sequestration rates from the ","line":48,"x":143.77539824,"y":287.87821391,"width":"205.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"range of agroforestry practices (Watson et al. 2000 ; ","line":50,"x":181.59189604,"y":267.88620951999997,"width":"176.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"Nabuurs et al. 2017 ; Ramachandran Nair et al. 2009 ), and ","line":51,"x":181.59189604,"y":257.89020732000006,"width":"198.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"et al. ( 2016 ). We apply this uptake to 20% of permanent ","line":53,"x":181.59189604,"y":237.89821818000001,"width":"192.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"be sustained for 50 years (Watson et al. 2000 ).","line":55,"x":181.59189604,"y":217.90621379,"width":"157.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":121,"change":"Addition","str":"narrative overlaps with another land-use-related study (Dooley et al. 2018 )","line":58,"x":53.879390699999995,"y":194.57372477,"width":"253.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":123,"change":"Addition","str":"335 (80%: 302–369)","line":39,"x":188.24019617999994,"y":220.79004255000052,"width":"70.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"of Climate, 24(14): 3624-3648. doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1","line":3,"x":65.86251068,"y":578.1953125,"width":"271.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"2  °C, Nature volume 534, pages 631–639 (30 June 2016), https://www.nature.com/articles/","line":7,"x":65.86251068,"y":538.21130371,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Carbon sequestration potential. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 1149–1159. https://doi.","line":11,"x":65.86251068,"y":498.22732543,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Alexander, D. 2017. Storage Requirements for Reliable Electricity in Australia. Report pre -","line":19,"x":65.86251068,"y":418.25930786,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Sarah (2018) – Online database of “renewable.ninja,” https://dx.doi.org/10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/","line":21,"x":53.86051177,"y":398.26733398,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"ST 7 (2018), Statistic Times viewed July 2018, http://statisticstimes.com/economy/countries-by-","line":29,"x":53.86051177,"y":318.2993164,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Teske, S (2015), Thesis, Bridging the Gap between Energy- and Grid Models, Developing an inte -","line":31,"x":53.86051177,"y":298.30731201,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Generation; Report prepared by ISF for GetUp! and Solar Citizens, March 2016, https://www.","line":39,"x":65.86251068,"y":218.33932495,"width":"319.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"Technology Assessment, Stuttgart, Germany. https://www.scribd.com/document/333565532/","line":48,"x":65.86251068,"y":128.37532043,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":129,"change":"Addition","str":"3 Methodology","line":55,"x":53.86051177,"y":623.8657837,"width":"50.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"it charts a new course in the global climate effort. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/","line":1,"x":65.86029815,"y":598.1873169,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"(Vaisala 2017) Free Wind and Solar Resource Maps; Accessed 25 October 2018; ONLINE; https://","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":578.1953125,"width":"331.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"www.vaisala.com/en/lp/free-wind-and-solar-resource-maps .","line":4,"x":65.86029815,"y":568.19934082,"width":"203.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"2018), https://wec-indicators.enerdata.net/specific-electricity-use.html","line":9,"x":65.86029815,"y":518.21929931,"width":"238.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"July 2018, http://www.wri.org/publication/global-power-plant-database","line":13,"x":65.86029815,"y":478.23532104,"width":"242.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Change Biology 18, 3087–3099. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02747.x","line":17,"x":65.86029815,"y":438.25131225,"width":"308.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"BioScience 62, 479–487. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.5.9","line":19,"x":65.86029815,"y":418.25930786,"width":"221.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"Wang, M., 2016. Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribu -","line":21,"x":65.86029815,"y":398.26733398,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"tion of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets. Scientific Reports 6. https://doi.","line":22,"x":65.86029815,"y":388.27133178,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.08232116,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["XYDAEO+QqjpynNrvgmlJcvqybTimesLTStd-Bold","CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":130,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.08631896,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["CVNJWE+QxgrwgDmkxwmPsqhksTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"79 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"85.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman","CYXXAZ+MsmhspSvdlrcKdwslgTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Presentation of non-energy emission pathways in line with the new ","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"330.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold","KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"mitigation scenarios calculated to complement the energy-related CO 2 emissions ","line":12,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":391.64169311,"width":"335.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"derived in Chap. 8 .","line":13,"x":53.856318459999976,"y":381.14169311,"width":"75.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"In this section, we present the results for the land-use CO 2 and non-CO 2 emissions ","line":14,"x":53.856318459999976,"y":341.64169311,"width":"334.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"pathways that complement the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C energy-related CO 2 scenarios.","line":15,"x":53.85779856999998,"y":329.64169311,"width":"316.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"4.1 Land-Use CO 2 emissions","line":16,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":285.34170532,"width":"141.28","height":"12.00","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"designed for this study. Figure  4.1 below shows the annual sequestration in the ","line":18,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":247.14169311,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"sequestration pathways over time, differentiated into climate domains. The path -","line":19,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":235.14169311,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"ways shown are the results of the Monte Carlo analysis described in Table 3.11 in ","line":20,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":223.14169311,"width":"334.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"Sect. 3.8.1.5 and the text. We focus on the median values (thick lines in Fig.  4.1 ). ","line":21,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":211.14169311,"width":"333.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"Note that the area under the curve for a given pathway is an indication of the cumu -","line":22,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":199.14169311,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"lative CO 2 uptake. By far the most important sequestration may result from large-","line":23,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":185.64169311,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"pathways in Fig.  4.1 below). The second most important pathway in terms of the ","line":25,"x":53.85669993999998,"y":163.14169311,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"amount of CO 2 sequestered is the sustainable use of existing forests, which basically ","line":26,"x":53.85669993999998,"y":149.64169311,"width":"333.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"M. Meinshausen ( * ) · K. Dooley","line":28,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":110.82099914,"width":"114.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman","TIMVER+BbklpkVqlbhqRxrgbrWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":131,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: malte.meinshausen@unimelb.edu.au ; kate.dooley@unimelb.edu.au","line":31,"x":53.85839746999998,"y":80.83300018,"width":"254.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"achieved in the tropics (Martin et  al. 2015 ), in the temperate and boreal regions, ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":341.54559326,"width":"335.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"these forest ecosystems to reach equilibrium (Roxburgh et al. 2006 ; Luyssaert et al. ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":293.54559326,"width":"334.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"2008 ). The ‘forest ecosystem restoration’ pathway is also important, which basi -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":281.54559326,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"and resilience due to biodiversity (Mackey 2014 ).","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":245.54559326,"width":"198.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"Overall, the median of all the assumed sequestration pathways, shown in Fig.  4.1 , ","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":233.54559326,"width":"322.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"would result in the sequestration of 151.9 GtC by 2150. This is approximately equiv -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":221.54559326,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"alent to all historical land-use-related CO 2 emissions to date (Houghton and Nassikas ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":208.04559326,"width":"333.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ; Mackey et al. 2013 ). The magnitude of these figures indicates the substantial ","line":13,"x":53.86289978,"y":197.54559326,"width":"334.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"challenges that go hand in hand with these sequestration pathways. Given the com -","line":14,"x":53.86289978,"y":185.54559326,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"peting forms of land use that exist today, the challenge of converting overall terres -","line":15,"x":53.86289978,"y":173.54559326,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"used instead of mitigation. The benefits are clearly manifold, ranging from biodiver -","line":18,"x":53.86289978,"y":137.54559326,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"potentially a reduction in air pollution (Mackey 2014 ). Despite this, terrestrial car -","line":20,"x":53.86289978,"y":113.5456009,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"carbon. Similarly, prolonged droughts in some areas could reverse the gains in ter -","line":23,"x":53.86289978,"y":77.5456009,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"2000 2050 2100 2150","line":26,"x":99.71720123,"y":386.03381347,"width":"67.70","height":"7.61","fontName":["SJXPQT+RqllskVqqccnTjbpclHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":132,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.1 Land-use sequestration pathways showing annual sequestration rates over time","line":51,"x":53.85831067000002,"y":366.37546537000003,"width":"294.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold","KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"risk (DellaSala, 2019 ; Lindenmayer and Sato 2018 ), a future mitigation pathway ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"335.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"that relies on sequestration instead of mitigation action is ultimately always more ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"334.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman","CYXXAZ+MsmhspSvdlrcKdwslgTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"However, in this study, the land-use CO 2 sequestration pathways complement some ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":559.65979003,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 concentrations that have arisen from the overly high emissions in the past.","line":7,"x":53.86219024,"y":523.65979003,"width":"313.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"The thin lines in Fig.  4.1 indicate individual draws in the Monte Carlo analysis. ","line":8,"x":65.8560028,"y":513.15979003,"width":"322.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"The thick lines are the median values from the ensemble of draws for each seques -","line":9,"x":53.855999,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"the five RCP regions (Fig.  4.2 ). The country-level data were subject to substantial ","line":12,"x":53.855999,"y":465.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig.  4.1 , whereas for the 2.0  °C pathway, we assumed that only a third of that ","line":19,"x":53.855999,"y":381.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"modelling team. As illustrated in Fig.  4.2 , the reference scenario does not assume a ","line":22,"x":53.855999,"y":345.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"The 2.0  °C pathway (brighter blue in Fig.  4.2 ) aligns relatively well with the ","line":25,"x":65.8560028,"y":309.15979003,"width":"322.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"consistent with the lower land-use CO 2 scenarios analysed here—with mitigation ","line":28,"x":53.85599136,"y":271.65979003,"width":"335.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"rates of up to − 2 GtC per annum from 2040 to 2050.","line":29,"x":53.86270141,"y":261.15979003,"width":"210.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman","SJXPQT+TvvygxPgfrmyDsgrxlSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 4.2 shows the land-use-related CO 2 emission and sequestration rates of ","line":30,"x":65.86270141,"y":247.6598053,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"4.1.1 Other GHG and Aerosol Emissions","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.1598053,"width":"198.70","height":"12.00","fontName":["IXVCGN+SxrqdfCghnmcVxpnrxTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"This section examines the other main GHGs (methane and N 2 O) and gives examples ","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.65979766,"width":"333.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"Methane (CH 4 ) emissions are the second-largest contributor to anthropogenically ","line":39,"x":65.85851287,"y":91.65979766,"width":"322.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":133,"change":"Addition","str":"4 Mitigation Scenarios for Non-energy GHG","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"151.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":134,"change":"Addition","str":"2 emission and sequestration rates","line":3,"x":393.22061157,"y":172.9611969,"width":"114.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"the lower end of the fossil fuel CO 2 emissions is relatively narrow, and there is a ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"335.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"strong correlation between the fossil CO 2 and total CH 4 emissions in the scenarios in ","line":2,"x":53.85459136,"y":583.65979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"any given year (see top-left methane panel in Fig. 3.14 ). As with almost all literature-","line":3,"x":53.8633194,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"reported scenarios, a lower plateau of methane emissions is associated with agricul -","line":4,"x":53.8633194,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"lower SSP scenarios, SSP1 1.9 and SSP1 2.6 (Fig.  4.3 ). The derived CH 4 pathways for ","line":7,"x":53.8633194,"y":523.65979003,"width":"334.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is one of the longer-lived GHGs, although the overall ","line":9,"x":65.85542297,"y":499.65979003,"width":"324.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"amounts in the atmosphere are much smaller than those of methane or CO 2 . The ","line":10,"x":53.85791015,"y":487.65979003,"width":"334.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"relatively high plateau of global emissions, around 5 MtN 2 O-N for N 2 O, are reflected ","line":11,"x":53.854599,"y":475.65979003,"width":"333.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"in the SSP1. 1.9 and SSP1 2.6 scenarios (dark green lines in Fig.  4.4 ) and in the ","line":12,"x":53.86019897,"y":465.15979003,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"and combined with the long lifetime of N 2 O, it means that the N 2 O concentrations ","line":15,"x":53.86019897,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"fluorinated gases (such as tetrafluoromethane, CF 4 ) are only produced and emitted ","line":23,"x":53.86299896,"y":331.65979003,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"bromide, which is used for soil fumigation. SF 6 is one of the strongest GHGs on a ","line":26,"x":53.85960006,"y":295.65979003,"width":"334.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"per mass basis. It is controlled under the Kyoto Protocol and included in the nation -","line":27,"x":53.85340118,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"Our applied quantile regression method practically phases-out many of the haloge -","line":29,"x":53.85340118,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"nated species over the course of the next 10–20 years, although some small back -","line":30,"x":53.85340118,"y":249.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"ground emissions remain. The full results for 40 halocarbons, HFCs, PFCs, and SF 6","line":31,"x":53.85340118,"y":235.6598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"are provided in a data appendix (Figs. 4.5 and 4.6 ).","line":32,"x":53.86188888,"y":225.1598053,"width":"203.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"Aerosols have an important temporary masking effect on GHG-induced warm -","line":33,"x":65.8618927,"y":213.1598053,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"system is sulfur dioxide or SO X . With higher fuel standards and concerns about local ","line":35,"x":53.86188888,"y":187.6598053,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"air pollution, future SO X emissions are projected to be substantially lower than cur -","line":36,"x":53.8611908,"y":175.6598053,"width":"332.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"rent levels. In fact, most emission inventories assume that SO X emissions peaked in ","line":37,"x":53.8607788,"y":163.6598053,"width":"334.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"SO X emissions are projected to decrease. Asia produces by far the most SO X emis -","line":39,"x":53.8589096,"y":139.6598053,"width":"332.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"Similarly, the projected emissions of NO X , which is largely a by-product of fossil ","line":44,"x":65.86109924,"y":79.65979766,"width":"322.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":135,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel burning, are highest in Asia. In the derived 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C Scenarios, NO X","line":45,"x":53.86310958,"y":67.65979766,"width":"332.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"twenty-first century (Figs.  4.7 and 4.8 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":200.0928955,"width":"156.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"East and Africa, largely from biomass burning (Figs.  4.9 and 4.10 ). Similar to other ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":176.0928955,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"Although black carbon is a substantial warming agent, organic carbon is a net cool -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":152.0928955,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"studies. Furthermore, the correlation between fossil CO 2 emissions and black or ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":66.59290313,"width":"335.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.5 Global SF 6 emission levels from literature-reported scenarios and the LDF pathways ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":437.07321166,"width":"329.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold","KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":138,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 4.6 Global tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) emissions from the collection of assessed literature-","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":245.64779663,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold","KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":139,"change":"Addition","str":"X ) emissions in the literature-reported scenarios considered and the LDF pathways derived in this study","line":3,"x":396.22039794,"y":236.63450622,"width":"350.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":140,"change":"Addition","str":"X ) emissions in the literature-reported scenarios considered and the LDF pathways derived in this study","line":3,"x":394.47039794,"y":236.23460388,"width":"350.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":141,"change":"Addition","str":"4 Mitigation Scenarios for Non-energy GHG","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"151.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"organic carbon is less pronounced than the correlations of fossil CO 2 with other ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"335.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"aerosols, such as NO X and SO X , partly because it results from biomass burning, ","line":2,"x":53.8594017,"y":583.65979003,"width":"336.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"as low as those found in the lower SSP scenarios (see Figs.  4.9 and 4.10 ).","line":5,"x":53.85680007,"y":549.15979003,"width":"293.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Cycles 31, 456–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005546","line":12,"x":65.86029815,"y":427.17578125,"width":"206.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Lindenmayer, D.B., Sato, C., 2018. Hidden collapse is driven by fire and logging in a socioeco -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.17977905,"width":"331.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Grace, J., 2008. Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455, 213–215. https://doi.","line":17,"x":65.86029815,"y":377.19580078,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Nature Climate Change 3, 552–557. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1804","line":23,"x":65.86029815,"y":317.2197876,"width":"251.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Martin, P.A., Newton, A.C., Pfeifer, M., Khoo, M., Bullock, J.M., 2015. Impacts of tropical selec -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":307.2237854,"width":"331.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Management 356, 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.07.010","line":26,"x":65.86029815,"y":287.231781,"width":"248.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Carbon sequestration potential. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 1149–1159. https://doi.","line":29,"x":65.86029815,"y":257.24380493,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.08229064,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSZZWH+PvgvkqLpcflpCgcwwnTimesLTStd-Bold","KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.08628845,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RsrtgmLbwryvNqmycxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":143,"change":"Addition","str":"4 Mitigation Scenarios for Non-energy GHG","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"151.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["KKYTIJ+RfqyffTslwfxLhxsbbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"93 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"85.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","AZIDKT+VmsxmqTkhlllPmtgrmTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract The aim of this chapter is to make the scenario calculations fully trans -","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"325.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"hybrid bottom- up/top-down approach, with no cost optimising objective functions. ","line":25,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":213.13771057,"width":"335.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"The analysis considers the key technologies required for a successful energy transi -","line":26,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":201.13771057,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"T. Pregger ( * ) · S. Simon · T. Naegler","line":29,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":147.17100524,"width":"130.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","PGTPMP+ThtwdtDpjsrdHjhhnqWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: thomas.pregger@dlr.de ; sonja.simon@dlr.de ; tobias.naegler@dlr.de","line":32,"x":53.85868738999998,"y":117.18300628,"width":"256.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":144,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: sven.teske@uts.edu.au","line":35,"x":53.85868738999998,"y":82.18850708,"width":"103.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"5.1 Scenario Definition","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":505.15979003,"width":"113.34","height":"12.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario modelling was performed for three main scenarios that can be related to dif -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"ferent overall carbon budgets between 2015 and 2050 and derived mean global tem -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy Outlook 2017 (IEA 2017 ), and the emission budget for this scenario simply ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"5.1.1 The 5.0 °C Scenario (Reference Scenario)","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":361.15979003,"width":"231.99","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"The reference case only takes into account existing international energy and envi -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"the IEA’s projections only extend to 2040, we have extrapolated their key macroeco -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"nomic and energy indicators forward to 2050. This provides a baseline for compari -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"5.1.2 The 2.0 °C Scenario","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.1598053,"width":"124.14","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"zero by 2050 and a global energy-related CO 2 emissions budget between 2015 and ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.6598053,"width":"334.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"Advanced E[R] scenario published in 2015 by Greenpeace (Teske et  al. 2015 ). ","line":27,"x":53.86109924,"y":141.1598053,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":145,"change":"Addition","str":"However, the scenario includes an updated base year, more coherent regional devel -","line":28,"x":53.86109924,"y":129.1598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"5.1.3 The 1.5 °C Scenario","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"124.14","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"The second alternative scenario aims to achieve a global energy-related CO 2 emis -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":566.29382324,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"options without taking into account societal risks or barriers. Efficiency and renew -","line":6,"x":53.85961914,"y":519.79382324,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"Furthermore, avoiding inefficient technologies and behaviours are essential strate -","line":8,"x":53.85961914,"y":495.79382324,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2 Scenario World Regions and Clusters","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":439.79379272,"width":"206.41","height":"12.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"to the breakdown of the ten world regions of the IEA WEO 2016 (IEA 2016a , b ). ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.79379272,"width":"333.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"This approach has been chosen because the IEA also provides the most comprehen -","line":13,"x":53.86832046,"y":387.79379272,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"WEO 2017, it is also consistent with the Energy [R]evolution study series. Table  5.1","line":15,"x":53.86832046,"y":363.79379272,"width":"331.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"Regional conditions play an important role in the layout of the scenario path -","line":17,"x":65.86831665,"y":339.79379272,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"be found in Sect. 5.3 .","line":22,"x":53.86832046,"y":279.79379272,"width":"85.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.1 OECD North America","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.79379272,"width":"134.23","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"The energy system in OECD North America (USA, Canada, and Mexico) is domi -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":207.79379272,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"demand for energy by increasing efficiency will play a crucial role in decarbonisa -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":171.79379272,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":146,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"climate- neutral fuels to bridge the gap until new powertrain technologies dominate ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":54.58879852,"width":"334.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.1 World regions used in the scenarios","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"153.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"region Countries","line":10,"x":56.69290161,"y":573.9227943899999,"width":"54.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"China People’s Republic of China, including Hong Kong","line":31,"x":56.69290161,"y":423.98282246999986,"width":"191.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"India India","line":32,"x":56.69290161,"y":412.15082173999986,"width":"34.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape ","line":54,"x":56.69290161,"y":256.7198219799999,"width":"283.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":147,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, ","line":63,"x":56.69290161,"y":164.91981892999985,"width":"316.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"and biogas will be required as alternative fuels until the (direct or indirect) electrifi -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.2 Latin America","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":529.15979003,"width":"95.23","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"particularly high demand for electrification and a strong increase in CO 2 emissions ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":475.65979003,"width":"334.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ) and the largest biomass potential of all regions. It already meets more than ","line":12,"x":53.8628006,"y":417.15979003,"width":"335.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"research (Nascimento et al. 2017 ; Barbosa et al. 2017 ; Gils et al. 2017 ). However, in ","line":14,"x":53.8628006,"y":393.15979003,"width":"334.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"than 12 EJ from residues (Seidenberger et al. 2008 ). Biomass will also play a signifi -","line":18,"x":53.8628006,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"where bioethanol for transport is already competitive (Lora and Andrade 2009 ; La ","line":21,"x":53.8628006,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"Rovere et al. 2011 ; Nass et al. 2007 ). However, the high urbanization rate in Latin ","line":22,"x":53.8628006,"y":297.15979003,"width":"334.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"extensions will contribute to inter-regional stability (Nascimento et al. 2017 ).","line":26,"x":53.8628006,"y":249.15977478,"width":"303.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.3 OECD Europe","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.1598053,"width":"97.01","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":148,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"development of an interconnected European grid, which would be able to imple -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa (MENA) region and Eastern Europe/Eurasia. The possible large-scale impor -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.4 Eastern Europe/Eurasia","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":457.15979003,"width":"145.03","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.5 The Middle East","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":241.1598053,"width":"106.01","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"combined heat and power generation (CHP), which is primarily seen as a transi -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.15979766,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"low- value biomass wastes. However, because the Middle East has extraordinary ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15979766,"width":"334.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":149,"change":"Addition","str":"solar and wind potentials (Nematollahi et al. 2016 ; Hess 2018 ), the solar market is ","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":57.15980148,"width":"333.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"taking off. Projects with a capacity of 11 GW are planned for 2018 (MESIA 2018 ). ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"to use high-temperature solar heat. These resources also provide excellent condi -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.6 Africa","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":493.15979003,"width":"55.33","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"two-thirds of its people (IEA 2014 ). Its energy supply is characterized by a high ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"335.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"services (van der Zwaan et al. 2018 ). A broad variety of renewable energy sources, ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"power sources under the present economic conditions (van der Zwaan et al. 2018 ). ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"to electricity for more than 85% of its population (IEA 2014 ). The dependence on ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"biogas stoves (with an average efficiency of 65%) (IEA 2014 ), will reduce the bio -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":150,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":151,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.7 Non-OECD Asia","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"107.23","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":151,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios thus cover the whole band-width of renewable resources and technologi -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":423.79382324,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":151,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.8 India","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":355.79379272,"width":"50.68","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":151,"change":"Addition","str":"for cooking in 2012. Due to population and GDP growth, increasing living stan -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":231.79379272,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":151,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.9 China","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":115.79380035,"width":"54.68","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"provides over two-thirds of China’s primary energy supply today (IEA WEO 2014 ). ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"The increase in electricity use due to higher electrification rates will be a major fac -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"the traditional use of biomass for cooking in 2012. China has pledged to reduce CO 2","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":487.65979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions before 2030, and already has some ambitious political targets for renew -","line":11,"x":53.86180114,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"5.2.10 OECD Pacific","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":421.15979003,"width":"99.85","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3 Key Assumptions for Scenarios","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":217.1598053,"width":"174.07","height":"12.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.1 Population Growth","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":191.1558075,"width":"118.07","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"up to 2050 are based on United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) projec -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.1598053,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"tions for population growth (UNDP 2017 (medium variant)). Table  5.2 shows that ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.15979766,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":152,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"needs of a growing population in the developing regions of the world in an environ -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":298.7538147,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.2 GDP Development","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":230.75379943,"width":"116.13","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.2 Population growth projections (in millions)","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"179.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"Million capita 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":26,"x":56.69293931000042,"y":573.91884048,"width":"183.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America 482 503 524 543 560 575 588 599 24%","line":29,"x":56.69293931000042,"y":561.2708302199999,"width":"193.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific 207 208 208 208 206 204 201 198 − 4%","line":30,"x":56.69293931000042,"y":549.4388600099999,"width":"167.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe 570 582 587 592 596 598 599 598 5%","line":31,"x":56.69293931000042,"y":537.6068287599999,"width":"163.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"343 346 347 346 345 343 341 339 − 1%","line":34,"x":144.6509318600004,"y":525.77485854,"width":"119.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East 234 254 276 295 314 331 348 363 56%","line":35,"x":56.69293931000042,"y":503.9383412099999,"width":"158.90","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin America 506 531 552 571 587 599 609 616 22%","line":36,"x":56.69293931000042,"y":492.1063404799999,"width":"166.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"China 1405 1433 1447 1450 1442 1426 1403 1374 − 2%","line":37,"x":56.69293931000042,"y":480.2743397399999,"width":"173.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa 1194 1353 1522 1704 1897 2100 2312 2528 112%","line":38,"x":56.69292786000042,"y":468.4423390099999,"width":"177.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"India 1309 1383 1452 1513 1565 1605 1636 1659 27%","line":39,"x":56.69292786000042,"y":456.6103382799999,"width":"169.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD Asia 1132 1203 1269 1329 1382 1428 1467 1499 32%","line":40,"x":56.69292786000042,"y":444.77833754999995,"width":"209.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":153,"change":"Addition","str":"Global 7383 7795 8185 8551 8893 9210 9504 9772 32%","line":41,"x":56.69292786000042,"y":432.94633681999994,"width":"174.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"economic development in the IEA World Energy Outlook 2016 (WEO 2016a , b ) ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"333.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"(Table 5.3 ). It is assumed that world GDP will grow on average by 3.2% per year ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD’s share of global PPP- adjusted GDP will decrease from 45% in 2015 to 28% ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"333.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.3 GDP development projections based on average annual growth rates for 2015–2040 ","line":21,"x":53.85820007,"y":328.5031128,"width":"328.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"from IEA (WEO 2016a , b ) and on our own extrapolations","line":22,"x":53.85820007,"y":318.5071106,"width":"196.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 change ","line":26,"x":90.33574079999957,"y":305.3615885699999,"width":"162.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"22,123 24,787 27,650 30,513 34,038 37,562 41,675 45,788 107%","line":31,"x":90.33576368999957,"y":273.53758343999993,"width":"206.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"8284 8880 9644 10,407 11,125 11,842 12,462 13,081 58%","line":34,"x":90.33577894999956,"y":241.70507916999992,"width":"183.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"21,632 23,883 26,076 28,269 30,538 32,807 34,885 36,963 71%","line":37,"x":90.33579419999957,"y":219.86857708999992,"width":"202.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"Eurasia 6397 6757 7919 9081 10,467 11,853 13,439 15,025 135%","line":38,"x":56.69281171999957,"y":198.03207501999992,"width":"206.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"5380 6236 7646 9055 10,853 12,650 14,909 17,167 219%","line":41,"x":90.33583234999956,"y":186.20007428999992,"width":"181.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"7181 7473 8807 10,141 11,951 13,761 16,218 18,675 160%","line":44,"x":90.33585524999957,"y":164.36357220999992,"width":"187.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"China 20,179 28,567 37,997 47,427 56,207 64,986 74,906 84,825 320%","line":45,"x":56.69287275999957,"y":142.52707013999992,"width":"227.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa 5851 7118 9247 11,376 14,437 17,498 21,950 26,403 351%","line":46,"x":56.692880389999566,"y":130.69506939999997,"width":"209.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"India 8021 11,515 17,084 22,652 30,309 37,966 46,020 54,074 574%","line":47,"x":56.69290326999956,"y":118.86307629999995,"width":"217.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"10,061 11,361 14,577 17,794 21,835 25,876 30,055 34,234 240%","line":50,"x":90.33592389999957,"y":107.03107556999994,"width":"206.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"Global 115,108 136,578 166,646 196,715 231,758 266,801 306,519 346,236 201%","line":51,"x":56.69294141999956,"y":85.19457348999994,"width":"265.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":154,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":52,"x":53.862451309999564,"y":623.67808637,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.3 Technology Cost Projections","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"164.78","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"The parameterization of the models requires many assumptions about the develop -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"must define plausible and transparent assumptions based on background informa -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":531.79382324,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies and their fossil and nuclear counterparts. For our scenarios, the projec -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":483.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"During the last decade, fossil fuel prices have seen huge fluctuations. Figure  5.1","line":17,"x":65.85829925,"y":387.79382324,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"shows oil prices since 1997. After extremely high oil prices in 2012, we are cur -","line":18,"x":53.85829162,"y":375.79382324,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"rently in a low-price phase. Gas prices saw similar development (IEA 2017 ). ","line":19,"x":53.85829162,"y":363.79382324,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"2013 , 2017 ) and have had a considerable influence on scenario results ever since.","line":21,"x":53.85829162,"y":339.79382324,"width":"324.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"Although in the past, oil-exporting countries provided the best oil price projec -","line":22,"x":65.85829162,"y":327.79382324,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"International Energy Agency (IEA) leading the way in 2018 (Roland Berger 2018 ). ","line":24,"x":53.85829162,"y":303.79382324,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040","line":38,"x":61.75958343999998,"y":98.95550091000001,"width":"131.03","height":"5.89","fontName":["ENJBOL+VtsxnfQmctmlNtjjmtArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"Price (USD 2013/b) Production (Mb/d)","line":39,"x":53.85908217999997,"y":266.97803051,"width":"97.89","height":"5.89","fontName":["ENJBOL+VtsxnfQmctmlNtjjmtArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.1 Historic development and projections of oil prices (bottom lines) and historical world oil ","line":58,"x":53.85828108999998,"y":79.15203226999998,"width":"327.90","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":155,"change":"Addition","str":"production and projections (top lines) by the IEA according to Wachtmeister et al. ( 2018 )","line":59,"x":53.85828108999998,"y":69.15603006999999,"width":"303.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"et  al. ( 2018 ) showed that price projections have varied significantly over time. ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"336.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"$140 per barrel, providing significant uncertainty regarding future costs in the sce -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"to comparatively expensive energy crops. Because bioenergy holds significant mar -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"ket shares in all sectors in many regions, a detailed assessment of future price pro -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"future installations and markets (McDonald and Schrattenholzer 2001 ; Rubin et al. ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"334.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ). Therefore, the reliability of cost projections largely depends on the uncer -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"Fossil technologies provide a large cost data set featuring well-established mar -","line":26,"x":65.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"319.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"costs. Other technologies, such as PV and wind, are currently experiencing tremen -","line":31,"x":53.85829162,"y":237.15977478,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"Outlook series (compare for example IEA 2007 , 2014 , 2017 ). For PV and wind, ","line":36,"x":53.85829162,"y":177.15977478,"width":"333.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":156,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"same progressive cost developments for all scenarios. In the next sections, we pres -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"ent a detailed overview of our assumptions for power and renewable heat technolo -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"gies, including the investment and fuel costs, and the potential CO 2 costs in the ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":523.65979003,"width":"335.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.3.1 Power and CHP Technologies","line":9,"x":53.86159133,"y":477.15979003,"width":"153.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"2012 , 2015 ), which were based on a variety of studies, including the European ","line":12,"x":53.86159133,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"Commission-funded NEEDS project (NEEDS 2009 ), projections from the European ","line":13,"x":53.86159133,"y":417.15979003,"width":"333.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable Energy Council (Zervos et al. 2010 ), investment cost projections by the ","line":14,"x":53.86159133,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"IEA ( 2014 ), and current cost assumptions by IRENA and IEA (IEA 2016b ). We ","line":15,"x":53.86159133,"y":393.15979003,"width":"334.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"found that investment costs generally converged, except for PV. Therefore, for con -","line":16,"x":53.86159133,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"2016b ) up to 2040, including their regional disaggregation. We extended the projec -","line":19,"x":53.86159133,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario from IEA 2016b . For technologies not distinguished in the IEA report ","line":22,"x":53.86159133,"y":309.15979003,"width":"336.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"from the Energy [R]evolution Scenario 2015 (Teske et al. 2015 ). As the cost assump -","line":24,"x":53.86159133,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"assumptions on a more recent analysis by Steurer et al. ( 2018 ), which projects lower ","line":26,"x":53.86159133,"y":261.15979003,"width":"333.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"investment costs for PV in 2050 than does the IEA. The costs for onshore and off -","line":27,"x":53.86159133,"y":249.15977478,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"analysis in the PlanDelyKaD project (Michalski et al. 2017 ). Table  5.4 summarizes ","line":30,"x":53.86159133,"y":213.15977478,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"above for OECD Europe. It is important to note that the cost reductions are, in real -","line":32,"x":53.86159133,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"dynamic market development is required to achieve a significant reduction in spe -","line":34,"x":53.86159133,"y":165.15977478,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":157,"change":"Addition","str":"are in the same range, but differ slightly for different renewable energy technolo -","line":39,"x":53.86159133,"y":105.1597824,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"In contrast, several renewable technologies have seen considerable cost reduc -","line":5,"x":65.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"(Table  5.4 ).","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"46.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.4 Investment cost assumptions for power generation plants (in $2015/kW) in the scenarios ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.43301391,"width":"327.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2030 2040 2050","line":19,"x":201.38866371000168,"y":353.6684877,"width":"85.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"CHP Coal $/kW 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500","line":20,"x":56.701651990001686,"y":341.02047745999994,"width":"138.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"CHP Gas $/kW 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000","line":21,"x":56.701632920001686,"y":329.18847672000004,"width":"135.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"CHP Lignite $/kW 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500","line":22,"x":56.70162147000169,"y":317.35647599000004,"width":"147.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"CHP Oil $/kW 1310 1290 1240 1180 1130","line":23,"x":56.70161004000169,"y":305.52447526000003,"width":"133.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Coal power plant $/kW 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000","line":24,"x":56.70160240000169,"y":293.69250504,"width":"162.22","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Diesel generator $/kW 900 900 900 900 900","line":25,"x":56.701579510001686,"y":281.86050431,"width":"138.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas power plant $/kW 670 500 500 500 670","line":26,"x":56.70157188000169,"y":270.02850357,"width":"138.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Lignite power plant $/kW 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200","line":27,"x":56.701560440001685,"y":258.19650284,"width":"170.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear power plant $/kW 6600 6000 5100 4500 4500","line":28,"x":56.70155281000169,"y":246.36448685999997,"width":"173.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Oil power plant $/kW 950 930 890 860 820","line":29,"x":56.70152992000169,"y":234.53248612,"width":"135.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"CHP Biomass $/kW 2550 2500 2450 2350 2250","line":30,"x":56.70152229000169,"y":222.70048537999998,"width":"151.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"CHP Fuel cell $/kW 5000 5000 2500 2500 1120","line":31,"x":56.70151085000169,"y":210.86848465999998,"width":"152.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"CHP Geothermal $/kW 13,200 11,190 8890 7460 6460","line":32,"x":56.70149940000169,"y":199.03649918,"width":"175.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass power plant $/kW 2400 2350 2300 2200 2110","line":33,"x":56.70148034000169,"y":187.20449846,"width":"175.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal power plant $/kW 12,340 2800 2650 2500 2400","line":34,"x":56.70147270000169,"y":175.37249770999998,"width":"192.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro power plant a $/kW 2650 2650 2650 2650 2650","line":35,"x":56.701461260001686,"y":163.49699417,"width":"170.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy power plant $/kW 6950 6650 4400 3100 2110","line":36,"x":56.69674248000169,"y":151.66499344,"width":"192.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"PV power plant $/kW 1300 980 730 560 470","line":37,"x":56.69673104000169,"y":139.83299270999998,"width":"140.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP power plant b $/kW 5700 5000 3700 3050 2740","line":38,"x":56.696711960001686,"y":127.99199691999999,"width":"163.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind turbine offshore $/kW 4000 3690 3190 2830 2610","line":39,"x":56.69674248000169,"y":116.16000381999999,"width":"178.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind turbine onshore $/kW 1640 1580 1510 1450 1400","line":40,"x":56.69673104000169,"y":104.32800307999999,"width":"177.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen production $/kW 1380 1220 920 700 570","line":41,"x":56.696711960001686,"y":92.49600235999999,"width":"164.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"a Costs for a system with solar multiple of two and thermal storage for 8 h of turbine operation","line":42,"x":53.85845131000169,"y":79.15200057999998,"width":"318.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"b Values apply to both run-of-the-river and reservoir hydro power","line":43,"x":53.85845131000169,"y":69.15200057999998,"width":"218.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":158,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":44,"x":53.85845131000169,"y":623.64953629,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios, hydrogen is introduced as a substitute for natu -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"et al. 2017 ), we assume that costs could decrease to $570/kW in the long term.","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"307.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.3.2 Heating Technologies","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"118.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"sector. Costs for new installations differ significantly between regions and are inter -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Our cost assumptions are based on a previous survey of renewable heating tech -","line":14,"x":65.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.5 presents the investment cost assumptions for heating technologies for ","line":23,"x":65.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.5 Specific investment cost assumptions (in $2015) for heating technologies in the ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":232.38920593,"width":"330.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2030 2040 2050","line":29,"x":269.1166495299997,"y":196.62468914999994,"width":"85.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal $/kW 2390 2270 2030 1800 1590","line":30,"x":56.68466556999973,"y":183.97669414999993,"width":"144.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps $/kW 1790 1740 1640 1540 1450","line":31,"x":56.67617405999973,"y":172.14469342999993,"width":"144.73","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass heat plants $/kW 600 580 550 510 480","line":32,"x":56.66768253999973,"y":160.31269268999995,"width":"150.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential biomass stoves Industrialized countries $/kW 840 810 760 720 680","line":33,"x":56.65919483999973,"y":148.48069195999994,"width":"254.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential biomass stoves Developing countries $/kW 110 110 110 110 110","line":34,"x":56.65919483999973,"y":136.64869122999994,"width":"246.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar collectors Industry $/kW 850 820 730 650 550","line":35,"x":56.659183399999726,"y":124.81669812999993,"width":"164.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"In heat grids $/kW 970 970 970 970 970","line":36,"x":155.44617832999973,"y":112.98469738999994,"width":"125.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":159,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential $/kW 1060 1010 910 800 680","line":37,"x":155.44617832999973,"y":101.15269665999993,"width":"129.39","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"heating purposes at investment costs ranging from €500/kW th (shallow) to €3000/","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"kW th (deep), with the costs strongly dependent on the drilling depth. The cost reduc -","line":2,"x":53.85789108,"y":583.65979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"For all sectors, we assume a cost reduction of 20% by 2050. In contrast, solar col -","line":17,"x":53.85609817,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"optimized already, whereas their integration in large systems is neither technologi -","line":20,"x":53.85609817,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"cally nor economically mature. For larger applications, especially in heat grid sys -","line":21,"x":53.85609817,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"market for such grid-connected solar systems, we assume there will be a cost reduc -","line":23,"x":53.85609817,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.4 Fuel Cost Projections","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":277.15979003,"width":"131.35","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.4.1 Fossil Fuels","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":253.1598053,"width":"76.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). Beyond 2040, we extrapolated from the price developments between 2035 ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.1598053,"width":"334.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ), corrected by the cumulative inflation rate for the Eurozone of 1.82% between ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.1598053,"width":"333.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"2012 and 2015 (Table  5.6 ).","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":145.1598053,"width":"108.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":160,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.4.2 Biomass Prices","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":224.55830383,"width":"91.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"the regional supply and demand. The variability is large. Lamers et al. ( 2015 ) found ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":188.55830383,"width":"333.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"a price range of €4–4.8/GJ for forest residues in Europe in 2020, whereas agricul -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":176.55830383,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"curve on a global level for 2030 (see Fig.  5.2 ), ranging from $3/GJ for a potential of ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":140.55830383,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"35 EJ/year. up to $8–10/GJ for a potential up to 90–100 EJ/year (IRENA 2014 ) (and ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":128.55830383,"width":"333.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.6 Development projections for fossil fuel prices in $2015 (IEA 2017 )","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"261.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Reference scenario 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050","line":12,"x":56.69314123000031,"y":572.4098713800005,"width":"149.90","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Oil All $/GJ 8.5 12.3 21.5 24.2 35.1","line":13,"x":56.68463064000031,"y":559.7619221700005,"width":"107.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas OECD North America $/GJ 2.5 3.3 5.5 6.2 8.9","line":14,"x":56.67612005000031,"y":547.9298909200005,"width":"158.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe $/GJ 6.6 7.2 9.2 10.0 12.9","line":15,"x":99.96660924000031,"y":536.0979207000005,"width":"127.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"China $/GJ 9.2 9.5 10.3 10.5 11.4","line":16,"x":99.94958806000031,"y":524.2658894500005,"width":"102.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific $/GJ 9.8 10.0 10.7 10.9 11.8","line":17,"x":99.9325821400003,"y":512.4339192500005,"width":"134.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Others $/GJ 2.5 3.3 5.5 6.2 8.9","line":18,"x":99.9155685900003,"y":500.6019185000005,"width":"91.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Coal OECD North America $/GJ 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.0 5.3","line":19,"x":56.59955907000031,"y":488.7699177700005,"width":"161.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe $/GJ 2.6 3.1 4.1 4.3 5.3","line":20,"x":99.8900482700003,"y":476.9379170500005,"width":"118.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"China $/GJ 3.2 3.5 4.3 4.5 5.3","line":21,"x":99.8730423500003,"y":465.1059163100005,"width":"89.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific $/GJ 2.6 3.3 4.4 4.5 5.3","line":22,"x":99.8560288000003,"y":453.27391557000055,"width":"117.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Others $/GJ 2.9 3.3 4.2 4.4 5.3","line":23,"x":99.8390228800003,"y":441.4419148500005,"width":"91.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear All $/GJ 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1","line":24,"x":56.52300954000031,"y":429.60991411000055,"width":"106.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Oil all $/GJ 8.5 10.2 12.6 13.0 14.3","line":26,"x":56.51449895000031,"y":405.94591265000054,"width":"105.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas OECD North America $/GJ 2.5 2.8 4.5 5.1 7.6","line":27,"x":56.50598073000031,"y":394.1139119100005,"width":"158.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe $/GJ 6.6 6.6 8.5 9.4 13.0","line":28,"x":99.7964661200003,"y":382.2819111800005,"width":"123.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"China $/GJ 9.2 8.5 9.2 10.0 12.9","line":29,"x":99.7794602000003,"y":370.4499104500005,"width":"97.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific $/GJ 9.8 9.0 9.6 10.3 13.2","line":30,"x":99.7624466500003,"y":358.6179097100005,"width":"125.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Others $/GJ 2.5 2.8 4.5 5.1 7.6","line":31,"x":99.7454407300003,"y":346.78590898000056,"width":"91.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Coal OECD Europe $/GJ 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.4","line":32,"x":56.42943120000031,"y":334.95390825000055,"width":"135.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America $/GJ 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.7","line":33,"x":99.71992040000032,"y":323.12190752000055,"width":"145.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"China $/GJ 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.9","line":34,"x":99.70289922000032,"y":311.28990678000054,"width":"89.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific $/GJ 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4","line":35,"x":99.68589330000032,"y":299.45790605000053,"width":"117.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Others $/GJ 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8","line":36,"x":99.66887975000031,"y":287.6259053200005,"width":"91.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":161,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear All $/GJ 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1","line":37,"x":56.352870230000306,"y":275.7939045900005,"width":"106.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 based on a global biomass use of around 108 EJ, using current primary bio -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":339.149292,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"mass prices as a proxy (see Table  5.7 ). Liquid biofuels demand higher prices because ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.149292,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"available for a considerable range of residues. Therefore, the average primary bio -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":255.149292,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"The prices for primary biomass will increase proportionately to the IRENA ref -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":135.149292,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.2 Global supply curve for primary biomass in 2030 (IRENA 2014 )","line":21,"x":53.83179855,"y":390.97918701,"width":"246.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":162,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":22,"x":53.8572998,"y":623.6496582,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"100 EJ/year. However, the international trade in biomass may heavily influence bio -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.08670043,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"5.3.5 CO 2 Costs","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.2868042,"width":"73.94","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"The WEO 2017 (IEA 2017 ) considers the future price of CO 2 in the power and ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":303.586792,"width":"335.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"industry sectors. There is considerable variation between the current policy sce -","line":10,"x":53.85900878,"y":293.086792,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"in regional range. Various studies have indicated a close relationship between decar -","line":12,"x":53.85900878,"y":269.086792,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"bonisation and the implicit or explicit CO 2 price (regardless of the most efficient ","line":13,"x":53.85900878,"y":255.58680725,"width":"335.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"decarbonisation of the energy sector (Lucena et  al. 2016 ), but on the other hand, ","line":15,"x":53.86040115,"y":233.086792,"width":"335.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"decarbonisation may limit the costs of CO 2 emissions if an efficient pricing measure ","line":16,"x":53.86040115,"y":219.58680725,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"is in place (Jacobson et al. 2017 ). Because the scenarios in this study rely heavily on ","line":17,"x":53.85520935,"y":209.08680725,"width":"333.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"effective reductions in CO 2 emissions, we used the CO 2 prices of the 450 ppm sce -","line":18,"x":53.85520935,"y":195.58680725,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"WEO 2017, which applies rather low CO 2 emission costs. Instead, we applied CO 2","line":20,"x":53.86130905,"y":171.58680725,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"costs equivalent to the cost of the resulting climate damage. Based on existing stud -","line":21,"x":53.86180114,"y":161.08680725,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"ies of fossil-energy-induced damage (Anthoff and Tol 2013 ; Stern et al. 2006 ), we ","line":22,"x":53.86180114,"y":149.08680725,"width":"334.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"assumed that $78/t of CO 2 is a plausible cost estimate in the wide range of estimates ","line":23,"x":53.86180114,"y":135.58680725,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"of the social costs of CO 2 emissions (Table  5.8 ).","line":24,"x":53.854599,"y":123.58679962,"width":"192.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.7 Biomass price projections for 2030 at 108 EJ of the biomass demand (IRENA 2014 )","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.6727295,"width":"319.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"Liquid biofuel reference price Other biomass reference price","line":26,"x":132.27629083999997,"y":583.4171925100001,"width":"203.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"US $/GJ US $/GJ","line":27,"x":132.27629083999997,"y":571.9082203300001,"width":"58.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa 36 10","line":28,"x":56.69429009999997,"y":559.26021008,"width":"38.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia 40 7","line":29,"x":56.69429009999997,"y":547.42817883,"width":"28.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe 58 18","line":30,"x":56.69429009999997,"y":535.59620861,"width":"41.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"North America 34 15","line":31,"x":56.69429009999997,"y":523.76417736,"width":"67.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific 61 15","line":32,"x":56.69429009999997,"y":511.93220715,"width":"65.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin America 59 12","line":33,"x":56.69429009999997,"y":500.10020641,"width":"65.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":163,"change":"Addition","str":"World 42 11","line":34,"x":56.69429009999997,"y":488.26820568,"width":"38.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4 Energy Scenario Narratives and Assumptions for World ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":506.06079101,"width":"305.10","height":"12.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"systems, may develop under the overall objective of ‘deep and rapid decarbonisa -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":440.06079101,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"• Efficiency improvement and demand reduction: stringent implementation of ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":410.06079101,"width":"327.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"These will lead to a continuous reduction in both final and primary energy con -","line":9,"x":65.85829925,"y":386.06079101,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"• Deployment of renewable energies: massive implementation of new technolo -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":350.06079101,"width":"323.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"gies for the generation of power and heat in all sectors. These will include vari -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":338.06079101,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"considerable cost reductions in recent years, but also more expensive technolo -","line":15,"x":65.85829925,"y":314.06079101,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"• Sector coupling: stringent direct electrification of heating and transport technolo -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":278.06079101,"width":"323.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"Some alternative or probably complementary future technical options are explic -","line":22,"x":65.85829925,"y":224.06079101,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"storage (CCS), and geoengineering, are not considered on the supply side as mitiga -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":176.06079101,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"( 2008 ), Thrän et al. ( 2011 ), and Schueler et al. ( 2013 ).","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":116.06078338,"width":"216.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.8 CO 2 cost assumptions in the scenarios","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":596.397583,"width":"162.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 costs","line":37,"x":56.69287860000018,"y":582.1422167199999,"width":"33.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"2020 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":38,"x":242.34119403000017,"y":571.9082079299999,"width":"85.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"Reference All regions $/t CO 2 0 42 69 78 78","line":39,"x":56.68417727000018,"y":557.9865770699998,"width":"136.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C and 1.5 °C OECD Economies $/t CO 2 0 62 87.6 138 189.0","line":40,"x":56.68656527000018,"y":546.1516771699999,"width":"208.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"Other regions $/t CO 2 0 42 69.5 124 177.5","line":41,"x":129.31056964000015,"y":534.3167162299999,"width":"131.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":164,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":42,"x":53.856067530000175,"y":623.6516771699999,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"development implausible). This is the case for the IEA estimates of demand devel -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel- based heat and power generation.","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"152.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.1 Efficiency and Energy Intensities","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":481.15979003,"width":"189.01","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"It is obvious that a major increase in energy efficiency is the backbone of each ambi -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"• Population growth, which affects the number of people consuming energy or ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.15979003,"width":"326.96","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"factor, bearing in mind that this could mean power grid access or the implemen -","line":16,"x":65.85829925,"y":363.15979003,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"• Economic development, which is commonly measured as GDP. In general, GDP ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":339.15979003,"width":"325.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"• Energy intensity, which is a measure of how much final energy is required in the ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":291.15979003,"width":"325.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"to the per capita demand for final energy (for electrical appliances and heat gen -","line":26,"x":65.85829925,"y":243.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"The reference scenario and both target scenarios are based on the same projec -","line":30,"x":65.85829925,"y":189.15979003,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"future development of energy intensities differs between the reference and alterna -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"the successful implementation of measures to intensify required investments in effi -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":165,"change":"Addition","str":"the Current Policies scenario of the IEA WEO 2017 (IEA 2017 ). The upper bench -","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.1597824,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"marks for efficiency potentials per world region are taken from Graus et al. ( 2011 ), ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"Kermeli et al. ( 2014 ), and recently published low-energy-demand scenarios devel -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"oped by Grubler et al. ( 2018 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"119.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.1.1 Industrial Electricity Demand","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"155.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"‘Industrial electricity demand’ refers to many appliances of different sizes and pur -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"in most branches of industry. This particularly applies to electric drives for com -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity demands are constrained by the abovementioned lower and upper bench -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"shown in Table  5.9 . The average global electricity demand for electric appliances in ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario and 23 kWh/$1000 in the 1.5 °C Scenario. However, the increased electri -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"10% lower between 2025 and 2035. However, between 2035 and 2050, the electric -","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.9 Assumed average development of specific (per $GDP) electricity use for electrical ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":214.3224945,"width":"329.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"kWh/$1000 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":30,"x":56.69307497999993,"y":180.06699759999998,"width":"176.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 42.8 40.8 38.2 35.8 33.5 31.5 29.7 28.2 − 34%","line":34,"x":56.66757371999993,"y":155.58700187,"width":"190.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 65.8 62.5 55.7 52.9 48.7 45.7 41.9 39.1 − 41%","line":35,"x":56.642064839999925,"y":143.75500114,"width":"208.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 42.8 40.4 35.6 32.2 28.7 25.7 23.5 21.7 − 49%","line":37,"x":56.61656358999993,"y":120.09099966999997,"width":"190.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 65.8 60.9 49.2 42.9 37.2 32.9 28.3 24.8 − 62%","line":38,"x":56.59106232999993,"y":108.25899893999997,"width":"208.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 42.8 40.1 33.4 27.4 24.3 22.4 20.7 20.0 − 53%","line":40,"x":56.565553449999925,"y":84.59499747999998,"width":"190.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 65.8 58.6 46.4 39.8 34.4 30.8 27.4 24.7 − 62%","line":41,"x":56.54005601999993,"y":72.76299673999998,"width":"208.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":166,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":42,"x":53.675534989999925,"y":623.68200309,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.1.2 Demand for Fuel to Produce Heat in the Industry Sector","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"267.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"up only a small percentage of the industrial energy demand for heat. Regional dif -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"introducing such a pathway requires strong support from various industry stake -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"holders and regional or even global governance to overcome the economic and tech -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"assume that the conditions exist to allow rapid technological change. Table  5.10","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"330.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.10 Assumed average development in final energy use for heating in the industry sector ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":204.0724945,"width":"328.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"MJ/$1000 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Change 2050/2015","line":33,"x":56.69307497999993,"y":179.81699663999996,"width":"234.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 406 417 384 352 320 293 270 249 − 39%","line":35,"x":56.66757371999993,"y":155.33700090999997,"width":"173.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 911 823 687 620 553 506 453 410 − 55%","line":36,"x":56.642064839999925,"y":143.50500017999997,"width":"191.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 406 383 330 284 242 207 177 157 − 61%","line":38,"x":56.61656358999993,"y":119.84099870999998,"width":"173.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 911 791 608 491 381 302 238 196 − 79%","line":39,"x":56.59106232999993,"y":108.00899797999998,"width":"191.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 406 377 306 239 199 177 158 143 − 65%","line":41,"x":56.565553449999925,"y":84.34499651999998,"width":"173.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":167,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 911 762 558 428 318 259 212 182 − 80%","line":42,"x":56.54005601999993,"y":72.51299577999998,"width":"191.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.1.3 Electricity Demand in the ‘Residential and Other’ Sector","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"270.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"in households, for commercial purposes, and in the service and trade sectors, fish -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"amount of electricity is used for cooking, cooling, and hot water. It has been esti -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"the final energy use for heating. It is assumed that this share will increase signifi -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"These increases are attributed to sector coupling, the provision of storage for vari -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"more than 50% relative to today’s energy consumption. The average global electric -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"Table  5.11 shows the changes in electricity use for appliances in OECD and non-","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.11 Assumed average developments of per capita electricity use in the ‘Residential and ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":226.95610046,"width":"329.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"kWh/capita 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Change 2050/2015","line":30,"x":56.69307497999993,"y":202.70070081,"width":"239.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 4457 4585 4753 4972 5189 5419 5626 5837 31%","line":32,"x":56.66757371999993,"y":178.22070507999996,"width":"201.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 712 851 977 1191 1366 1532 1661 1788 151%","line":33,"x":56.642064839999925,"y":166.38870435999996,"width":"210.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 4457 4526 4366 4137 3837 3590 3304 3023 − 32%","line":35,"x":56.61656358999993,"y":141.83220106,"width":"207.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 712 834 894 1004 1083 1143 1193 1238 74%","line":36,"x":56.59106232999993,"y":130.00020031999998,"width":"206.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 4457 4502 4078 3346 2987 2896 2889 2872 − 36%","line":38,"x":56.565553449999925,"y":106.33619885999998,"width":"207.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 712 806 842 928 1001 1086 1164 1224 72%","line":39,"x":56.54005601999993,"y":94.50420575999998,"width":"202.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":168,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":40,"x":53.675534989999925,"y":623.68023877,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.1.4 Fuel Demand for Heat in the ‘Residential and Other’ Sector","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"283.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"The fuel demand for heat in households has quite different characteristics depend -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"ing on the consumption structures in each world region and their climatic condi -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"cooking and heating in some regions. In contrast to traditional biomass, the effi -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"direct emissions and no air pollution. Table  5.12 shows the assumed average final ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.12 Assumed average development of specific final energy use for heating in the ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":270.3479004,"width":"331.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"MJ/capita 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":27,"x":56.693015919999844,"y":236.09240158,"width":"169.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"24,932 24,421 24,163 23,980 23,794 23,696 23,821 24,121 − 3%","line":33,"x":105.14302811999984,"y":211.61240586000002,"width":"204.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"10,047 9933 9786 9749 9678 9628 9623 9666 − 4%","line":36,"x":105.14302811999984,"y":189.77590378000002,"width":"159.53","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"24,932 24,282 22,300 20,578 19,064 17,677 16,599 15,800 − 37%","line":40,"x":105.14303573999985,"y":156.10740097000001,"width":"208.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"10,047 9650 8961 8209 7498 6807 6217 5868 − 42%","line":43,"x":105.14304336999984,"y":134.27089890000002,"width":"163.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"24,932 24,047 20,413 16,222 15,143 14,538 14,172 13,901 − 44%","line":47,"x":105.14304336999984,"y":100.60240372,"width":"208.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":169,"change":"Addition","str":"10,047 9549 8593 7515 6737 6234 5808 5510 − 45%","line":50,"x":105.14305862999984,"y":78.76590164,"width":"163.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.1.5 Resulting Energy Intensities by Region","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"193.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 5.3 shows the final energy intensities related to $GDP for each of the ten ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"be larger (and faster) in OECD countries. This will result in smaller regional differ -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"with the very ambitious assumptions of Grubler et al. ( 2018 ) for the specific final ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"this study are conservative. In Grubler et al. ( 2018 ), the annual global final energy ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"the reference case (see Chap. 8 ). Because the 1.5  °C target requires a significant ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"335.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.2 RES Deployment for Electricity Generation","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":277.15979003,"width":"239.10","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"2,50 0","line":32,"x":63.73239898,"y":152.91990661,"width":"15.13","height":"6.64","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"2010 2020 2030 2040 2050","line":37,"x":75.9360199,"y":98.82241058,"width":"67.18","height":"6.63","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"P D G $ r e p y g r e n e l a n i f","line":38,"x":59.9165001,"y":129.91470336,"width":"55.50","height":"6.63","fontName":["CKFPMP+CgrknhSnfrvdWkrmfbCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"3,00 0","line":45,"x":200.26719665,"y":161.9622345,"width":"15.09","height":"6.63","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"4,00 0","line":47,"x":200.26719665,"y":180.07554626,"width":"15.09","height":"6.63","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"4,50 0","line":48,"x":200.2689972,"y":189.13279724,"width":"15.09","height":"6.63","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"P OE CD North Americ a","line":51,"x":196.97999572,"y":188.32374572,"width":"48.01","height":"6.63","fontName":["CKFPMP+CgrknhSnfrvdWkrmfbCalibri-Bold","DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"OE CD Pacifi c","line":52,"x":335.98699951,"y":182.289505,"width":"27.07","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"OE CD Europe","line":53,"x":335.98699951,"y":173.81350708,"width":"28.50","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Eastern Europe /E urasia","line":54,"x":335.98699951,"y":165.34179687,"width":"49.82","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Mi ddle East","line":55,"x":335.98699951,"y":156.86520385,"width":"25.17","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin Americ a","line":56,"x":335.98699951,"y":148.3887024,"width":"29.42","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Af ri ca","line":58,"x":335.98699951,"y":131.44239807,"width":"12.48","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"In dia","line":59,"x":335.98699951,"y":122.96430206,"width":"10.50","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OE CD Asia","line":60,"x":335.98699951,"y":114.4878006,"width":"32.66","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"weight ed aver ag e","line":61,"x":335.98699951,"y":106.0102005,"width":"38.18","height":"5.25","fontName":["DJUVAN+MvpxgyCrklgsPmckmqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":170,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.3 Development of the specific final energy use (per $GDP) in all stationary sectors (i.e., ","line":62,"x":54.5,"y":79.15200042,"width":"328.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"power generation and their costs vary from region to region. Therefore, the scenar -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"results of the REMix EnDat tool developed (Scholz 2012 ; Stetter 2014 ; Pietzcker ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"334.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"et al. 2014 ). The technical potentials for solar and wind power in each world region ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"were estimated while taking into account the different exclusion criteria and con -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"straints documented by Stetter ( 2014 ). The analysis was used to estimate the ‘eco -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"The harvesting of global solar radiation by PVs has enormous economic poten -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"cost degression for PV modules, and large PV production capacities have been cre -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":171,"change":"Addition","str":"short-term storage to support the major expansion of PV. The storage options con -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"and heat generation, with high capacity factors due to high-temperature heat stor -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"are for PV or wind, and investment costs for batteries for short-term electricity stor -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro power generation will increase only moderately under the alternative sce -","line":18,"x":65.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the average global power generation share will decrease in the alterna -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"power generation shares in 2050 are assumed to be in Latin America (24%), fol -","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"offer complementary characteristics and availabilities that may stabilize future elec -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"thermal power generation, as a substitute for natural gas in gas turbines and com -","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":172,"change":"Addition","str":"cells to co-generation. Figure  5.4 shows the basic storyline in global power genera -","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.3 RES Deployment for Heat Generation","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":383.4389038,"width":"212.43","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"from co-generation or public heating plants), direct heating in buildings, and pro -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.4389038,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"cess heat in industry, commerce, and other sectors. Different technologies are con -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.4389038,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"in the building sector. No strong expansion of heat grids is assumed in regions with -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":259.4389038,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"Electricity for heating is assumed to play a significant role in future energy sys -","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":235.4389038,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"used with relatively low investment for space heating and is therefore easily com -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.4389038,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"bined with other heating technologies. For example, simple electric heaters can eas -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.4389038,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"process heat in industry at high-temperature levels. The alternative scenarios glob -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.4389038,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"10 %","line":28,"x":95.40220642,"y":465.03958119,"width":"14.07","height":"8.14","fontName":["DJUVAN+KkfppbGkdybvCmbgxqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":173,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.4 Development of the average global RES shares in total power generation in the 2.0 °C ","line":50,"x":53.85829925,"y":419.63488758999995,"width":"328.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"heat for industrial processes and tap the enormous potential of waste heat. A con -","line":7,"x":53.85969924,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"of 12–14% in final energy for heating in the ‘Industry’ sector under the two alterna -","line":20,"x":53.85720062,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific (6–8%) and OECD Europe (up to 9%) (Figs.  5.5 and 5.6 ).","line":28,"x":53.85720062,"y":273.15979003,"width":"290.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":175,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 5.5 Development of the average global RES shares of future heat generation options in ","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":79.15200652999998,"width":"329.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":176,"change":"Addition","str":"smaller plants in the ‘Residential and other’ sector. Power-to-heat ratios, efficien -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":200.51599121,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":176,"change":"Addition","str":"parameters according to a defined advanced state of technology, with overall effi -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":152.51599121,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"due to the decommissioning of fossil-fuel generators, the limited availability of bio -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":278.57580566,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"leading to higher overall efficiency. Tables 5.13 and 5.14 show the resulting devel -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.57580566,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario, higher CHP power production is assumed to be higher than in the refer -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":206.57580566,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.13 Development of power from co-generation per $GDP","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"218.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"kWh/$1000 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":17,"x":56.69307497999993,"y":573.9188366399999,"width":"176.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 18.8 17.4 15.9 14.3 13.0 12.1 11.3 10.7 − 43%","line":21,"x":56.66757371999993,"y":549.4388561699998,"width":"190.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 34.0 28.7 23.1 19.3 16.3 14.1 12.1 10.7 − 69%","line":22,"x":56.642064839999925,"y":537.6068249199998,"width":"208.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 18.8 18.0 18.8 18.8 18.1 16.7 15.1 13.6 − 28%","line":24,"x":56.61656358999993,"y":513.9428234499999,"width":"190.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 34.0 29.4 25.9 23.5 20.9 18.6 16.3 14.3 − 58%","line":25,"x":56.59106232999993,"y":502.1108532399998,"width":"208.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 18.8 18.0 18.1 17.7 16.6 15.3 13.8 12.4 − 34%","line":27,"x":56.565553449999925,"y":478.44685176999985,"width":"190.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 34.0 29.4 25.9 23.5 20.8 18.7 16.3 14.2 − 58%","line":28,"x":56.54005601999993,"y":466.61485103999985,"width":"208.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 5.14 Development of heat from co-generation per $GDP","line":29,"x":53.675534989999925,"y":438.35233882999984,"width":"211.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"MJ/$1000 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":30,"x":56.693099629999814,"y":414.07074559,"width":"170.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 39.5 39.7 38.8 39.4 40.2 41.8 43.6 47.2 19%","line":34,"x":56.667586929999814,"y":389.59073460999997,"width":"184.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 108.8 94.8 78.3 67.9 60.0 54.8 50.1 47.9 − 56%","line":35,"x":56.64207804999982,"y":377.75873386999996,"width":"212.28","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 39.5 40.5 49.3 58.1 65.2 70.1 75.2 78.4 98%","line":37,"x":56.61656916999981,"y":354.09473240999995,"width":"184.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 108.8 101.2 92.6 89.8 86.3 83.4 77.6 70.4 − 35%","line":38,"x":56.59105646999981,"y":342.26273168,"width":"216.53","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD regions 39.5 41.0 51.9 58.4 60.4 61.6 63.8 66.0 67%","line":40,"x":56.56554758999982,"y":318.59876073,"width":"184.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":177,"change":"Addition","str":"Non-OECD regions 108.8 101.1 93.8 93.3 89.8 84.5 77.9 69.9 − 36%","line":41,"x":56.540038719999814,"y":306.76676,"width":"216.53","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman","HPSTEF+FsjjyxXpcsghCygtvnSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"5.4.5 Other Assumptions for Stationary Processes","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"241.46","height":"12.00","fontName":["PGTPMP+QfthrrMrxchmDsjkwcTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"and processes in which the direct use of other renewable sources, including renew -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":543.79382324,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"efficiency 1 of electrolytic hydrogen generation, from 66% today to 77% by 2050 ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":519.79382324,"width":"335.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"(ratio of energy output [H 2 ] to energy input [electricity]). The generation of syn -","line":7,"x":53.85760116,"y":506.29379272,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"thetic fuels (such as Fischer-Tropsch fuels) from hydrogen, using CO 2 as the carbon ","line":8,"x":53.85630035,"y":494.29379272,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"transport modes (according to Sect. 6.3.3 .) is a result of the sectoral allocation of the ","line":13,"x":53.85578918,"y":435.79379272,"width":"333.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"limited biomass potentials in each world region. The assumed efficiency 2 of synfuel ","line":14,"x":53.85578918,"y":423.79379272,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"Traditional biomass use is strongly reduced, but biomass remains an important pil -","line":26,"x":53.85731887,"y":279.79379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"plants. This goes along with the decreasing utilization rates that result from the vari -","line":32,"x":53.85731887,"y":207.79379272,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"1 Ratio energy output (H 2 ) to energy input (electricity)","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":85.70529937,"width":"181.61","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":178,"change":"Addition","str":"2 Ratio of energy output (synfuels) to energy input (electricity).","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":74.9803009,"width":"212.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":179,"change":"Addition","str":"the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies. ","line":14,"x":65.86029815,"y":449.8418274,"width":"321.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":179,"change":"Addition","str":"Nature Energy 3 (6):515–527. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6","line":15,"x":65.86029815,"y":439.8458252,"width":"264.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":179,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe under different sustainability constraints. GCB Bioenergy 7 (4):618–634. doi: https://","line":50,"x":65.86029815,"y":89.98581695,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"Pietzcker RC, Stetter D, Manger S, Luderer G (2014) Using the sun to decarbonize the power sec -","line":24,"x":53.85802078,"y":368.2793274,"width":"331.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"forecasts. https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Publications/pub_oil_price_forecast_2015.html . ","line":28,"x":65.8600235,"y":328.2953186,"width":"316.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"ply technologies. Energy Policy 86:198–218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.06.011","line":31,"x":65.8600235,"y":298.30731201,"width":"316.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"EC. GCB Bioenergy 5 (6):652–663. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12036","line":36,"x":65.8600235,"y":248.32731628,"width":"257.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":180,"change":"Addition","str":"5 Main Assumptions for Energy Pathways","line":53,"x":53.85802078,"y":623.8572998,"width":"143.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"Zittel W, Rutovitz J, Harris S, Ackermann T, Ruwahata R, Martensen N (2012) Energy [R]evo -","line":2,"x":65.86029815,"y":588.19134521,"width":"319.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. https://population.un.org/wpp/ . Accessed ","line":16,"x":65.86029815,"y":448.24731445,"width":"322.22","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.017","line":20,"x":65.86029815,"y":408.26330566,"width":"161.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"Wachtmeister H, Henke P, Höök M (2018) Oil projections in retrospect: Revisions, accu -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":398.26733398,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"racy and current uncertainty. Applied Energy 220:138–153. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.","line":22,"x":65.86029815,"y":388.27133178,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.09080505,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["WOKFGB+HpngqgBwvknsFxxyjwTimesLTStd-Bold","LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":181,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.09480285,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["LNXWIX+HnpxfkNsnwjjDdfnwjTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"131 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"89.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Detailed background for all transport scenarios and development path -","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"325.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"road-, rail- and aviation transport technologies. Explanations of all vehicle tech -","line":9,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":429.13769531,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"6.1 Introduction","line":15,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":331.14169311,"width":"80.12","height":"12.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"Global transport accounted for 23% of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions in 2010 ","line":16,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":301.64169311,"width":"334.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2010 according to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Sims et  al. 2014 ). The ","line":18,"x":53.860388739999976,"y":279.14169311,"width":"335.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"J. Pagenkopf ( * ) · B. van den Adel · Ö. Deniz · S. Schmid","line":30,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":120.82099914,"width":"199.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","NTYQUD+QsxhxnXrhjhcBxybfmWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":182,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: johannes.pagenkopf@dlr.de ; Bent.vandenAdel@dlr.de ; oezcan.deniz@dlr.de ;","line":33,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":90.83300018,"width":"289.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, if we are to cater to people’s desire for mobility while keeping the econ -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"omy running and meeting the Paris climate goals, fundamental technical, opera -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5  °C were translated into transport CO 2 budgets. We structured our scenario ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":475.65979003,"width":"336.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"designs around the following key CO 2 -reducing measures 1 :","line":12,"x":53.86289978,"y":463.65979003,"width":"236.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"• Powertrain electrification;","line":13,"x":53.85601043,"y":447.15979003,"width":"107.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"• Enhancement of energy efficiency through technological development;","line":14,"x":53.85601043,"y":435.15979003,"width":"286.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"• Use of bio-based and synthetically produced fuels;","line":15,"x":53.85601043,"y":423.15979003,"width":"206.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"• Modal shifts (from high- to low-energy intensity modes) and overall reductions ","line":16,"x":53.85601043,"y":411.15979003,"width":"325.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"6.2 Global Transport Picture in 2015","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.15979003,"width":"184.21","height":"12.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"The world final energy demand in the transport sector totalled 94,812 PJ 2 in 2015, ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":315.15979003,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"according to the IEA Energy Balances (IEA 2017a , b , c ). Based on this estimate, we ","line":21,"x":53.85860824,"y":303.15979003,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"used TRAEM (Sect. 3.3 to model the freight and passenger transport performance ","line":22,"x":53.85860824,"y":291.15979003,"width":"334.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"As can be seen from Fig.  6.1 , road passenger transport had the biggest transport ","line":26,"x":65.85861206,"y":243.15979003,"width":"322.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"oriented, and has a 42% share of total tonne–km (tkm), as shown in Fig.  6.2 . The ","line":33,"x":53.85860824,"y":159.15979003,"width":"333.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 6.3 shows the powertrain split of all transport modes in 2015 (by pkm or ","line":36,"x":65.85861206,"y":123.15979003,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"1 See also Teske et al. ( 2015 ).","line":40,"x":53.85820007,"y":59.2126007,"width":"97.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":183,"change":"Addition","str":"2 International aviation and navigation bunkers are not included in this figure.","line":41,"x":53.85820007,"y":47.2126007,"width":"260.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"also battery- powered electric buses, predominantly in China. China also has a par -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.59919738,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"extent (e.g., metro and high-speed trains), whereas freight trains were predomi -","line":4,"x":53.85829162,"y":199.59919738,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"demand (Fig.  6.4 ), and China is almost on the same level as OECD Europe, although ","line":7,"x":53.85829162,"y":163.59919738,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3 Measures to Reduce and Decarbonise Transport Energy ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":113.59919738,"width":"304.39","height":"12.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"45 %","line":14,"x":244.44760131,"y":570.82958984,"width":"13.82","height":"7.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TtwmfwXdcnvvHqxjnwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"5% 5% 2%","line":19,"x":121.56729888,"y":592.98077392,"width":"29.24","height":"7.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TtwmfwXdcnvvHqxjnwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Road Private Passenge r","line":21,"x":275.74160766,"y":586.49737548,"width":"75.94","height":"7.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TtwmfwXdcnvvHqxjnwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Road Public Passenge r","line":22,"x":275.74160766,"y":568.03271484,"width":"72.34","height":"7.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TtwmfwXdcnvvHqxjnwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Freight Trai n","line":24,"x":275.74160766,"y":531.1204834,"width":"41.14","height":"7.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TtwmfwXdcnvvHqxjnwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Aviation (Domestic )","line":26,"x":275.74160766,"y":494.209198,"width":"63.96","height":"7.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TtwmfwXdcnvvHqxjnwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Aviation (International )","line":27,"x":275.74160766,"y":475.76208496,"width":"75.52","height":"7.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TtwmfwXdcnvvHqxjnwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.1 World final energy use by transport mode in 2015","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":427.64260864,"width":"195.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"02 04 06 0","line":30,"x":88.27999877,"y":303.79989624,"width":"536.16","height":"7.73","fontName":["MPJKGF+RktbmvLxhblnTlbcbnCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"pkm/tkm x10 12","line":33,"x":200.12330627,"y":294.41918945,"width":"47.17","height":"7.73","fontName":["MPJKGF+RktbmvLxhblnTlbcbnCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail Road Aviation (Domestic & International)","line":34,"x":152.10229492,"y":280.39871215,"width":"138.97","height":"7.73","fontName":["MPJKGF+RktbmvLxhblnTlbcbnCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.2 Transport mode performances of road, rail, and aviation","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":260.42919921,"width":"216.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":184,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"We found that urgent and profound measures must be taken because the emis -","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":100.3219986,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel- related transport activities (in terms of pkm and tkm of passenger cars, trucks, ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":76.3219986,"width":"334.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"30 %","line":14,"x":68.6166687,"y":478.07748413,"width":"11.88","height":"6.86","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"40 %","line":15,"x":68.6166687,"y":495.25933837,"width":"11.88","height":"6.86","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"70 %","line":18,"x":68.6166687,"y":546.81860351,"width":"11.88","height":"6.86","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"80 %","line":19,"x":68.6166687,"y":564.00042724,"width":"11.88","height":"6.86","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"Aviatio n","line":22,"x":95.08930206,"y":417.29901123,"width":"23.03","height":"6.86","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"Passenger Ca rB us 2- & 3-Wheele rT ruck Passenge r","line":24,"x":129.91978454,"y":417.29901123,"width":"200.05","height":"6.86","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"Trai n","line":25,"x":314.12176513,"y":409.11651611,"width":"14.23","height":"6.86","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"Freight Trai n","line":26,"x":346.39178466,"y":417.29901123,"width":"35.51","height":"6.86","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"e c n a","line":27,"x":60.14339828,"y":566.43444824,"width":"14.80","height":"7.69","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"m r o f r e p t r o p s n a r t r e p t i l p s n i a r t r e w o P","line":28,"x":60.14339828,"y":446.3591919,"width":"113.53","height":"7.69","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"Internal Combustion Engine Electric","line":29,"x":168.80029296,"y":397.00109863,"width":"98.51","height":"6.91","fontName":["MPJKGF+PcgjsjXlkskwWxssbcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.3 Powertrain split for all transport modes in 2015 by transport performance (pkm or tkm)","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":377.25048828,"width":"323.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"5% 4%","line":39,"x":212.34106445,"y":328.6800232,"width":"19.03","height":"7.78","fontName":["MPJKGF+HycgnpLblkvcJmmtpgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":185,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.4 Final energy use ","line":51,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.14160156,"width":"84.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.1 Powertrain Electrification","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":529.15979003,"width":"151.94","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"insignificant, but because road transport is by far the largest CO 2 emitter in overall ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":427.65979003,"width":"334.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"electrification, we cluster the world regions into three groups, according to the dif -","line":13,"x":53.86249923,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"fusion theory (Rogers 2003 ):","line":14,"x":53.86249923,"y":393.15979003,"width":"115.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"• Innovators : OECD North America (excluding Mexico), OECD Europe, OECD ","line":15,"x":53.86249923,"y":375.15979003,"width":"326.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"• Moderate : Mexico, Non-OECD Asia, India, Eurasia, and Latin America","line":17,"x":53.86249923,"y":351.15979003,"width":"290.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"• Late adopters : Africa and the Middle East.","line":18,"x":53.86249923,"y":339.15979003,"width":"174.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.1.1 The 5.0 °C Scenario","line":22,"x":53.86249923,"y":261.15979003,"width":"112.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"The 5.0 °C Scenario follows the IEA Current Policies Scenario (IEA 2017a ) until ","line":23,"x":53.86249923,"y":237.15979003,"width":"334.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"transport modes (see Fig.  6.5 ), with passenger cars and buses making relevant gains ","line":25,"x":53.86249923,"y":213.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"in electric vehicle (EV) shares. For example, we project a share of 30% for battery ","line":26,"x":53.86249923,"y":201.15979003,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"electric vehicles (BEV) in China by 2050 due to foreseeable legislation and techno -","line":27,"x":53.86249923,"y":189.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"logical advancements in that country (Cui and Xiao 2018 ), whereas for the world ","line":28,"x":53.86249923,"y":177.15979003,"width":"334.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":186,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.1.2 The 2.0 °C Scenario","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.82250976,"width":"112.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"the innovator regions will experience strong electrification, encouraged by purchase ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":283.82250976,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"incentives, EV credit systems, and tightened CO 2 fleet emission targets. Passenger ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":270.32250976,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"years. Electric city buses and some trolley trucks will make a significant contribu -","line":10,"x":53.85850906,"y":211.82250976,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"the fuel-cell-electric vehicle (FCEV) market introduction, which will account for up ","line":13,"x":53.85850906,"y":175.82250976,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"South Korea the main market drivers. Higher shares of FCEV in innovator regions ","line":15,"x":53.85850906,"y":151.82250976,"width":"334.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"Pa ss en ge r Ca rB us 2- & 3- Wh eel er Tr uc kP as se ng er Tr ai nF re ig ht Tr ai n","line":34,"x":129.91108703,"y":409.53100585,"width":"254.90","height":"7.31","fontName":["MPJKGF+SxntvpQkvpwpPvkvbgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"In te rn al Co mb us ti on En gi ne Pl ug -I n Hy br id Elec tr ic","line":36,"x":130.8710022,"y":386.51098632,"width":"144.60","height":"7.31","fontName":["MPJKGF+SxntvpQkvpwpPvkvbgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":187,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.5 Powertrain split for all transport modes in 2050 under the 5.0 °C Scenario in terms of ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":366.65249633,"width":"328.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"Looking ahead to 2050, 60–70% of buses and heavy trucks will probably be (bat -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"In the moderate regions, the BEV share of road transport vehicles is set in a ","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"323.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"range of 1–15%. Except for Latin America, the moderate regions will have an ICE ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"334.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"powered by 2030. It is likely that ICE will dominate buses and trucks in the moder -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"ate regions in 2030. Fuel-cell cars now have small shares of 1–2%. Non-OECD Asia ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"is positively influenced by its innovator neighbour region, OECD Pacific. In the ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"335.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C Scenario, moderate regions will reach BEV shares of up to 67% for passen -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"heavy trucks by 2050. Compared with the innovator regions, the moderate regions ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"334.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"electrification will occur in Africa, with small and cheap BEVs (Fig.  6.6 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"294.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"regions, Fig.  6.7 shows the uptake of electric and fuel-cell drivetrains in buses and ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"two- and three-wheel vehicles, region by region, in terms of pkm. In 2015, a sub -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"India, Non-OECD Asia, and Eurasia after 2030. The remaining regions will elec -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 6.8 plots the projected electrification of passenger and freight rail in terms ","line":29,"x":65.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific China India Africa Powertrain split per transport performance","line":49,"x":57.44520187,"y":112.0401001,"width":"136.55","height":"5.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+GvjjsfFgdlscXjlcgjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"203 0","line":50,"x":140.17469787,"y":188.61289978,"width":"11.87","height":"5.85","fontName":["LQUESH+MrxlwmPfqdskXmxwbrCalibri-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacifi cC hina Indi aA frica","line":55,"x":289.28811645,"y":114.85990142,"width":"95.85","height":"5.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+GvjjsfFgdlscXjlcgjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"Internal Combustion Engine Plug-In Hybrid Electric Hydrogen","line":57,"x":145.75770568,"y":98.35990142,"width":"117.52","height":"4.90","fontName":["MPJKGF+GvjjsfFgdlscXjlcgjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.6 Powertrain split (fleet) of passenger cars in selected regions in 2030 ( left ) and 2050 ","line":58,"x":53.85829925,"y":79.15200042,"width":"329.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"( right ) under the 2.0 °C Scenario","line":59,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.15599822,"width":"112.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":188,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":60,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Aviation will probably remain predominantly powered by liquid fossil fuels (ker -","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":192.52270507,"width":"319.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"osene and bio- and synfuel derivatives) in the medium to long term because of limi -","line":8,"x":53.85829162,"y":180.52270507,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"because the flight distances are shorter than, for example, in the USA (Fig.  6.9 ). ","line":11,"x":53.85829162,"y":144.52270507,"width":"333.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"(Agence France-Presse 2018 ).","line":13,"x":53.85829162,"y":120.52269744,"width":"120.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"10 %","line":18,"x":68.69191741,"y":535.01568604,"width":"7.93","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"20 %","line":19,"x":68.69191741,"y":541.71075441,"width":"7.93","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"30 %","line":20,"x":68.69191741,"y":548.40588379,"width":"7.93","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"40 %","line":21,"x":68.69191741,"y":555.10101319,"width":"7.93","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"50 %","line":22,"x":68.69191741,"y":561.79150391,"width":"7.93","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"60 %","line":23,"x":68.69191741,"y":568.48657227,"width":"7.93","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"70 %","line":24,"x":68.69191741,"y":575.18170167,"width":"7.93","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"80 %","line":25,"x":68.69191741,"y":581.87677002,"width":"7.93","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"90 %","line":26,"x":68.69191741,"y":588.57189942,"width":"7.93","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":28,"x":76.28440856,"y":522.32781983,"width":"74.04","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"o lle","line":35,"x":58.43529891,"y":547.06890871,"width":"8.59","height":"5.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"y el","line":36,"x":58.43529891,"y":555.14794922,"width":"6.72","height":"5.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"tr ic","line":38,"x":58.43529891,"y":566.69586182,"width":"7.20","height":"5.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"e of ","line":41,"x":58.43529891,"y":584.39062501,"width":"8.85","height":"5.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"US A Ca na da Me xi co La ti n Am er ic a","line":48,"x":125.0821991,"y":509.91171265,"width":"61.04","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Fuel cell eletric share of total bus pkm","line":49,"x":233.75039672,"y":522.18798829,"width":"151.29","height":"5.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"OE CD Eu ro pe Eu ra si a","line":50,"x":270.22338867,"y":509.29159546,"width":"38.09","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Af ri ca Mi dd le Ea st In di a Ch in a No n- OE CD As ia OE CD Pa ci fi c","line":51,"x":124.30290222,"y":499.16879273,"width":"100.65","height":"4.62","fontName":["MPJKGF+NvtlfgVgkfkrFspmjbCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.7 Battery and trolley electric bus share of total bus pkm in the 2.0 °C Scenario ( left ) and ","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":480.03518677,"width":"328.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel-cell electric bus share of total bus pkm in the 2.0 °C Scenario ( right )","line":53,"x":53.85829925,"y":470.03918458,"width":"248.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"1,50 0","line":57,"x":64.71279907,"y":395.83521176999994,"width":"12.53","height":"5.50","fontName":["CAJCWZ+GjnqwsGflkdySsphlrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"2,00 0","line":58,"x":64.71279907,"y":415.23371031,"width":"12.53","height":"5.50","fontName":["CAJCWZ+GjnqwsGflkdySsphlrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"2,50 0","line":59,"x":64.71279907,"y":434.63770201,"width":"12.53","height":"5.50","fontName":["CAJCWZ+GjnqwsGflkdySsphlrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"passenger rail freight rail","line":60,"x":129.32519531,"y":443.94480039999996,"width":"68.85","height":"6.98","fontName":["CAJCWZ+GjnqwsGflkdySsphlrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":61,"x":75.34960174,"y":332.11820128,"width":"89.23","height":"5.50","fontName":["CAJCWZ+GjnqwsGflkdySsphlrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Total Passenger Rail Diesel Electric Biofuel / Synfue l","line":63,"x":126.14990234,"y":319.02320004999996,"width":"107.32","height":"5.30","fontName":["CAJCWZ+GjnqwsGflkdySsphlrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":64,"x":229.11589739000004,"y":331.97919469,"width":"89.23","height":"5.50","fontName":["CAJCWZ+GjnqwsGflkdySsphlrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Total Freight Rai l","line":65,"x":304.79598163,"y":318.95420079,"width":"38.20","height":"5.57","fontName":["CAJCWZ+GjnqwsGflkdySsphlrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":189,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.8 Electrification of passenger rail ( left ) and freight rail ( right ) under the 2.0 °C Scenario (in ","line":66,"x":53.83259126000001,"y":299.35269933,"width":"327.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.1.3 The 1.5 °C Scenario","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":352.66668701,"width":"112.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"penetration is required than in the 2.0 °C Scenario and the innovative regions will ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":316.66668701,"width":"334.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"be at the forefront. The moderate regions will also need to electrify more rapidly ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":304.66668701,"width":"334.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"between 2030 and 2050. In the late adopter regions, there is no difference between ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":256.66668701,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C Scenario (Fig.  6.10 ).","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":220.66668701,"width":"110.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.2 Mode-Specific Efficiency and Improvements Over Time","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":176.66670227,"width":"297.54","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"only electric drivetrains are compared (Fig.  6.11 ). It is apparent that railways and ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.66670227,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"(Fig.  6.12 ). The 2015 figures are the starting point for a more detailed discussion, ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":100.66670227,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"of our discussion in terms of modal shift (Chap. 6 , Sect. 4 ). The efficiency data are ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":76.66670227,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":27,"x":82.47743988,"y":397.80798531000005,"width":"145.81","height":"8.99","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"US A","line":29,"x":335.9413147,"y":589.31378364,"width":"13.49","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Ca na da","line":30,"x":335.9413147,"y":573.6660175300001,"width":"24.44","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Mexi co","line":31,"x":335.9413147,"y":558.01837349,"width":"23.89","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin Am eric a","line":32,"x":335.9413147,"y":542.3602924300001,"width":"44.30","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europ e","line":33,"x":335.9413147,"y":526.7128925300001,"width":"43.32","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Eurasi a","line":34,"x":335.9413147,"y":511.08490181,"width":"23.46","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Afric a","line":35,"x":335.9413147,"y":495.43719673000004,"width":"18.86","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Midd le Ea st","line":36,"x":335.9413147,"y":479.78921699000006,"width":"36.35","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Indi a","line":37,"x":335.9413147,"y":464.14111519000005,"width":"16.07","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Chin a","line":38,"x":335.9413147,"y":448.49319649000006,"width":"18.30","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Paci fi c","line":40,"x":335.9413147,"y":417.18811417000006,"width":"40.91","height":"8.03","fontName":["MPJKGF+TfxqmxGnltrcXkbvffCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.9 Electricity-performed pkm in domestic aviation under the 2.0 °C Scenario","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":377.4966163600001,"width":"278.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":190,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.6533241300001,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"based on literature-reported and transport operator information. The efficiency lev -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":199.56100463,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"els in terms of pkm or tkm depend to a large extent on the underlying capacity uti -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.56100463,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"in energy efficiency, and their implementation will steadily improve energy intensity ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.56100463,"width":"333.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"over time. Regardless of the types of powertrains and fuels used, efficiency improve -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.560997,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"• Reductions in powertrain losses through more-efficient motors, gears, power ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":97.560997,"width":"327.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"• Reductions in aerodynamic drag;","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":73.560997,"width":"135.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.11 Final energy demand in urban and inter-urban passenger transport modes in 2015 (world ","line":22,"x":53.55669397000004,"y":234.39100575999996,"width":"327.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Powertrain split of world passenger car fleet","line":35,"x":57.94569391000004,"y":504.12770388,"width":"174.26","height":"5.19","fontName":["MPJKGF+BrhdtnByrnwhNjjbxtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"Internal Combustion Engine Plug-In Hybrid Electric Hydrogen","line":36,"x":155.52529138000003,"y":495.93898318,"width":"114.18","height":"4.76","fontName":["MPJKGF+BrhdtnByrnwhNjjbxtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5°C 2.0°C","line":38,"x":88.45828241000004,"y":598.62517099,"width":"25.66","height":"6.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+BrhdtnByrnwhNjjbxtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":39,"x":247.34929651000004,"y":504.14378671,"width":"73.70","height":"5.19","fontName":["MPJKGF+BrhdtnByrnwhNjjbxtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.10 Powertrain split of the world passenger car fleet in the 2.0 °C Scenario ( left ) and 1.5 °C ","line":40,"x":53.85829156000004,"y":476.7673829,"width":"327.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":191,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario ( right )","line":41,"x":53.85829156000004,"y":466.77138071,"width":"54.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"• Reductions in vehicle mass through light-weighting;","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":376.5704956,"width":"213.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"• The use of smaller vehicles;","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":364.5704956,"width":"115.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"• Operational improvements (e.g., through automatic train operation, load factor ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":352.5704956,"width":"326.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.3 Road Transport","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":278.5704956,"width":"101.90","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.3.1 Passenger Cars","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.5704956,"width":"93.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"electric vehicles (HEV), and 0.7% PHEV (BCG 2017 ). Only about 0.9% of the cars ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":206.5704956,"width":"333.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"and it is around 15–20% for diesel engines (van Basshuysen and Schäfer 2015 ). ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":158.5704956,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"Maximum efficiencies of 38–40% can be reached by ICE (Schäfer 2016 ), whereas ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":146.5704956,"width":"334.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.12 Final energy demand in freight transport modes in 2015 (world averages)","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.40039062,"width":"279.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":192,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"before 2030 (Schmuch et al. 2018 ).","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":374.26098632,"width":"141.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"basis (the same for all drivetrains) for the 5.0  °C and 2.0  °C Scenarios. The effi -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":350.26098632,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"the 1.5 °C Scenario (Fig.  6.13 ).","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":326.26098632,"width":"125.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.3.2 Light and Heavy Freight Vehicles","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":290.26098632,"width":"169.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"ICE. With a market share of 84% of diesel-fuelled vehicles in 2015 (IEA 2017c ), ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.26098632,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"the global fleet of trucks was predominantly operating on diesel (IEA 2017b ). In ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":242.26098632,"width":"335.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"advantages to road carriers (Fig.  6.14 ). Compared with diesel-powered trucks, fuel-","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":182.26098632,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"diesel powertrains, especially those operating in stop-and-go intensive urban envi -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":134.26098632,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"ronments, is promising (Burke and Hengbing 2017 ; Lischke 2017 ). However, after ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":122.2609787,"width":"334.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"and fuel-cell electric). Therefore, the development of battery recharging and hydro -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":86.2609787,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"Ga so li ne Diesel Natural Ga sE lectri cH ydroge n","line":43,"x":116.26850126999999,"y":477.13339233,"width":"231.08","height":"8.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+XdrhgxGjldxtShtqqvCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.13 World average energy consumption development for passenger cars per powertrain in ","line":45,"x":53.858299239999994,"y":457.09091186,"width":"328.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":193,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 ( left ) and 2050 ( right )","line":46,"x":53.858299239999994,"y":447.09490966,"width":"93.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"truck sector will require considerable public spending on the installation of over -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":328.4801941,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"Sweden, and California (USA) (Siemens 2017 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":292.4801941,"width":"191.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.3.3 Buses","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":256.4801941,"width":"51.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"option, complemented by fuel cells for routes with higher ranges or difficult ter -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":172.4801941,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"fleet since 2016 (over 16,000 battery electric buses) (Sisson 2018 ). Fuel-cell electric ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.48018646,"width":"333.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy Ltd. 2018 ) and 26 in the USA (Eudy and Post 2017 ). Full battery operation ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":88.48018646,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"Gasoline Diesel Hybrid Diesel CNG/LPG Electric Hydrogen","line":43,"x":90.41519927,"y":397.65771484,"width":"176.54","height":"8.00","fontName":["CAJCWZ+NmmcwvTfgpnlFlpvwgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.14 Average global energy intensities of truck drivetrain technologies in 2015 and 2050","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":377.31021118,"width":"314.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":194,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"divided the regions into innovators (i.e., China and OECD countries) and all the ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":294.51730346,"width":"335.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"all three scenarios (Fig.  6.15 ).","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":234.51730346,"width":"119.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.3.4 Two- and Three-Wheel Vehicles","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":198.51730346,"width":"162.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"traffic. India alone is reported to have 2.5 million rickshaws on the road, each travel -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":90.51730346,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"ling 70–150  km/day (Abu Mallouh et  al. 2010 ). Most three-wheel vehicles are ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":78.51730346,"width":"335.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"fuelled by gasoline and some by liquid petroleum gas (LPG), although some com -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":66.51730346,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"0.43 0.43","line":26,"x":110.79514312,"y":538.66973876,"width":"25.41","height":"7.16","fontName":["CAJCWZ+SvyqmgTdqmvkTwxynnCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"Gasoline/Diesel Hybrid","line":35,"x":84.12700653,"y":406.08139038,"width":"64.91","height":"7.16","fontName":["CAJCWZ+SvyqmgTdqmvkTwxynnCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"(Gasoline/Diesel )","line":36,"x":143.89300537,"y":397.47671508,"width":"49.88","height":"7.16","fontName":["CAJCWZ+SvyqmgTdqmvkTwxynnCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural Gas Electric Hydrogen","line":37,"x":213.71929931,"y":406.07479858,"width":"83.93","height":"7.16","fontName":["CAJCWZ+SvyqmgTdqmvkTwxynnCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.15 Average global energy intensities of bus drivetrain technologies in 2015 ( left ) and 2050 ","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":377.34729003,"width":"328.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":195,"change":"Addition","str":"( right )","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":367.35128784,"width":"22.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"together with battery swap stations and solar-powered rickshaws (Moran 2018 ; ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":436.23361206,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Reddy et al. 2017 ). Thailand has announced that it plans to convert all existing two-","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":424.23361206,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"stroke- powered tuk-tuks to battery electric powertrains within 5  years (Coconuts ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":412.23361206,"width":"335.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Bangkok 2017 ). In India, too, plans are repeatedly announced to electrify all new ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":400.23361206,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"two- and three-wheel vehicles within the next two decades (Ghoshal 2017 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":388.23361206,"width":"301.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"The efficiency of battery electric drivetrains is much better than that of conven -","line":8,"x":65.85829925,"y":376.23361206,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"tional two-stroke engines in two- and three-wheel vehicles (Fig.  6.16 ). We project a ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":364.23361206,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.3.5 Rail Transport","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":304.23361206,"width":"90.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ). However, in terms of transport performance (pkm or tkm), the ratio of elec -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":220.23361206,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"has been the state-of-the-art technology for decades and new lines are almost exclu -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":184.23361206,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"with little or no electrification whatsoever could be feasible fully electric alterna -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":100.2335968,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Gasoline/Diesel NG/LP GE lectric Hydrogen","line":44,"x":76.71510314,"y":514.58642578,"width":"130.06","height":"5.09","fontName":["CAJCWZ+VqyvllXwdksyYtwngtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Gasoline/Diesel NG/LP GE lectri cH ydrogen","line":54,"x":237.65029907,"y":514.51611328,"width":"167.90","height":"5.09","fontName":["CAJCWZ+VqyvllXwdksyYtwngtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.16 Average global energy intensities of two-wheel vehicles ( left ) and three-wheel vehicles ","line":57,"x":53.85829925,"y":495.06359863,"width":"328.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"( right ) by drivetrain technology in 2015 ( left bar ) and 2050 ( right bar )","line":58,"x":53.85829925,"y":485.06759643,"width":"239.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":196,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":59,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"all drivetrains) in all three scenarios (Fig.  6.17 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":281.61871337,"width":"190.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig.  6.18 for freight and passenger trains.","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":245.61871337,"width":"165.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.3.6 Water and Air Transport","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":209.61871337,"width":"134.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"preparation (DNV GL 2015 ). We assumed the same increase in the share of bio- and ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":149.61871337,"width":"333.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"enhanced air traffic management systems (Madavan 2016 ; Vyas et  al. 2013 ). We ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":101.61871337,"width":"334.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"D - Freigh tN G - Freigh tE - Freigh tE - Intermoda l","line":32,"x":78.57202148,"y":511.99664306,"width":"133.73","height":"4.35","fontName":["MPJKGF+LjqcspFtgfxfYpmpmjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"Fr eigh t","line":33,"x":168.17930603,"y":506.6802063,"width":"12.37","height":"4.35","fontName":["MPJKGF+LjqcspFtgfxfYpmpmjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"E - LDHV Freigh t","line":34,"x":188.99229431,"y":511.99569702,"width":"28.50","height":"4.35","fontName":["MPJKGF+LjqcspFtgfxfYpmpmjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"D - REG/IC NG - REG/IC E - REG/IC E -Metro/LRT E - HS T","line":57,"x":246.4953003,"y":506.70370483,"width":"92.99","height":"4.35","fontName":["MPJKGF+LjqcspFtgfxfYpmpmjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.17 MJ/tkm of freight rail trains ( left ) and MJ/pkm of passenger rail trains ( right ) for 2015 ","line":59,"x":53.85829925,"y":487.61871337,"width":"328.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"( left ) and 2050 ( right )","line":60,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.62271118,"width":"74.37","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"1.4 r o t c a f y c n e i c i f f e c i f i c e p s","line":68,"x":60.59410095,"y":406.72155761,"width":"50.68","height":"4.84","fontName":["MPJKGF+VbgdrlXnpwdkQkmhkcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"n o i g e R","line":69,"x":60.59410095,"y":392.0454712,"width":"13.51","height":"4.84","fontName":["MPJKGF+VbgdrlXnpwdkQkmhkcCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.18 Region-specific MJ/tkm and MJ/pkm in 2015 and 2050 for freight rail trains ( left ) and ","line":81,"x":53.85829925,"y":340.44869995,"width":"328.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":197,"change":"Addition","str":"passenger rail trains ( right )","line":82,"x":53.85829925,"y":330.45269775,"width":"92.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.4 Replacement of Fossil Fuels by Biofuels and Synfuels","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":376.18930053,"width":"290.18","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"The use of biofuels in the transport sector offers a potential lever to reduce the CO 2","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":346.68930053,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"replace fossil fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and kerosene. Figure  6.19 shows the ","line":8,"x":53.86180114,"y":276.18930053,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.5 Operational Improvements and Novel Service Concepts","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":160.18919372,"width":"296.94","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 1.5°C 2.0°C","line":20,"x":194.16360473,"y":419.43328857,"width":"59.65","height":"9.32","fontName":["MPJKGF+FkvrllMbkflwFmfyqdCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 205 0","line":32,"x":184.95359802,"y":434.58929443,"width":"129.79","height":"8.00","fontName":["MPJKGF+FkvrllMbkflwFmfyqdCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.19 Shares of ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.33428955,"width":"64.80","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":198,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.5.1 Passenger Transport","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"115.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"They include traditional car sharing (e.g., Zipcar), free-floating car sharing busi -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"private ride-sharing mobility platforms, such as BlaBlaCar , are seen as alternative ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"334.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"car is no longer considered a status symbol, but has become simply a mode of trans -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"Schorndorf (Brost et  al. 2018 ). Under these business models, innovative vehicle ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"335.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"usage. However, decision-makers and transport planners must consider the poten -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"(Pakusch et al. 2018 ). For example, an increase in total energy consumption may ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"334.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"6.3.5.2 Freight Transport","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"104.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"The automatization of road freight traffic can reduce fuel consumption. The tech -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"3 (SAE 2018 ), (multi-brand) truck platooning has become possible, which is a ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"335.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":199,"change":"Addition","str":"driver-assistance technology (Janssen et  al. 2015 ). With communication between ","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"335.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"up to 5% (Daimler 2018 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"103.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"Further novel logistic concepts, such as the use of drones for delivery and decen -","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"319.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"6.4 Transport Performance","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":409.15979003,"width":"135.87","height":"12.00","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"To complement the anticipated technologically driven mode-inherent improve -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"ments in efficiency that we took as the input for our modelling in the previous sec -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"then discuss the rationales for the mode choices that will result in the transport per -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"are particularly projected to grow strongly (Fig.  6.20 ). These modes consume more ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"energy than trains, ships, and buses, as discussed in Sect. 6.3.2 . Even if the full ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"335.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"in the use of the other modes in all world regions (Fig.  6.21 ). The next two sections ","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":200,"change":"Addition","str":"6 Transport Transition Concepts","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"109.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FvyyccFyngqxRssnycTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"6.4.1 Passenger Transport Modes","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":190.45599365,"width":"161.75","height":"12.00","fontName":["JNVSQL+StmlssKbmkdpCnvyhhTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"To reduce transport-related CO 2 emissions, a shift towards low-energy-intensity ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":160.95599365,"width":"335.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"are shown in Table  6.1 . The mode shift potential differs, depending predominantly ","line":7,"x":53.86169052,"y":102.45599365,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"50 %","line":11,"x":69.44367218,"y":467.82717895,"width":"14.19","height":"8.21","fontName":["MPJKGF+QhdtprPxfjyfTpxldkCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":18,"x":82.99009704,"y":435.53790283,"width":"133.15","height":"8.21","fontName":["MPJKGF+QhdtprPxfjyfTpxldkCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"t- Evolutio","line":20,"x":60.56729888,"y":520.4888916,"width":"32.67","height":"8.21","fontName":["MPJKGF+QhdtprPxfjyfTpxldkCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.20 Relative growth in world transport demand (2015  =  100% pkm/tkm) in the 5.0  °C ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":387.04928588,"width":"329.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":201,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.21 Relative growth in world transport demand (2015  =  100% pkm/tkm) in the 2.0  °C ","line":44,"x":53.85829925,"y":226.6519928,"width":"329.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"from larger cars and SUVs will also allow lower energy intensity. Whereas occu -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.29541015,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 6.22 shows the development of pkm in all scenarios for sample world ","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":145.29541015,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 6.1 Pkm “per km” shift from domestic aviation to trains (in %)","line":18,"x":53.49509811,"y":598.1743164,"width":"233.26","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C scenario 0 0 0.5–0.75 0.7–1.1 1–1.7 1.4–2.5 1.9–3.8 2.7–5.7","line":20,"x":56.32998272000007,"y":571.2708129899999,"width":"211.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C scenario 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14","line":21,"x":56.329971280000066,"y":559.4388427799998,"width":"99.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe India China Africa USA","line":31,"x":137.43195339000007,"y":333.8248901399999,"width":"92.70","height":"6.73","fontName":["MPJKGF+GmtklnGnyjddXmymcfCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":32,"x":201.22199246000005,"y":360.43481445999987,"width":"69.27","height":"6.83","fontName":["MPJKGF+GmtklnGnyjddXmymcfCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 ̊C 5.0 ̊C 1.5 ̊C","line":34,"x":191.94599148000006,"y":345.1698913599999,"width":"42.78","height":"6.73","fontName":["MPJKGF+GmtklnGnyjddXmymcfCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":202,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.22 Regional pkm development","line":35,"x":53.75199124000006,"y":314.1253967299999,"width":"124.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"USA and Europe, will experience a decline. Although China is expected to experi -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"also increase in the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios, but at a slower rate (Figs.  6.23 and ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"differently in the world regions, both quantitatively and in relative terms (Fig.  6.25 ) ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"pkm must decrease by 2020 and in subsequent years to meet the CO 2 reduction ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":451.65979003,"width":"335.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050","line":22,"x":126.95159912,"y":298.85808943999996,"width":"128.53","height":"7.92","fontName":["MPJKGF+FcyxvpPyvxppYdxryyCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"LDF ADV RE F","line":27,"x":198.7987976,"y":288.20809554,"width":"37.59","height":"7.92","fontName":["MPJKGF+FcyxvpPyvxppYdxryyCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.23 World pkm development in all scenarios","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":268.18661118,"width":"167.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":203,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.24 World pkm development in the 2.0 °C Scenario","line":46,"x":54.37009811,"y":71.82189770999999,"width":"191.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":204,"change":"Addition","str":"buses. In China, the pkm split among modes is more balanced. All modes are pro -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":253.98120117,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":204,"change":"Addition","str":"more slowly in the 2.0 °C Scenario (Fig.  6.26 ). In the 1.5 °C Scenario, freight trans -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":157.98120117,"width":"331.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":204,"change":"Addition","str":"other regions, such as China and India (Figs.  6.26 and 6.27 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":121.98120117,"width":"241.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":204,"change":"Addition","str":"Passenger Train Passenger Car Bus 2- & 3- wheeler Avia\u0004on (Domes\u0004c )A via\u0004on (Interna\u0004onal)","line":21,"x":128.27850341,"y":374.93170696,"width":"160.95","height":"3.94","fontName":["SLJUMT+SyjnclBrydlmYybwhwCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":204,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.25 Pkm development in OECD Europe ( left ) Africa (middle), and China ( right ) in the ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":355.8111811400002,"width":"329.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman","VFZMCN+XcbsbvKnmvnqCcqtypTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":205,"change":"Addition","str":"5. 0° C2 .0 °C 1. 5° C","line":27,"x":202.64320373,"y":154.90601350999995,"width":"115.32","height":"5.86","fontName":["MPJKGF+PgjqykBfvwqnBjhcykCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":205,"change":"Addition","str":"Chin aA frica India USA","line":28,"x":155.96220397,"y":146.25890352999994,"width":"123.01","height":"6.59","fontName":["MPJKGF+PgjqykBfvwqnBjhcykCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":205,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 6.27 Regional tkm development","line":29,"x":52.9082985,"y":126.59450533999994,"width":"122.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["SDLUMT+NnrmnsRgkybwGqmvwqTimesLTStd-Bold","CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"in additional rail infrastructure. Table  6.2 shows the assumed global tkm shift from ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":449.31170654,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 1.5 °C Scenario, the shift is projected to reach up to 27%. The ramp- up of ","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.31170654,"width":"334.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"road tkm in numbers by 2050 (Fig.  6.28 ).","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":317.31170654,"width":"165.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"nate or increase slightly in China (Fig.  6.29 ). Rail tkm is projected to increase in all ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":293.31170654,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"other world regions (Fig.  6.29 ). Rail tkm in China will temporarily decrease slightly ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":281.31170654,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"because of an anticipated medium-term decline in coal transport (Fig.  6.30 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":269.31170654,"width":"304.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":206,"change":"Addition","str":"and 2050. The transport energy scenario results are outlined in Chap. 8 .","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":167.31170654,"width":"285.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CSLHWZ+FdpslqMkstnlWqhkkrTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"161 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"89.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Literature overview of published global and regional renewable energy ","line":6,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"328.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"There is a wide range of estimates of global and regional renewable energy poten -","line":14,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":343.13769531,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"(IPCC/SRREN 2011 ). Furthermore, the IPCC has concluded that the global techni -","line":17,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":307.13769531,"width":"331.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"(IPCC/SRREN 2011 ). However, the technical potential is also much higher than the ","line":19,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":283.13769531,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":211,"change":"Addition","str":"Chap. 3 )—[R]E-SPACE. The [R]E-SPACE results provide the upper limit for the ","line":25,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":211.13771057,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"Technological potential: The technological potential is derived from the conver -","line":34,"x":88.94529724,"y":303.58761596,"width":"273.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"sion potential, taking account of additional restrictions regarding the area that is real -","line":35,"x":76.95179748,"y":293.59161376,"width":"285.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":212,"change":"Addition","str":"sustainability, which usually requires careful consideration and evaluation of differ -","line":43,"x":76.95179748,"y":213.62361145000003,"width":"285.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"or even impossible (Teske and Pregger 2015 ). The energy policy framework in a ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":316.09381103,"width":"335.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"particular country or region will have a profound impact on the expansion of renew -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":304.09381103,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"ables, in terms of both the economic situation and the social acceptance of renew -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":292.09381103,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"7.1.1 Bioenergy","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":236.09379577,"width":"74.66","height":"12.00","fontName":["QGBZAN+YwbvtqSkgyfxTlwlybTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"The discrepancy between the technical potential for bioenergy and the likely sus -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":208.09379577,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"tainable potential raises some issues that warrant further discussion. Recent analy -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":196.09379577,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"(GEA 2012 ; Smith et al. 2014 ). However, the dedicated use of land for bioenergy—","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":172.09379577,"width":"331.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ; Searchinger et  al. 2017 ). Research that focused on the trade-offs between ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":136.09379577,"width":"335.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"year. could be produced sustainably (Boysen et al. 2017 ; Heck et al. 2018 ), although ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":112.09378814,"width":"333.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"such production levels would be dependent on strong global land governance sys -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":100.09378814,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"tems (Creutzig 2017 ).","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":88.09378814,"width":"87.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"The carbon neutrality of bioenergy is based on the assumption that the CO 2","line":25,"x":65.85829925,"y":74.5938034,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.1 Theoretical and technical renewable energy potentials versus utilization in 2015","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"303.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"year] IPCC 2011","line":32,"x":117.86746970000013,"y":553.9313459699999,"width":"57.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"assessment 2012, Chap. 11 , ","line":35,"x":214.76746359000015,"y":563.93580154,"width":"96.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar energy 3,900,000 62,000–280,000 1.3","line":40,"x":56.69297019000013,"y":541.30030349,"width":"142.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind energy 6000 1250–2250 1.9","line":41,"x":56.69297019000013,"y":529.46833328,"width":"109.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Bioenergy 1548 160–270 51.5","line":42,"x":56.69297782000013,"y":517.63630203,"width":"96.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"1400 810–1545 2.4","line":45,"x":117.86746970000013,"y":505.80433181,"width":"61.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydropower 147 50–60 13.2","line":46,"x":56.69297019000013,"y":483.967845,"width":"91.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 7400 3240–10,500 0.0018","line":47,"x":56.69297019000013,"y":472.13584427,"width":"131.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 76,000–294,500 (Total primary ","line":48,"x":56.69297019000013,"y":460.30384353,"width":"123.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":213,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":51,"x":53.85397711000013,"y":623.70783523,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"regrows (EASAC 2017 ). Most land is part of the terrestrial carbon sink or is used ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"for food production, so that harvesting for bioenergy will either deplete the exist -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"ing carbon stock or displace food production (Searchinger et al. 2015 , 2017 ). The ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"leads to a permanent increase in the atmospheric CO 2 concentration (Sterman et al. ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":535.65979003,"width":"333.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ; Smyth et  al. 2014 ; Ter Mikaelian et  al. 2015 ). Leaving carbon stored in ","line":7,"x":53.855999,"y":525.15979003,"width":"335.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"Schlesinger 2018 ), because increased atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 from the ","line":9,"x":53.855999,"y":499.65979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"the forests can grow back to compensate the increase (EASAC 2017 ; Booth 2018 ; ","line":11,"x":53.86059951,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"Schlesinger 2018 ).","line":12,"x":53.86059951,"y":465.15979003,"width":"76.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"Bioenergy sourced from wastes and residues rather than harvested from dedi -","line":13,"x":65.86060333,"y":453.15979003,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity of land) (Searchinger et al. 2017 ). The supply of waste and residues as ","line":16,"x":53.86059951,"y":417.15979003,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"a bioenergy source is always inherently limited (Miyake et al. 2012 ). Although ","line":17,"x":53.86059951,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"in some cases, burning residues can still release more emissions into the atmo -","line":18,"x":53.86059951,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"sphere in the mid-term (20–40 years) than allowing them to decay (Booth 2018 ), ","line":19,"x":53.86059951,"y":381.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"there is general agreement that specific and limited waste materials from the for -","line":20,"x":53.86059951,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"climate effects (EASAC 2017 ). The use of secondary residues (cascade utiliza -","line":22,"x":53.86059951,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"(Smith et al. 2014 ).","line":24,"x":53.86059951,"y":321.15979003,"width":"80.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"7.2 Economic Renewable Energy Potential in Space-","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":277.15979003,"width":"263.63","height":"12.00","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"Land is a scarce resource. The use of land for nature conservation, agricultural pro -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.1598053,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"ten world regions defined in Table 8 in Sect. 1 of Chap. 5 were analysed with the [R]","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.1598053,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":214,"change":"Addition","str":"E-SPACE methodology described in Sect. 3 of Chap. 3 .","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.1598053,"width":"222.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"7.2.1 Constrains for Utility-Scale Solar and Wind Power ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"276.73","height":"12.00","fontName":["QGBZAN+YwbvtqSkgyfxTlwlybTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Residential and urban settlements;","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":523.79382324,"width":"140.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Infrastructure for transport (e.g., rail, roads);","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":511.79382324,"width":"181.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Industrial areas;","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":499.79382324,"width":"67.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Intensive agricultural production land;","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":487.79382324,"width":"156.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Nature conservation areas and national parks;","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":475.79382324,"width":"185.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Wetlands and swamps;","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":463.79382324,"width":"94.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"• Closed grasslands (a land-use type) (GLC 2000 ).","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":451.79382324,"width":"199.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"7.2.2 Mapping Solar and Wind Potential","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":407.79379272,"width":"196.27","height":"12.00","fontName":["QGBZAN+YwbvtqSkgyfxTlwlybTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"of 2000 kilowatt hours per square meter and year (kWh/m 2 year) is assumed as the ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":355.79379272,"width":"334.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"plants was mapped for all regions with WRI ( 2018 ) data. Figure  7.1 provides an ","line":19,"x":53.85990905,"y":307.79379272,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"in some parts of Canada, the United States, and Australia. For some countries, cov -","line":27,"x":53.85990905,"y":211.79379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"true for renewable energy generation assets such as solar, wind, biomass, geother -","line":29,"x":53.85990905,"y":187.79379272,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 7.2 shows the solar potential for utility-scale solar power plants—both ","line":31,"x":65.85990905,"y":163.79379272,"width":"322.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"example of very good solar resources far from existing infrastructure. While roof- top ","line":37,"x":53.85990905,"y":91.79379272,"width":"333.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":215,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":216,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.2 Solar potential in Africa","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":67.76560211,"width":"108.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":216,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.1 Electricity infrastructure in Africa—power plants (over 1 MW) and high-voltage trans -","line":2,"x":53.83179855,"y":348.73928833,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure  7.3 shows Europe’s potential for utility-scale solar power plants. Only the ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"utility- scale solar, whereas roof-top solar can be deployed economically across ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"335.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"there is already a mature wind industry in Canada and the USA. Figure  7.4 shows ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.3 Europe’s potential for utility-scale solar power plants","line":23,"x":53.83179855,"y":69.15200042,"width":"207.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":217,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":24,"x":53.8572998,"y":623.64953613,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"stages and the industry, which has great potential, is still in its infancy. Figure  7.5","line":5,"x":53.88470077,"y":278.66931152,"width":"331.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.2 provides an overview of the key results of the [R]E-SPACE analysis. ","line":14,"x":65.88469696,"y":170.66931152,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"assumptions (see Sect. 2.1 in Chap. 7 ). The installed capacities are calculated based ","line":16,"x":53.88470077,"y":146.66931152,"width":"333.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"on the following space requirements (Table  7.2 ):","line":17,"x":53.88470077,"y":134.66931152,"width":"194.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"• Solar photovoltaic: 1 MW = 0.04 km 2","line":18,"x":53.88470077,"y":116.66931152,"width":"154.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"• Concentrated solar power: 1 MW = 0.04 km 2","line":19,"x":53.88470077,"y":104.66929626,"width":"183.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"• Onshore wind: 1 MW = 0.2 km 2","line":20,"x":53.88470077,"y":92.66929626,"width":"132.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":218,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.4 OECD North America: existing and potential wind power sites","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.49920654,"width":"239.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 7.5 Latin America: potential and existing wind power sites","line":1,"x":53.83179855,"y":351.0192871,"width":"212.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.2 [R]E-SPACE: key results part 1","line":2,"x":53.8572998,"y":303.32577514,"width":"140.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"Region Subregion","line":3,"x":56.69295102000009,"y":246.05578910999992,"width":"59.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar Onshore wind","line":4,"x":155.31845456000008,"y":289.0657836099999,"width":"65.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"[km 2 ] [GW] [km 2 ] [GW]","line":15,"x":155.3184393100001,"y":246.05578910999992,"width":"77.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"Canada East 2,742,668 68,567 2,530,232 12,651","line":19,"x":102.51063138000009,"y":233.4162932499999,"width":"157.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"Canada West 2,242,715 56,068 2,180,271 10,901","line":20,"x":102.51063138000009,"y":221.58429250999993,"width":"158.90","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"Mexico 3,365,974 84,149 3,341,940 16,710","line":21,"x":102.51063138000009,"y":209.75229177999992,"width":"140.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"269,650 6741 254,976 1275","line":24,"x":155.3211248400001,"y":197.92029104999992,"width":"89.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"1,043,033 26,076 1,043,026 5215","line":27,"x":155.3211248400001,"y":176.08378896999992,"width":"108.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"1,847,162 46,179 1,840,980 9205","line":30,"x":155.3211248400001,"y":154.2472869099999,"width":"108.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"431,277 10,782 427,709 2139","line":33,"x":155.3211248400001,"y":132.41078481999992,"width":"95.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"1,152,288 28,807 1,091,698 5458","line":36,"x":155.3211248400001,"y":110.57429037999991,"width":"108.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":219,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":38,"x":53.86511975000009,"y":623.66832267,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.2 (continued)","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1873169,"width":"72.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Region Subregion","line":2,"x":56.693030890000195,"y":540.9177726800001,"width":"59.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar Onshore wind","line":3,"x":155.31853443000017,"y":583.9277824500001,"width":"65.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"[km 2 ] [GW] [km 2 ] [GW]","line":14,"x":155.31851918000018,"y":540.9177726800001,"width":"77.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Caribbean 34,238 856 34,238 171","line":17,"x":102.5107112500002,"y":528.41429368,"width":"107.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"17,529 438 17,603 88","line":20,"x":155.3212047100002,"y":516.58226243,"width":"68.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"869,811 21,745 869,811 4349","line":23,"x":155.3212047100002,"y":494.7457756100001,"width":"95.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Brazil 1,623,625 40,591 1,623,625 8118","line":24,"x":102.5107112500002,"y":472.9092888000001,"width":"129.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"1,023,848 25,596 1,024,340 5122","line":27,"x":155.3212047100002,"y":461.07728808000013,"width":"108.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Chile 693,990 17,350 693,990 3470","line":28,"x":102.5107112500002,"y":439.2407707300001,"width":"114.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Argentina 1,651,168 41,279 1,651,168 8256","line":29,"x":102.5107112500002,"y":427.4087700000001,"width":"142.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"32,360 809 32,360 162","line":32,"x":155.3212047100002,"y":415.5767692800001,"width":"72.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe EU – Central 146,797 3670 146,797 734","line":33,"x":56.69570118000019,"y":393.7402824500001,"width":"154.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"22,406 560 22,406 112","line":36,"x":155.3212047100002,"y":381.9082817200001,"width":"72.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"15,608 390 15,608 78","line":39,"x":155.3212047100002,"y":360.0717643800001,"width":"68.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"4825 121 4825 24","line":42,"x":155.3212047100002,"y":338.2352775800001,"width":"55.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"EU – Baltic 32,090 802 32,090 160","line":43,"x":102.5106959900002,"y":316.3987907500001,"width":"112.39","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"EU – Nordic 218,496 5462 218,496 1092","line":44,"x":102.5106959900002,"y":304.5667900200001,"width":"132.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Turkey 134,354 3359 134,354 672","line":45,"x":102.5106959900002,"y":292.7347892900001,"width":"108.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"165,302 4133 5738 29","line":50,"x":155.3211894600002,"y":280.90278855000014,"width":"70.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"91,970 2299 7123 36","line":53,"x":155.3211894600002,"y":259.0662712200001,"width":"65.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Iraq 119,967 2999 9104 46","line":54,"x":102.51068836000019,"y":237.22978440000009,"width":"83.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Iran 586,595 14,665 57,965 290","line":55,"x":102.51068836000019,"y":225.3977836800001,"width":"100.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"530 13 530 3","line":58,"x":155.3211894600002,"y":213.56578294000008,"width":"38.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Israel 386 10 217 1","line":59,"x":102.51068836000019,"y":191.72928086000007,"width":"57.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Saudi Arabia 13,284 332 13,284 66","line":60,"x":102.51068836000019,"y":179.89728013000013,"width":"112.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa North – ","line":61,"x":56.695678290000195,"y":168.06527940000012,"width":"50.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"9,726,388 243,160 9,784,694 48,923","line":63,"x":155.3211742000002,"y":168.06527940000012,"width":"119.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"East – Africa 6,378,561 159,464 6,980,497 34,902","line":64,"x":102.51068073000019,"y":146.22877732000012,"width":"163.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"West – Africa 8,336,960 208,424 8,669,628 43,348","line":65,"x":102.51068073000019,"y":134.39677659000012,"width":"165.53","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"7,229,129 180,728 7,509,351 37,547","line":68,"x":155.3211742000002,"y":122.5647758600001,"width":"119.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"3,269,644 81,741 3,547,591 17,738","line":71,"x":155.3211742000002,"y":100.7282814100001,"width":"114.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":220,"change":"Addition","str":"1,626,528 40,663 1,650,471 8252","line":74,"x":155.3211742000002,"y":78.8917793400001,"width":"108.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 7.3 [R]E-SPACE: key results part 2","line":1,"x":53.85797882,"y":598.17034912,"width":"140.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar Onshore wind","line":3,"x":158.45479213000118,"y":583.9223589300004,"width":"65.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"[km 2 ] [GW] [km 2 ] [GW]","line":16,"x":158.45479213000118,"y":530.9078325600005,"width":"77.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"1,315,395 32,885 801,044 4005","line":22,"x":158.45270168000116,"y":518.2683062000006,"width":"102.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"9062 227 8184 41","line":25,"x":158.45270168000116,"y":496.43181939000044,"width":"55.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"Asia North West 184,503 4613 43,710 219","line":26,"x":94.21820462000116,"y":474.5953325600005,"width":"136.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"138,861 3472 81,228 406","line":29,"x":158.45271694000115,"y":462.7633318300005,"width":"80.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"Philippines 2634 66 941 5","line":30,"x":94.21821987000116,"y":440.9268450200005,"width":"80.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"Indonesia 106,581 2665 12,162 61","line":31,"x":94.21821987000116,"y":429.0948442900005,"width":"109.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"5510 138 673 3","line":34,"x":158.45273220000115,"y":417.26284355000047,"width":"46.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"India North – India 229,314 5733 163,118 816","line":35,"x":56.690715900001166,"y":395.4263262200005,"width":"148.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"East – India 32,511 813 5195 26","line":36,"x":94.21822750000116,"y":383.5943254900005,"width":"102.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"West – West 224,355 5609 121,441 607","line":37,"x":94.21822750000116,"y":371.76232475000046,"width":"126.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"129,346 3234 103,177 516","line":40,"x":158.45273220000115,"y":359.93032402000046,"width":"85.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"77,379 1934 1821 9","line":43,"x":158.45273220000115,"y":338.09383720000045,"width":"61.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"China East – China 47,621 1191 39,648 198","line":44,"x":56.69072735000117,"y":316.25735039000045,"width":"140.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"North – China 425,350 10,634 825,272 4126","line":45,"x":94.21823513000116,"y":304.42534965000044,"width":"144.26","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"193,006 4825 192,110 961","line":48,"x":158.45273220000115,"y":292.59334892000044,"width":"85.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"5,642,854 141,071 1,603,909 8020","line":51,"x":158.45274746000115,"y":270.75683159000044,"width":"112.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"Central – China 256,272 6407 211,229 1056","line":52,"x":94.21825039000116,"y":248.92032951000047,"width":"143.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"South – China 500,211 12,505 317,046 1585","line":53,"x":94.21825039000116,"y":237.08834404000046,"width":"144.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"Taiwan 5862 147 2791 14","line":54,"x":94.21825802000116,"y":225.25634331000046,"width":"79.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"Tibet 5460 137 377,610 1888","line":55,"x":94.21825802000116,"y":213.42434257000048,"width":"92.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"North Japan 8697 217 8213 41","line":58,"x":94.21825802000116,"y":201.59234184000047,"width":"96.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"South Japan 3567 89 3036 15","line":59,"x":94.21825802000116,"y":189.76034111000047,"width":"92.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"North Korea 10,724 268 9854 49","line":60,"x":94.21825802000116,"y":177.92834039000047,"width":"104.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"South Korea 2411 60 1892 9","line":61,"x":94.21826565000117,"y":166.09633964000045,"width":"89.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"22,699 567 22,163 111","line":64,"x":158.45276272000115,"y":154.26433891000048,"width":"72.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"25,106 628 46,266 231","line":67,"x":158.4527779700012,"y":132.42783684000045,"width":"72.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"2,080,117 52,003 2,035,523 10,178","line":71,"x":158.4527779700012,"y":110.59983391000047,"width":"114.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"2,813,791 70,345 2,762,499 13,812","line":74,"x":158.4527932300012,"y":78.76733726000046,"width":"114.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":221,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":75,"x":53.86027538000116,"y":623.7108110900006,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"bioenergy. Environmental Research Letters 13, 035001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/","line":3,"x":65.86029815,"y":559.79779052,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"removal. Earth’s Future 5, 463–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000469","line":7,"x":65.86029815,"y":519.81384277,"width":"257.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Creutzig, F., 2017. Govern land as a global commons. Nature 546, 28–29. https://doi.","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":509.81781005,"width":"331.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"protection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, 9642–9645. https://doi.","line":11,"x":65.86029815,"y":479.82983398,"width":"319.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Field, C.B., Mach, K.J., 2017. Rightsizing carbon dioxide removal. Science 356, 706–707. https://","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":419.8538208,"width":"331.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. http://www.globalenergyassessment.org","line":21,"x":65.86029815,"y":379.86981201,"width":"268.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"GLC 2000, Joint Research Center, The European Commission’s science and knowledge ser -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.87380981,"width":"331.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"vice, Global Land Cover 2000, webbased database, viewed October 2018, http://forobs.jrc.","line":23,"x":65.86032104,"y":359.87780761,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Heck, V., Gerten, D., Lucht, W., Popp, A., 2018. Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to rec -","line":25,"x":53.85831832,"y":339.88583374,"width":"331.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"oncile with planetary boundaries. Nature Climate Change 8, 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1038/","line":26,"x":65.86032104,"y":329.88983154,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"bioenergy crop expansion: A review. Journal of Rural Studies , 28(4), pp. 650–658.","line":29,"x":65.86032104,"y":299.90182495,"width":"280.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"seek to cut emissions by cutting food? Science 347, 1420–1422. https://doi.org/10.1126/","line":42,"x":65.86032104,"y":169.9538269,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Searchinger, T.D., Beringer, T., Strong, A., 2017. Does the world have low-carbon bioenergy poten -","line":44,"x":53.85831832,"y":149.9618225,"width":"331.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"tial from the dedicated use of land? Energy Policy 110, 434–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.","line":45,"x":65.86032104,"y":139.96582031,"width":"319.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":222,"change":"Addition","str":"Schlesinger, W.H., 2018. Are wood pellets a green fuel? Science 359, 1328–1329. https://doi.","line":47,"x":53.85831832,"y":119.97382354,"width":"331.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/","line":1,"x":65.85401916,"y":598.1873169,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"2014. Quantifying the biophysical climate change mitigation potential of Canada’s forest sec -","line":4,"x":65.85401916,"y":568.19934082,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"tor. Biogeosciences 11, 3515–3529. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3515-2014","line":5,"x":65.85401916,"y":558.2033081,"width":"263.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"Sterman, J.D., Siegel, L., Rooney-Varga, J.N., 2018. Does replacing coal with wood lower CO 2","line":11,"x":53.85202026,"y":496.90930175,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"015007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa512","line":13,"x":65.86081695,"y":478.19229125,"width":"173.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"Carbon Accounting. Journal of Forestry , 113(1), pp. 57–68.","line":16,"x":65.86081695,"y":448.20431518,"width":"202.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"Teske, Pregger 2015, Teske, S, Pregger, T., Naegler, T., Simon, S., Energy [R]evolution  - ","line":23,"x":53.85882186,"y":378.2322998,"width":"336.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman","EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"A sustainable World Energy Outlook 2015 , Greenpeace International with the German ","line":24,"x":65.86081695,"y":368.2362976,"width":"324.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["EBZFOL+XjtmfnGkkdqqWwbhkcTimesLTStd-Italic","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"Technology Assessment, Stuttgart, Germany, https://www.scribd.com/document/333565532/","line":26,"x":65.86081695,"y":348.24429321,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"data download June 2018, http://datasets.wri.org/dataset/globalpowerplantdatabase","line":32,"x":65.86081695,"y":288.26831054,"width":"281.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":33,"x":53.86732101,"y":189.07330322,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["YSCVIX+JkwjxdHrklctCdhgywTimesLTStd-Bold","PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":34,"x":53.86732101,"y":179.07730102,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":223,"change":"Addition","str":"7 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"145.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PUOYMP+MvlhfjYrxffwDbwglxTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"175 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"89.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract Results for the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios for ten world regions ","line":7,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":453.13769531,"width":"328.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"demand. Furthermore, the electricity demand and generation scenarios are pro -","line":10,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":417.13769531,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"global scale, for each of the ten world regions. The descriptions include a presenta -","line":17,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":309.13769531,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"following sectors: industry, residential and other, and transport) and of supply strat -","line":19,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":285.13769531,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"also discussed based on key indicators. Graphs, tables, and descriptions are pro -","line":22,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":249.13771057,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: sven.teske@uts.edu.au","line":27,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":170.82899475,"width":"103.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: thomas.pregger@dlr.de ; tobias.naegler@dlr.de ; sonja.simon@dlr.de","line":31,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":125.83850097,"width":"256.73","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":224,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: johannes.pagenkopf@dlr.de ; Bent.vandenAdel@dlr.de ; oezcan.deniz@dlr.de","line":35,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":80.84799957,"width":"287.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"in international aviation and navigation. Section 8.2 outlines a global demand and ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"334.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"additional CO 2 emissions from fossil bunker fuels between 2015 and 2050.","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":535.65979003,"width":"299.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.1 Global: Projection of Overall Energy Intensity","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":467.15579223,"width":"253.49","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig.  8.1 . Compared with the 5.0 °C case based on the Current Policies Scenario of ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":415.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":225,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.1 Global: projection of final energy (per $ GDP) intensity by scenario","line":32,"x":53.85830687999997,"y":69.15200042000002,"width":"256.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"Combining the assumptions for population growth, GDP growth, and energy inten -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":553.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"shown in Fig.  8.2 for the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.5 °C Scenarios. In the 5.0 °C Scenario, ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":529.79382324,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"9% lower than in the 2.0 °C Scenario. The electricity demand for ‘classical’ electri -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":457.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"Demand reduction (compared to 5.0 ° C)","line":29,"x":121.59120178,"y":94.3682022,"width":"144.75","height":"7.82","fontName":["RZTODG+FlcxkgKyjpvhYwdvldArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":226,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.2 Global: projection of total final energy demand by sector in the scenarios (without non-","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":63.40200042,"width":"325.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"there will be an increase of about 23,400 TWh/year due to increased electric mobil -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"through efficiency gains by 2050 compared with the 5.0 °C Scenario (Figs.  8.3 , ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4 , 8.5 , and 8.6 ).","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"72.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable sources. In the 2.0 °C Scenario, 100% of the electricity produced glob -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":28,"x":124.07499694,"y":108.85949707,"width":"267.11","height":"7.09","fontName":["RZTODG+YnctgdNkksqkLmqhfbArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":227,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.3 Global: development of gross electricity demand by sector in the scenarios","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":51.65200042,"width":"280.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"world over time. Figure  8.7 provides an overview of the global power-generation ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":55.52429962,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C 1.5°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":15,"x":133.13220214,"y":446.35540771,"width":"176.00","height":"7.01","fontName":["RZTODG+DdpvdmMyrjvxRkgjqwArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail Road (PC & LDV) Road (HDV)","line":18,"x":136.93400573,"y":414.72750854,"width":"108.65","height":"7.01","fontName":["RZTODG+DdpvdmMyrjvxRkgjqwArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic Aviation Domestic Navigation Efficiency","line":19,"x":136.93400573,"y":403.61340332,"width":"163.60","height":"7.01","fontName":["RZTODG+DdpvdmMyrjvxRkgjqwArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.4 Global: development of final energy demand for transport by mode in the scenarios","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":383.08691406,"width":"309.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry Residential & other sectors Efficiency","line":30,"x":163.6493988,"y":146.68699645,"width":"164.72","height":"7.62","fontName":["RZTODG+PhhxyqYcmpwdKfypyjArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":228,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.5 Global: development of heat demand by sector in the scenarios","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":125.9315033,"width":"240.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 25,470 32,078 35,134 38,187 37,536","line":56,"x":132.1816483099998,"y":230.83667868999981,"width":"127.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 25,470 33,493 36,927 36,385 30,151","line":57,"x":132.16465001999978,"y":219.0046779599998,"width":"127.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 1246 2091 2754 4353 6220","line":58,"x":56.64213567999979,"y":207.1726772299998,"width":"140.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 1246 6485 12,720 23,329 27,312","line":59,"x":132.1391373399998,"y":195.3406764999998,"width":"114.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 1246 7656 14,153 21,665 24,725","line":60,"x":132.12213903999978,"y":183.5086757599998,"width":"114.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0 563 804 925 1293 1823","line":63,"x":132.11360936999978,"y":171.67667502999979,"width":"82.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 563 4212 8956 21,115 33,123","line":64,"x":132.09661107999978,"y":159.84467429999978,"width":"104.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 563 4615 10,288 20,031 29,123","line":65,"x":132.0796127899998,"y":148.01267356999978,"width":"110.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 0 0 0 0 0","line":66,"x":56.55709463999979,"y":136.18067283999977,"width":"65.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 0 193 508 5670 15,877","line":67,"x":132.05408483999977,"y":124.34867972999979,"width":"80.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 0 180 1769 10,461 17,173","line":68,"x":132.0370865499998,"y":112.5166789999998,"width":"91.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 27,278 30,538 32,557 37,214 42,608","line":69,"x":56.51457601999979,"y":100.6846782699998,"width":"144.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 27,278 42,967 57,318 88,301 113,848","line":70,"x":132.0115585899998,"y":88.8526775299998,"width":"131.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":233,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 27,278 45,944 63,137 88,542 101,172","line":71,"x":131.9945602999998,"y":77.02067679999979,"width":"131.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"the 1.5 °C Scenario (Table  8.2 ).","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"126.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.7 Global: Future Investments in the Heating Sector","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":523.15979003,"width":"269.37","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"lower heat demand (compared with the 2.0 °C Scenario) will result in a lower aver -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":423.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"age annual investment of around $344 billion per year (Table  8.3 , Fig.  8.11 ).","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":411.15979003,"width":"304.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.8 Global: Transport","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":373.15979003,"width":"113.23","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.3 Global: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":265.08248901,"width":"282.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW (°C) 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":21,"x":56.6929891900002,"y":250.8269788799998,"width":"122.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 10,215 10,180 9938 9423 8997","line":22,"x":56.6844976800002,"y":238.1789838899998,"width":"137.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 10,215 10,202 9456 7875 5949","line":23,"x":124.1404989500002,"y":226.3469831599998,"width":"108.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 10,215 10,418 9568 7073 4141","line":24,"x":124.1319998100002,"y":214.51498241999982,"width":"108.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 5 7 7 8 4","line":25,"x":56.6590193100002,"y":202.68298168999982,"width":"72.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 5 85 181 492 656","line":26,"x":124.1150167800002,"y":190.85098095999982,"width":"61.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 5 101 200 433 551","line":27,"x":124.1065176300002,"y":179.01898023999982,"width":"65.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 378 615 781 1175 1652","line":28,"x":56.6335256900002,"y":167.18697948999983,"width":"127.97","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 378 1685 3198 5722 6575","line":29,"x":124.0895269800002,"y":155.35497875999982,"width":"91.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 378 1993 3555 5286 5964","line":30,"x":124.0810278200002,"y":143.52297803999983,"width":"91.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 89 126 144 199 270","line":31,"x":56.608035880000195,"y":131.69097729999982,"width":"110.97","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 89 497 906 1821 2857","line":32,"x":124.0640371600002,"y":119.85898418999982,"width":"78.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 89 514 967 1726 2430","line":33,"x":124.05553801000019,"y":108.02698345999981,"width":"78.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 10,688 10,928 10,871 10,805 10,923","line":34,"x":56.5825575200002,"y":96.15698071999982,"width":"147.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 10,688 12,469 13,741 15,910 16,036","line":35,"x":124.1481893800002,"y":84.32497997999982,"width":"127.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 10,688 13,026 14,290 14,517 13,086","line":36,"x":124.13969024000019,"y":72.49297924999982,"width":"127.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":37,"x":53.8583868300002,"y":59.15198345999982,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":234,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":38,"x":53.8583868300002,"y":623.6533033499999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"of 74% (or 108,000 PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0  °C case (Table  8.4 , ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":239.09629821,"width":"333.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig.  8.12 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":227.09629821,"width":"41.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"to ta l 3, 025 bi lli on $","line":29,"x":182.07110595,"y":519.11657714,"width":"57.60","height":"6.92","fontName":["RZTODG+LnxrcrKhcstpLrmsnsArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"to ta l 13 ,2 00 bi llio n $","line":42,"x":95.46829986,"y":371.5954895,"width":"61.74","height":"6.92","fontName":["RZTODG+LnxrcrKhcstpLrmsnsArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"to ta l 12, 400 b illi on $","line":55,"x":266.58139038,"y":373.63949584,"width":"61.62","height":"6.92","fontName":["RZTODG+LnxrcrKhcstpLrmsnsArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":235,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.11 Global: development of investment in renewable heat-generation technologies in the ","line":56,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.92630004,"width":"328.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.9 Global: Development of CO 2 Emissions","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.18119812,"width":"218.76","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0 °C Scenario, the annual global energy-related CO 2 emissions will increase ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":149.48120117,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"with further reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0 °C Scenario, the cumula -","line":6,"x":53.85881042,"y":102.98120117,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"tive CO 2 emissions from 2015 until 2050 will add up to 1388 Gt. In contrast, in the ","line":7,"x":53.85881042,"y":89.48120117,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.4 Global: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"277.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year (°C) 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":11,"x":56.69290177000013,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"133.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 2705 2708 2814 3024 3199","line":12,"x":56.701400910000125,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"109.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 2705 2875 3149 3520 3960","line":13,"x":143.31640641000013,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"95.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 2705 2932 3119 3559 4087","line":14,"x":143.32490556000013,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"95.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 85,169 94,755 102,556 116,449 127,758","line":15,"x":56.72689836000013,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"158.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 85,169 79,975 68,660 48,650 40,089","line":16,"x":143.34188858000013,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"127.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 85,169 67,579 48,949 34,055 28,859","line":17,"x":143.35038773000014,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"127.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 4719 6544 7745 9080 9176","line":18,"x":56.752391970000126,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"157.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 4719 4732 4239 3291 2640","line":19,"x":143.36738602000014,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"95.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 4719 4461 3612 2361 1845","line":20,"x":143.37588516000014,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"95.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 2130 2304 2392 2537 2663","line":21,"x":56.77788941000013,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"166.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 2130 2303 2388 2512 2601","line":22,"x":143.39288346000012,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"95.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 2130 2301 2383 2506 2601","line":23,"x":143.40138260000012,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"95.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 94,723 106,310 115,506 131,091 142,796","line":24,"x":56.803379210000124,"y":429.28688352000023,"width":"161.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 94,723 89,886 78,436 57,973 49,290","line":25,"x":143.41838089000012,"y":417.4548827900002,"width":"127.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 94,723 77,274 58,063 42,482 37,392","line":26,"x":143.42686478000013,"y":405.6228820600002,"width":"127.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":36,"x":91.49160019000013,"y":233.20175474000024,"width":"24.89","height":"5.84","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrdqvHvlqbpVxjfsfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":40,"x":139.77165238000012,"y":233.20175474000024,"width":"24.89","height":"5.84","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrdqvHvlqbpVxjfsfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":44,"x":188.05169693000013,"y":233.20759885000024,"width":"24.89","height":"5.84","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrdqvHvlqbpVxjfsfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":48,"x":236.33175676000013,"y":233.20759885000024,"width":"24.89","height":"5.84","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrdqvHvlqbpVxjfsfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":52,"x":284.61764542000014,"y":233.20759885000024,"width":"24.89","height":"5.84","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrdqvHvlqbpVxjfsfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":56,"x":97.52179734000012,"y":225.26474302000022,"width":"63.78","height":"5.84","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrdqvHvlqbpVxjfsfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Na tu ra l Ga s","line":66,"x":325.77920548000014,"y":272.19475095000024,"width":"29.35","height":"5.27","fontName":["RZTODG+MwrdqvHvlqbpVxjfsfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.12 Global: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":68,"x":53.85829941000013,"y":205.17724912000023,"width":"242.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":236,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":69,"x":53.85829941000013,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"Thus, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 58% in the 2.0 °C Scenario ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":339.2330017,"width":"321.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"and other’ and ‘Transport’ sectors (Fig.  8.13 ).","line":5,"x":53.8589096,"y":292.7330017,"width":"183.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"8.1.10 Global: Primary Energy Consumption","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":248.7330017,"width":"219.70","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"above in the three scenarios are shown in Fig.  8.14 . In the 2.0 °C Scenario, the pri -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":208.7330017,"width":"331.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 92% in 2050 (this will includes non-energy con -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":100.7330017,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"of natural gas in the 5.0 °C Scenario will be 5580 EJ, the cumulative coal consump -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":64.7330017,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":41,"x":112.35390095,"y":451.82879581000003,"width":"229.45","height":"6.09","fontName":["RZTODG+BxmbvdKngwykVbjjdfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":42,"x":117.10000232,"y":442.96481266,"width":"67.75","height":"6.09","fontName":["RZTODG+BxmbvdKngwykVbjjdfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"2 emissions [Mt/yr]","line":45,"x":60.28260425,"y":508.44100895,"width":"61.96","height":"7.20","fontName":["RZTODG+BxmbvdKngwykVbjjdfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"'Power generation' 'Other Conversion'","line":46,"x":121.53500751,"y":427.73678531,"width":"108.38","height":"6.09","fontName":["RZTODG+BxmbvdKngwykVbjjdfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"'Transport' 'Industry'","line":47,"x":121.53500751,"y":421.09478703,"width":"58.27","height":"6.09","fontName":["RZTODG+BxmbvdKngwykVbjjdfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"'Residential & other sectors' Savings","line":48,"x":121.53500751,"y":414.44879093000003,"width":"105.15","height":"6.09","fontName":["RZTODG+BxmbvdKngwykVbjjdfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C","line":49,"x":121.53500751,"y":407.80279484,"width":"30.61","height":"6.09","fontName":["RZTODG+BxmbvdKngwykVbjjdfArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":237,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.13 Global: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (since ","line":51,"x":54.108303100000015,"y":379.69750919,"width":"328.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"coal demand to 2340 EJ, and the cumulative oil demand to 2960 EJ. Even lower fos -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":324.06469726,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"8.2 Global: Bunker Fuels","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":256.06469726,"width":"125.57","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and pose great challenges regarding their substi -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":192.06469726,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"The annual CO 2 emissions from bunker fuels accounted for 1.3 Gt in 2015, approxi -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":142.56469726,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"mately 4% of global energy-related CO 2 emissions. In the 5.0  °C Scenario, the ","line":15,"x":53.8592987,"y":130.56469726,"width":"335.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"IEA World Energy Outlook 2017 Current Policies scenario. This will lead to a fur -","line":17,"x":53.86019897,"y":108.06469726,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"in the base year, 2015. Because no substitution with ‘green’ fuels is assumed, CO 2","line":19,"x":53.86019897,"y":82.56459808,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":31,"x":115.16790008,"y":412.10321044,"width":"237.70","height":"6.31","fontName":["RZTODG+SsncprWkssfsDlmqqqArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":32,"x":118.80799865,"y":403.15820312,"width":"70.15","height":"6.31","fontName":["RZTODG+SsncprWkssfsDlmqqqArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.14 Global: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the ","line":45,"x":53.85829925,"y":382.89471435,"width":"329.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":238,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"fuels are only replaced by biofuels or synthetic liquid fuels. Figure  8.15 shows the ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"limited use of sustainable biomass potentials and the complementary central produc -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"aviation and navigation. Finally, the expansion of the power- to- liquid infrastructure ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"334.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"for the generation of bunker fuel will be closely associated with the assumed devel -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"world region. Figure  8.15 also shows the resulting cumulative CO 2 emissions from ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.65979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"Table  8.5 provides more-detailed data for the three bunker fuel scenarios.","line":26,"x":53.85919952,"y":297.15979003,"width":"288.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":45,"x":112.92680197,"y":135.06350377999996,"width":"245.04","height":"6.50","fontName":["RZTODG+HrlhqvKyswpkFskvgwArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":46,"x":117.46439963,"y":124.93149999999997,"width":"72.24","height":"6.50","fontName":["RZTODG+HrlhqvKyswpkFskvgwArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"Fossil fuels Biofuels Synfuels (liquid) Savings","line":49,"x":110.85259849,"y":114.13349583999997,"width":"126.37","height":"6.00","fontName":["RZTODG+HrlhqvKyswpkFskvgwArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":50,"x":110.85259849,"y":98.79949188999997,"width":"45.22","height":"6.00","fontName":["RZTODG+HrlhqvKyswpkFskvgwArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.15 Global: scenario of bunker fuel demand for aviation and navigation and the resulting ","line":51,"x":53.205091759999995,"y":78.65199279999996,"width":"329.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":239,"change":"Addition","str":"cumulative CO 2 emissions","line":52,"x":53.205091759999995,"y":67.37699127999997,"width":"89.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"World bunkers 5.0 °C scenario","line":3,"x":73.91919123999992,"y":71.98701387000074,"width":"106.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"Primary energy demand crude oil","line":73,"x":167.55518519999993,"y":72.22500521000073,"width":"111.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"2 emissions","line":84,"x":191.2492006999999,"y":83.79331117000073,"width":"38.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumed regional structure of synthetic bunker production Africa","line":164,"x":285.9052065599999,"y":72.25880342000073,"width":"221.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"Primary energy demand crude oil","line":194,"x":333.2331789699999,"y":72.36079317000073,"width":"111.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"RES electricity demand for PtL","line":214,"x":368.7291811699999,"y":72.42879396000073,"width":"109.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"4375 (continued)","line":223,"x":368.7291811699999,"y":562.2498236200007,"width":"56.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":240,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":224,"x":53.858293409999916,"y":623.6536322200008,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":241,"change":"Addition","str":"World bunkers 5.0 °C scenario","line":3,"x":73.91919884999999,"y":71.98696070000055,"width":"106.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":241,"change":"Addition","str":"2 emissions","line":14,"x":96.41919884999999,"y":83.79325800000055,"width":"38.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":241,"change":"Addition","str":"Assumed regional structure of synthetic bunker production Africa","line":94,"x":191.07519707999998,"y":72.25875025000055,"width":"221.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":241,"change":"Addition","str":"Primary energy demand crude oil","line":154,"x":273.8992022,"y":72.46273737000055,"width":"111.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":241,"change":"Addition","str":"2 emissions","line":185,"x":321.28408989999997,"y":83.79325800000055,"width":"38.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"(e.g., via Fischer- Tropsch plants). Other options for renewable synthetic fuel pro -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"8.3 Global: Utilization of Solar and Wind Potential","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":433.15979003,"width":"256.57","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"in Sect. 3.3 of Chap. 3 .","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"91.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"plants. This estimate does not include solar PV roof-top systems, which have sig -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"beyond the scope of this analysis (Table  8.6 ).","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15979003,"width":"180.41","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"synthetic bunker fuels from hydrogen to supply global transport energy for interna -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":242,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":243,"change":"Addition","str":"Economic Potential within available space","line":3,"x":185.72379008999974,"y":71.98667100999988,"width":"144.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":243,"change":"Addition","str":"Installed capacity by 2050","line":8,"x":141.20079509999974,"y":476.3996653899999,"width":"89.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":243,"change":"Addition","str":"Tech. space potential","line":18,"x":174.21478740999976,"y":164.8236918799999,"width":"71.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4 Global: Power Sector Analysis","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"170.30","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"power sector analysis with the methodology described in Sect. 3.5 of Chap. 3 . Both ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.79382324,"width":"334.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios rely on high shares of variable solar and wind genera -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":543.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies are required. The results presented in this chapter are projections calcu -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":495.79382324,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"and countries discussed in this chapter were not available and, in some cases, the rel -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":471.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"regarding the available power grid infrastructure. Furthermore, power sector projec -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":435.79382324,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4.1 Global: Development of Power Plant Capacities","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":331.79379272,"width":"259.07","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"from close to 100 GW in 2017 (REN21-GSR 2018 ) by a factor of 4.5 to an average ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.79379272,"width":"334.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"about three times higher than in 2017 (REN21-GSR 2018 ). The offshore wind mar -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":255.79379272,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"than in 2017 (GWEC 2018 ). Concentrated solar power plants will play an important ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":219.79379272,"width":"333.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"role in dispatchable solar electricity generation for the supply of bulk power, espe -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":207.79379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"only 0.1 GW in 2017 (REN21-GSR2018) (Table  8.7 ).","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":171.79379272,"width":"215.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 1.5 °C Scenario, the phase-out of coal and lignite power plants is acceler -","line":32,"x":65.85829925,"y":159.79379272,"width":"319.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"ated and a total capacity of 618 GW—equivalent to approximately 515 power sta -","line":33,"x":53.85829162,"y":147.79379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"tions 1 —must end operation by 2025. The replacement power must come from a ","line":34,"x":53.85829162,"y":135.79379272,"width":"335.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"1 Assumption: average size of one coal power plant side contains multiple generation blocks, with ","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":75.79380035,"width":"333.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":244,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4.2 Global: Utilization of Power-Generation Capacities","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":255.57879638,"width":"276.94","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"On a global scale, in the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios, the shares of variable renew -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":227.57879638,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity. Table  8.8 shows the increasing shares of variable renewable power ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":71.57878875,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.7 World: average annual change in the installed power plant capacity","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"260.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"2015–2025 2026–2035 2036–2050","line":24,"x":180.45311691,"y":583.9273281900003,"width":"114.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C","line":25,"x":180.46161606,"y":563.9268399100002,"width":"130.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Hard coal 2 − 107 − 96 − 119 − 68 − 12","line":26,"x":56.68461563000002,"y":551.2788296700003,"width":"117.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Lignite − 25 − 34 − 16 − 9 − 3 − 1","line":27,"x":56.66761353000002,"y":539.4468594400003,"width":"97.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas 41 70 44 72 − 199 − 28","line":28,"x":56.650615240000015,"y":527.6148281900003,"width":"80.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen-gas 1 17 12 57 240 246","line":29,"x":56.633613130000015,"y":515.7828579800002,"width":"103.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Oil/diesel − 18 − 32 − 29 − 28 − 6 − 2","line":30,"x":56.61661484000002,"y":503.95082673000024,"width":"110.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear − 15 − 27 − 23 − 24 − 7 − 10","line":31,"x":56.59961273000002,"y":492.1188565100002,"width":"108.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 24 40 26 29 25 21","line":32,"x":56.582614440000015,"y":480.2868557800002,"width":"80.28","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 19 10 7 7 7 8","line":33,"x":56.565612340000015,"y":468.4548550500002,"width":"55.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind (onshore) 121 307 273 333 242 158","line":34,"x":56.54862549000001,"y":456.6228543200002,"width":"129.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind (offshore) 16 64 75 91 64 45","line":35,"x":56.531623390000014,"y":444.7908535800002,"width":"105.44","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"PV (roof top) 170 413 368 437 399 324","line":36,"x":56.51462509000002,"y":432.95885285000026,"width":"122.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"PV (utility scale) 57 138 123 146 133 108","line":37,"x":56.49762299000002,"y":421.12685212000025,"width":"130.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5 16 22 24 28 23","line":38,"x":56.480624700000014,"y":409.29485139000025,"width":"86.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 9 57 93 109 102 85","line":39,"x":56.463622590000014,"y":397.46285065000023,"width":"146.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 4 10 20 20 28 23","line":40,"x":56.44662430000002,"y":385.63084992000023,"width":"93.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":245,"change":"Addition","str":"13 31 27 31 25 20","line":43,"x":180.18962815,"y":373.7988491900002,"width":"51.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.8 Global: power system shares by technology group","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"202.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"world regions 2.0 °C 1.5 °C","line":5,"x":56.69284216999931,"y":553.9309286800004,"width":"90.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 7% 35% 58% 7% 41% 52%","line":21,"x":113.33684698999932,"y":519.7779135500004,"width":"101.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 48% 30% 23% 59% 27% 15%","line":22,"x":113.33683935999932,"y":507.94591282000044,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 68% 19% 13% 68% 21% 11%","line":23,"x":113.33683935999932,"y":496.11391208000043,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin America 2015 3% 63% 34% 3% 62% 35%","line":24,"x":56.69283071999931,"y":484.2819113500004,"width":"150.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 24% 51% 25% 36% 61% 3%","line":25,"x":113.33683172999932,"y":472.4499106200004,"width":"106.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 39% 45% 16% 40% 46% 13%","line":26,"x":113.33682409999932,"y":460.6179098800004,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"Europe 2015 15% 47% 38% 15% 47% 38%","line":27,"x":56.69281927999931,"y":448.78590915000046,"width":"135.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 44% 44% 12% 51% 39% 10%","line":28,"x":113.33680883999932,"y":436.95390842000046,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 67% 28% 4% 69% 27% 4%","line":29,"x":113.33680883999932,"y":425.12190769000046,"width":"101.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East 2015 0% 12% 88% 0% 13% 87%","line":30,"x":56.69281165999931,"y":413.28990695000044,"width":"143.30","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 51% 19% 31% 56% 18% 27%","line":31,"x":113.33680120999932,"y":401.45790622000044,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 81% 19% 0% 70% 16% 13%","line":32,"x":113.33679357999932,"y":389.62590549000043,"width":"106.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa 2015 2% 26% 73% 2% 17% 81%","line":33,"x":56.69278875999931,"y":377.79390476000043,"width":"123.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 47% 21% 32% 52% 13% 35%","line":34,"x":113.3367783199993,"y":365.9619040200004,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 73% 27% 0% 64% 15% 21%","line":35,"x":113.3367783199993,"y":354.1299032900004,"width":"106.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"Eurasia 2015 1% 35% 63% 1% 35% 63%","line":36,"x":56.69278112999931,"y":342.2979025600004,"width":"127.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 36% 43% 21% 40% 46% 14%","line":37,"x":113.3367706899993,"y":330.46590183000046,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 69% 23% 7% 65% 25% 10%","line":38,"x":113.3367630599993,"y":318.63390110000046,"width":"106.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 1% 35% 64% 1% 35% 64%","line":41,"x":113.3367630599993,"y":306.80190036000045,"width":"101.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 26% 35% 39% 36% 34% 30%","line":42,"x":113.3367630599993,"y":294.96989963000044,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 52% 28% 19% 55% 28% 17%","line":43,"x":113.33674780999931,"y":283.13789890000044,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"India 2015 4% 32% 64% 4% 32% 64%","line":44,"x":56.69275060999931,"y":271.30589817000043,"width":"119.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 45% 26% 29% 60% 21% 19%","line":45,"x":113.33674017999931,"y":259.4738974300004,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 72% 27% 1% 58% 26% 16%","line":46,"x":113.33673255999932,"y":247.64191196000044,"width":"106.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"China 2015 6% 35% 59% 6% 21% 73%","line":47,"x":56.69273153999931,"y":235.80991123000044,"width":"122.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 30% 24% 46% 39% 30% 31%","line":48,"x":113.33673255999932,"y":223.97791049000043,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 49% 47% 5% 49% 42% 9%","line":49,"x":113.33671728999931,"y":212.14590976000042,"width":"101.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific 2015 4% 34% 61% 4% 34% 61%","line":50,"x":56.692720099999306,"y":200.31390903000045,"width":"150.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 40% 31% 30% 45% 29% 27%","line":51,"x":113.33670965999931,"y":188.48192356000044,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 71% 26% 2% 64% 22% 14%","line":52,"x":113.33670965999931,"y":176.64992282000043,"width":"106.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 4% 35% 60% 4% 34% 62%","line":55,"x":113.33670202999932,"y":164.81792209000042,"width":"101.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 39% 32% 29% 47% 32% 21%","line":56,"x":113.33670202999932,"y":152.98592136000045,"width":"110.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 64% 29% 7% 60% 27% 13%","line":57,"x":113.33668676999932,"y":141.15392063000044,"width":"106.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"Note: Variable renewable generation shares in long term energy pathways and power sector analy -","line":58,"x":53.86219183999931,"y":127.81741855000044,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":246,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":62,"x":53.85823980999931,"y":623.6534018300005,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.9 Global: capacity factors for variable and dispatchable power generation","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.25540161,"width":"277.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"generation: 2015 2020 2020 2030 2030 2040 2040 2050 2050","line":6,"x":56.69297767000027,"y":273.01589971,"width":"191.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"World 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C","line":7,"x":56.69297767000027,"y":261.50689703,"width":"195.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 49.5% 37% 37% 33% 31% 34% 30% 33% 31%","line":10,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":248.85891729000002,"width":"167.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 58.7% 34% 34% 24% 16% 25% 10% 17% 9%","line":15,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":227.03091436,"width":"164.53","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 36.9% 45% 45% 42% 36% 58% 31% 39% 34%","line":19,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":185.20240789000002,"width":"168.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 42.9% 28% 28% 19% 15% 33% 15% 19% 19%","line":22,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":153.36990362,"width":"168.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 43.1% 56% 56% 54% 47% 42% 39% 51% 43%","line":25,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":131.5334168,"width":"168.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 14.6% 14% 14% 28% 26% 28% 26% 29% 27%","line":28,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":109.6969071,"width":"168.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"fuels for the export market, as fuel for both renewable power plants and the trans -","line":34,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":537.15979009,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.9 provides an overview of the capacity factor developments by technol -","line":36,"x":65.85837531000027,"y":513.15979009,"width":"320.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"the result of [R]E 24/7 modelling under the ‘Dispatch case’, which assumes that ","line":38,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":489.15979009,"width":"334.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"the highest priority is given to the dispatch of power from variable sources, fol -","line":39,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":477.15979009,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"lowed by dispatchable renewables. Conventional power generation will only pro -","line":40,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":465.15979009,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":247,"change":"Addition","str":"supply cascade is the high level of uncertainty about whether these interconnec -","line":44,"x":53.85837531000027,"y":417.15979009,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"On the global level, the average capacity factor across all power-generation tech -","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Limited dispatchable fossil and nuclear power plants : coal, lignite, and ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":555.15979003,"width":"328.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"power plants are historically categorized as ‘baseload power plants’. Power sys -","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":531.15979003,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"tems dominated by renewable energy usually contain high proportions of vari -","line":7,"x":65.85829925,"y":519.15979003,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Limited dispatchable renewable systems are CSP plants with integrated stor -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":471.15979003,"width":"323.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Dispatchable fossil fuel power plants are gas power plants that have very quick ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":411.15979003,"width":"325.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Dispatchable renewable power plants are hydropower plants (although they ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":387.15979003,"width":"326.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"load-balancing services and is vital for the stability of the power system, as stor -","line":22,"x":65.85829925,"y":339.15979003,"width":"319.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"• Variable renewables are solar PV plants, onshore and offshore wind farms, and ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":315.15979003,"width":"325.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.9 shows the development of the utilization of limited and fully dispatch -","line":27,"x":65.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"able power generators—both fossil and renewable fuels—and variable power gen -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"8.4.3 Global: Development of Load, Generation, ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":145.1598053,"width":"238.14","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":248,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.10 shows the development of the maximum and average loads for the 10 ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":103.15979766,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":251,"change":"Addition","str":"2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050 2020 2030 2050","line":8,"x":81.46829986,"y":125.79949951,"width":"404.96","height":"6.66","fontName":["RZTODG+NbjvfyKshkypPlxmyqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":251,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe Middle East Africa Eurasi a Other Asi a Indi a China OECD Pacific","line":13,"x":136.85261535,"y":118.73549652,"width":"212.89","height":"5.64","fontName":["RZTODG+NbjvfyKshkypPlxmyqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":251,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0C Max Load Development (Base year 2020) [%] 1.5C Max Load Development (Base year 2020) [%]","line":15,"x":93.96099853,"y":98.83249664,"width":"269.63","height":"6.66","fontName":["RZTODG+NbjvfyKshkypPlxmyqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":251,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.16 Development of maximum load in 10 world regions in 2020, 2030, and 2050  in the ","line":16,"x":53.62310028,"y":79.15200042,"width":"328.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":252,"change":"Addition","str":"4. Resource efficiency.","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":169.15977478,"width":"88.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":253,"change":"Addition","str":"be increased by a factor of 2.5 in the 1.5 °C Scenario. Co-generation heating sys -","line":8,"x":53.86260986,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":253,"change":"Addition","str":"ment of selected metals has been undertaken (see Chap. 11 ). A variety of technolo -","line":15,"x":53.8567009,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":259,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.17 OECD North America: development of final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":52,"x":53.85831162000002,"y":385.94488439,"width":"323.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":261,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.18 OECD North America: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":407.44839477,"width":"325.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":261,"change":"Addition","str":"supply costs in 2050 will be around $690 billion/year The long-term costs for elec -","line":46,"x":53.8576889,"y":166.93380737,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"occur in 2030. In the 1.5 °C Scenario, compared with the 5.0 °C Scenario, the maxi -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":364.5987854,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"mum difference in generation costs will be 2 ct/kWh in 2030. If the CO 2 costs are ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.0987854,"width":"334.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.4 OECD North America: Future Investments in the Power Sector","line":5,"x":53.86219024,"y":292.5987854,"width":"297.58","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels and investments in plant replace -","line":8,"x":53.86219024,"y":244.5987854,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"ment after the end of their economic lifetimes. This value is equivalent to approxi -","line":9,"x":53.86219024,"y":232.5987854,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"in conventional power plants will be around 48% of the total cumulative invest -","line":14,"x":53.86219024,"y":172.5987854,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"and co-generation (Fig. 8.20 ). However, under the 2.0 °C (1.5 °C) Scenario, OECD ","line":16,"x":53.86219024,"y":148.5987854,"width":"334.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C efficiency measures 2.0°C","line":23,"x":111.87380218,"y":457.90759277,"width":"87.82","height":"7.00","fontName":["RZTODG+DbvlwdLwjcwvDkvrvtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"Spec. Electricity Generation Costs 5.0°C Spec. Electricity Generation Costs 2.0°C","line":27,"x":111.87380218,"y":431.57571411,"width":"223.48","height":"7.00","fontName":["RZTODG+DbvlwdLwjcwvDkvrvtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 203 02 040 2050","line":46,"x":121.14129691,"y":476.48668665,"width":"143.21","height":"8.73","fontName":["RZTODG+DbvlwdLwjcwvDkvrvtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"b illio","line":49,"x":84.80729728,"y":528.8308639,"width":"18.11","height":"8.73","fontName":["RZTODG+DbvlwdLwjcwvDkvrvtCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.19 OECD North America: development of total electricity supply costs and specific ","line":52,"x":53.858299779999996,"y":399.42870325000007,"width":"330.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":262,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":54,"x":53.858299779999996,"y":623.6533126300001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":263,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.5 OECD North America: Energy Supply for Heating","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":259.3658142,"width":"243.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":263,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.21 shows the development of different technologies for heating in ","line":14,"x":65.85829925,"y":127.36580657,"width":"322.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":263,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America over time, and Table  8.15 provides the resulting renewable ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":115.36580657,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":263,"change":"Addition","str":"34% Nuclear","line":22,"x":166.67019653,"y":502.77581787,"width":"38.12","height":"7.00","fontName":["RZTODG+NlsftfPbvlymPcsmbvArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":263,"change":"Addition","str":"CHP 5%","line":35,"x":164.76809692,"y":419.34667968,"width":"26.84","height":"7.00","fontName":["RZTODG+NlsftfPbvlymPcsmbvArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":263,"change":"Addition","str":"CH P 3%","line":45,"x":355.28518676,"y":422.51971435,"width":"26.71","height":"7.00","fontName":["RZTODG+NlsftfPbvlymPcsmbvArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":263,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.20 OECD North America: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":51,"x":53.85829925,"y":344.19570922,"width":"299.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":8,"x":92.75930023,"y":469.19711303,"width":"229.21","height":"6.09","fontName":["RZTODG+VsnkljMmqfsjVhnpfsArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":9,"x":98.3282013,"y":462.40618896,"width":"67.65","height":"6.09","fontName":["RZTODG+VsnkljMmqfsjVhnpfsArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Efficiency (compare d","line":11,"x":328.71859741,"y":576.03497314,"width":"56.79","height":"5.62","fontName":["RZTODG+VsnkljMmqfsjVhnpfsArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.21 OECD North America: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":20,"x":53.83160018,"y":442.22671508,"width":"320.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.6 OECD North America: Future Investments in the Heating Sector","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":112.07550048,"width":"304.56","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.15 OECD North America: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios ","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":415.83999633,"width":"330.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":31,"x":56.69291470999881,"y":391.5845205100003,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 1868 2142 2334 2787 3279","line":32,"x":56.70992443999881,"y":378.9365102500003,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1868 2758 3019 3493 3686","line":33,"x":184.3544289999988,"y":367.1045095200003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1868 2707 3149 3191 2378","line":34,"x":184.37142727999878,"y":355.2725087900003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 107 210 277 451 695","line":35,"x":56.76093456999881,"y":343.4405080600003,"width":"130.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 107 887 1772 2639 2962","line":36,"x":184.4054391199988,"y":331.6085073400003,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 107 1290 2169 2839 3128","line":37,"x":184.4224374099988,"y":319.7765371100003,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 17 17 18 18 19","line":38,"x":56.81194470999881,"y":307.9445363800003,"width":"176.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 17 875 1378 3031 5257","line":39,"x":184.4564492499988,"y":296.11253565000027,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 17 1076 2185 3463 4152","line":40,"x":184.4734475399988,"y":284.28053491000026,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":41,"x":56.86295483999881,"y":272.4485341800003,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 144 276 1014 3045","line":42,"x":184.5074593799988,"y":260.6165334500003,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 22 677 2100 2666","line":43,"x":184.52445767999882,"y":248.78453272000027,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 1991 2369 2629 3256 3994","line":44,"x":56.91396496999881,"y":236.9525319800003,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1991 4664 6445 10,176 14,949","line":45,"x":184.55846951999882,"y":225.12053125000028,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1991 5095 8180 11,592 12,324","line":46,"x":184.57546780999883,"y":213.28853052000028,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":264,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":47,"x":53.85831234999881,"y":623.6533376500004,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.16 OECD North America: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the ","line":0,"x":53.85829925,"y":625.23181152,"width":"329.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":2,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":600.9763652500005,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 292 315 330 366 411","line":3,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":588.3283550000004,"width":"114.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 292 381 387 355 272","line":4,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":576.4963848000004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 292 360 384 334 179","line":5,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":564.6643535400004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":6,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":552.8323833200005,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 17 30 44 52","line":7,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":541.0003520700005,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 34 57 82 109","line":8,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":529.1683818600005,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 29 58 76 124 191","line":9,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":517.3363506100005,"width":"117.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 29 232 466 697 780","line":10,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":505.50438040000046,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 29 331 557 728 793","line":11,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":493.6723796600005,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 3 3 3 3 3","line":12,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":481.8403789300005,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 3 123 188 393 677","line":13,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":470.0083782000005,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 3 143 292 479 568","line":14,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":458.1763774600005,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 324 375 410 494 605","line":15,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":446.3063518300005,"width":"105.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 324 752 1071 1489 1781","line":16,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":434.4743511000005,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 324 868 1290 1622 1649","line":17,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":422.6423503600005,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":18,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":409.3013469400005,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":26,"x":163.25130441999943,"y":364.38493460000046,"width":"30.18","height":"7.15","fontName":["RZTODG+TgtyrbXtrjjhHvvkynArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"total 417 billion $","line":32,"x":190.55825021999942,"y":307.6526348000005,"width":"53.63","height":"7.15","fontName":["RZTODG+TgtyrbXtrjjhHvvkynArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":40,"x":180.14524056999943,"y":94.67753713000049,"width":"30.18","height":"7.15","fontName":["RZTODG+TgtyrbXtrjjhHvvkynArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"total 2,580 billion $","line":45,"x":110.09494760999944,"y":138.0587474600005,"width":"59.59","height":"7.15","fontName":["RZTODG+TgtyrbXtrjjhHvvkynArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"total 2,800 billion $","line":58,"x":272.06125619999943,"y":138.8547527100005,"width":"59.59","height":"7.15","fontName":["RZTODG+TgtyrbXtrjjhHvvkynArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":265,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.22 OECD North America: development of investments in renewable heat generation tech -","line":59,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":65.59824483000048,"width":"325.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"per year (Table  8.16 , Fig.  8.22 ).","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"126.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.7 OECD North America: Transport","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"171.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0 °C case. Additional modal shifts, technology switches, and a reduction in trans -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"(or 21,100 PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0 °C case (Table 8.17 , Fig. 8.23 ).","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"328.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.17 OECD North America: projection of the transport energy demand by mode in the ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":280.27780151,"width":"328.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":25,"x":56.693008330000104,"y":256.02227896999983,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 674 628 609 570 529","line":26,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":243.37428397999986,"width":"99.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 674 660 655 523 516","line":27,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":231.54228324999985,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 674 743 730 773 806","line":28,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":219.71028250999984,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 26,686 25,691 24,838 24,222 23,414","line":29,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":207.87828177999984,"width":"156.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 26,686 21,257 15,933 7731 5124","line":30,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":196.04628104999983,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 26,686 18,612 11,973 6717 5251","line":31,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":184.21428032999984,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 2421 2978 3274 3398 3186","line":32,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":172.38227957999987,"width":"168.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2421 2309 2026 1530 1242","line":33,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":160.55027884999987,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2421 2167 1689 1063 840","line":34,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":148.71827812999987,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 461 482 493 514 535","line":35,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":136.88627738999986,"width":"155.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 461 481 489 489 473","line":36,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":125.05428427999985,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 461 479 484 483 473","line":37,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":113.22228354999984,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 30,241 29,779 29,214 28,704 27,664","line":38,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":101.39028282999985,"width":"155.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 30,241 24,707 19,104 10,273 7354","line":39,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":89.55828208999985,"width":"132.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 30,241 22,000 14,875 9036 7370","line":40,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":77.72628134999985,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":266,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":41,"x":53.858405970000106,"y":623.6532909399999,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.8 OECD North America: Development of CO 2 Emissions","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":307.1954956,"width":"261.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0 °C Scenario, OECD North America’s annual CO 2 emissions will decrease ","line":6,"x":53.85591888,"y":283.1954956,"width":"333.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"Mt. in 2040 in the 2.0 °C Scenario and to 120 Mt. in the 1.5 °C Scenario, with fur -","line":9,"x":53.86130905,"y":248.6954956,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"ther reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0 °C case, the cumulative CO 2 emis -","line":10,"x":53.86130905,"y":235.1954956,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 54% in the 2.0  °C ","line":14,"x":65.86299896,"y":187.1954956,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"the ‘Transport’ and ‘Residential and other’ sectors (Fig.  8.24 ).","line":18,"x":53.86100006,"y":140.6954956,"width":"248.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":27,"x":99.45999908,"y":435.49700927,"width":"263.51","height":"6.99","fontName":["RZTODG+XpljpvHjbrbhFhlcwhArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"201 52 025 2030 2040 2050","line":28,"x":104.61969757,"y":426.04599,"width":"150.74","height":"6.99","fontName":["RZTODG+XpljpvHjbrbhFhlcwhArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":267,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.23 OECD North America: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":39,"x":53.83110046,"y":405.52539062,"width":"295.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.1.9 OECD North America: Primary Energy Consumption","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.35900878,"width":"258.77","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"consumption under the three scenarios are shown in Fig.  8.25 . In the 2.0 °C Scenario, ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.35900878,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"will be even lower (56,600 PJ in 2050) because the final energy demand and conver -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.35900878,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2050 in the 2.0 °C Scenario. In the 1.5 °C Scenario, renewables will have a pri -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":165.35899353,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"10 0","line":15,"x":364.07720587,"y":519.1693103,"width":"11.28","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"15 0","line":16,"x":364.07720587,"y":545.49218628,"width":"11.28","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"20 0","line":17,"x":364.07720587,"y":571.80132934,"width":"11.28","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"25 0","line":18,"x":364.07720587,"y":598.11608764,"width":"11.28","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"1,00 0","line":20,"x":68.05705664,"y":485.3363635200001,"width":"16.85","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"2,00 0","line":21,"x":68.05705664,"y":504.12863038000006,"width":"16.85","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"3,00 0","line":22,"x":68.05705664,"y":522.9277331500001,"width":"16.85","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"4,00 0","line":23,"x":68.05705664,"y":541.72003051,"width":"16.85","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"5,00 0","line":24,"x":68.05705664,"y":560.51916381,"width":"16.85","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"6,00 0","line":25,"x":68.05705664,"y":579.31140014,"width":"16.85","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"7,00 0","line":26,"x":68.05789587,"y":598.11608764,"width":"16.85","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":27,"x":110.83579657,"y":447.29519531000005,"width":"29.18","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":31,"x":164.81650946000002,"y":447.29519531000005,"width":"29.18","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":35,"x":218.79037115,"y":447.29519531000005,"width":"29.18","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":39,"x":272.77108404,"y":447.29519531000005,"width":"29.18","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":43,"x":327.9156153,"y":447.29519531000005,"width":"29.18","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":47,"x":115.70789740000001,"y":436.81811401000004,"width":"74.76","height":"6.85","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"2 emissions [Mt/yr]","line":50,"x":60.10969564,"y":506.17718383000005,"width":"64.36","height":"7.29","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"'Power generation' 'Other Conversion'","line":51,"x":149.70440313,"y":424.46020385,"width":"109.73","height":"6.17","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"'Transport' 'Industry'","line":52,"x":149.70440313,"y":416.32919189000006,"width":"59.00","height":"6.17","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"'Residential & other sectors' Savings","line":53,"x":149.70440313,"y":408.20318481000004,"width":"106.46","height":"6.17","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C","line":54,"x":149.70440313,"y":400.07220336000006,"width":"30.99","height":"6.17","fontName":["RZTODG+TycjldSqjskqXmdmmgArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.24 OECD North America: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2","line":56,"x":53.85829565000002,"y":370.45071289000003,"width":"325.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":268,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":58,"x":53.85829565000002,"y":623.6533190900001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"of natural gas in the 5.0 °C case will add up to 1290 EJ, the cumulative coal con -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.77279663,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario, the cumulative gas demand will amount to 730 EJ, the cumula -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.77279663,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.2 Regional Results: Power Sector Analysis","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.77279663,"width":"223.83","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"differences and particularities are summarized. It is important to note that the elec -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.77279663,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"calculated (see Chap. 3 ) and are not real measured values. When information was ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.77279663,"width":"334.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"include cross-border trade (e.g., between Canada and the USA) (C2ES 2017 ) or ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.772789,"width":"335.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":29,"x":108.8007965,"y":411.06021118,"width":"250.91","height":"6.66","fontName":["RZTODG+KdpvhgSmypltQjpwlrArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":30,"x":111.70510101,"y":400.99719238,"width":"74.05","height":"6.66","fontName":["RZTODG+KdpvhgSmypltQjpwlrArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":269,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.25 OECD North America: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy ","line":45,"x":53.83160018,"y":380.60269165,"width":"328.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"within the European Union (EU). The EU set a target of 10% interconnection capac -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"ity between their member states in 2002 (EU-EG 2017 ). The interconnection capac -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"entire modelling period, even when there is current discussion about the implemen -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"25.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.3 OECD North America: Power Sector Analysis","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":493.15979003,"width":"250.38","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"therefore contains more than one large electricity market. Although the power sec -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"rules in place vary significantly. Even within the USA, each state has different mar -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"ket rules and grid regulations. Therefore, the calculated scenarios assume the prior -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.3.1 OECD North America: Development of Power Plant Capacities","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"297.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"about 5–7 years faster than the 2.0 °C Scenario (Table  8.18 ).","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"241.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.3.2 OECD North America: Utilization of Power-Generation ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15979003,"width":"267.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.19 shows the increasing shares of variable renewable power generation ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":270,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"USA will have the highest share of variable renewables—mainly solar PV for resid -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":318.07330322,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"ual homes and office buildings, connected to battery systems. There are no struc -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":306.07330322,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"implementation in the latter. It is assumed that all regions will have an interconnec -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":282.07330322,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"tion capacity of 20% of the regional average load, with which to exchange renew -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":270.07330322,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Capacity factors for the five generation types and the resulting average utiliza -","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":246.07330322,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"tion are shown in Table  8.20 . Compared with the global average, North America ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":234.07330322,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"8.5.3.3 OECD North America: Development of Load, Generation, ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":138.07330322,"width":"278.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.21 shows the development of the maximum load, generation, and resulting ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":102.07330322,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.18 OECD North America: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"307.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"2015–2025 2026–2035 2036–2050","line":25,"x":211.2060850199997,"y":583.9263735700001,"width":"114.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C","line":26,"x":211.19758586999967,"y":572.4174014100001,"width":"130.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":271,"change":"Addition","str":"Hard coal − 7 − 16 − 6 − 8 − 4 0","line":27,"x":56.69309216999968,"y":559.76939115,"width":"92.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":38,"x":119.69410225,"y":424.84781954000005,"width":"77.90","height":"7.13","fontName":["RZTODG+WhlvpcDpsfwkTwgnpdArialBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.26 Latin America: development of final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":48,"x":53.85830208,"y":351.41810153,"width":"296.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":280,"change":"Addition","str":"mainly wind, solar, and geothermal energy—will contribute 63% of the total elec -","line":58,"x":53.85830208,"y":182.58802341000003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 4","line":22,"x":56.85422177999867,"y":348.2949135800005,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":281,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.27 Latin America: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":55,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":69.1520836800005,"width":"298.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":282,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.28 Latin America: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-","line":51,"x":53.85830597000002,"y":79.15199740999996,"width":"325.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":283,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario than in the 5.0 °C Scenario as a result of the estimated genera -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":283,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":5,"x":65.85829925,"y":547.65979003,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":283,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 ct/kWh in the 1.5 °C Scenario. If CO 2 costs are not considered, the total electric -","line":13,"x":53.85379028,"y":451.65979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0 °C case (Table  8.26 , Fig.  8.32 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":271.41378784,"width":"272.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":287,"change":"Addition","str":"maximum of 190 PJ/year by 2050. Due to the lower overall energy demand in trans -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.41377258,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":290,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.34 Latin America: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in ","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":382.58520507,"width":"328.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"elsewhere. Compared with all the other world regions, Latin America has the high -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":302.0302124,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"factor (Table  8.29 ). The dispatch order for all world regions in all cases is assumed ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":242.0302124,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"widely. Table  8.30 shows that the sub-region with the smallest calculated maximum ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":86.0302124,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.29 Latin America: capacity factors by generation type","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.18432617,"width":"209.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"generation: 2015 2020 2020 2030 2030 2040 2040 2050 2050","line":26,"x":56.69297767000027,"y":543.94477752,"width":"191.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin America 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C","line":27,"x":56.69297767000027,"y":532.43580535,"width":"223.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 48.9% 31% 25% 36% 21% 41% 18% 34% 24%","line":30,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":519.7877951,"width":"168.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 73.4% 14% 3% 17% 0% 45% 0% 13% 4%","line":35,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":497.95979217,"width":"150.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 26.0% 53% 48% 46% 19% 56% 23% 47% 33%","line":39,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":456.13127044,"width":"168.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 53.2% 24% 11% 31% 2% 37% 6% 31% 11%","line":42,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":424.29878142,"width":"160.28","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 45.6% 37% 28% 46% 26% 43% 25% 46% 35%","line":45,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":402.46229461,"width":"168.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":294,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 12.2% 12% 12% 21% 14% 31% 15% 22% 15%","line":48,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":380.62577727,"width":"168.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":295,"change":"Addition","str":"Max demand","line":7,"x":181.46345217999973,"y":160.49758841999912,"width":"44.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":295,"change":"Addition","str":"Max residual load","line":9,"x":171.45895083999974,"y":249.9430992899991,"width":"61.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":297,"change":"Addition","str":"for hydropower plants. Droughts may increase the demand for storage and/or hydro -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":298,"change":"Addition","str":"65 (continued)","line":230,"x":360.6427658099998,"y":562.6496496299982,"width":"47.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":302,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated elec -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":559.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":302,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.37 OECD Europe: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-","line":55,"x":53.99999882999999,"y":79.15199967999996,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":303,"change":"Addition","str":"an investment of $148 billion per year. In the 5.0 °C Scenario, investment in conven -","line":33,"x":53.85419082,"y":177.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 203 291 336 479 717","line":21,"x":56.81194470999881,"y":152.18697471999985,"width":"197.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 203 968 1731 3572 5080","line":22,"x":184.4564492499988,"y":140.35497398999985,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 203 878 1430 2933 4147","line":23,"x":184.4734475399988,"y":128.52297326999985,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":24,"x":56.86295483999881,"y":116.69098016999985,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 1 788 1895","line":25,"x":184.5074593799988,"y":104.85897941999983,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 162 1595 2227","line":26,"x":184.52445767999882,"y":93.02697868999982,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 3003 3623 3931 4537 5325","line":27,"x":56.91396496999881,"y":81.19497796999983,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 3003 5121 6815 10,748 13,989","line":28,"x":184.55846951999882,"y":69.36297722999984,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 3003 4937 6152 9930 12,134","line":29,"x":184.57546780999883,"y":57.53097648999984,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"5,00 0","line":31,"x":71.28033230999881,"y":348.9818203099998,"width":"15.94","height":"6.37","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":37,"x":97.0471093499988,"y":313.5295497999998,"width":"27.41","height":"6.37","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":41,"x":147.9187600399988,"y":313.5295497999998,"width":"27.41","height":"6.37","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":45,"x":198.7776620199988,"y":313.5295497999998,"width":"27.41","height":"6.37","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":49,"x":249.6493203499988,"y":313.5295497999998,"width":"27.41","height":"6.37","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":53,"x":300.5082223199988,"y":313.5295497999998,"width":"27.41","height":"6.37","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 203 02 04 02 05 0","line":57,"x":106.77221462999881,"y":304.9307643999998,"width":"217.66","height":"6.37","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Electric heatin g","line":63,"x":341.1341073299988,"y":397.2914821699998,"width":"41.64","height":"5.59","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heatin g","line":66,"x":341.1341073299988,"y":364.38568992999984,"width":"35.42","height":"5.59","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomas s","line":67,"x":341.1341073299988,"y":347.9337856399998,"width":"23.41","height":"5.59","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":305,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.39 OECD Europe: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":69,"x":53.85831234999881,"y":284.6417934499998,"width":"293.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.1.6 OECD Europe: Future Investments in the Heating Sector","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"271.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"in a lower average annual investment of around $51 billion per year (Fig.  8.40 , ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"332.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"Table  8.34 ).","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"47.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"22 %","line":19,"x":142.6255951,"y":369.5567627,"width":"13.62","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"total 644 billion $","line":23,"x":185.40080261,"y":352.88909912,"width":"56.18","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"45 %","line":32,"x":185.57165527,"y":162.67637634,"width":"13.62","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"50 %","line":34,"x":67.47805786,"y":241.3500824,"width":"13.62","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C: 2015-205 0","line":35,"x":55.94279861,"y":284.29528808,"width":"69.83","height":"8.90","fontName":["RZTODG+KkfbttBbrfprVcdjxqArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"total 2,400 billion $","line":36,"x":102.4213028,"y":208.65029907,"width":"62.12","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":38,"x":313.33410644,"y":266.08807373,"width":"40.95","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"2% geothermal","line":39,"x":328.98342895,"y":251.32730102,"width":"46.91","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":43,"x":337.94683837,"y":169.15863037,"width":"30.87","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"46 %","line":44,"x":346.57180786,"y":159.66830444,"width":"13.62","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"total 1,830 billion $","line":49,"x":275.45581054,"y":209.67630004,"width":"62.07","height":"7.91","fontName":["MCEFLQ+VrbgfkGskhskTlmjljCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.40 OECD Europe: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technologies ","line":50,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.34880065,"width":"327.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":306,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.1.7 OECD Europe: Transport","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":367.41378784,"width":"139.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 compared with the 5.0 °C case (Table  8.35 , Fig.  8.41 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":271.41378784,"width":"239.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"(740 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 840 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.41377258,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.41377258,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"8.7.1.8 OECD Europe: Development of CO 2 Emissions","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":101.9138031,"width":"228.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0 °C Scenario, OECD Europe’s annual CO 2 emissions will decrease by 15% ","line":21,"x":53.85659027,"y":77.9138031,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.34 OECD Europe: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"313.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":25,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 434 467 486 507 519","line":26,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"114.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 434 407 339 293 289","line":27,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 434 381 276 256 242","line":28,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 5 7 7 7 3","line":29,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5 15 24 49 48","line":30,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5 14 16 21 11","line":31,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 36 65 76 104 137","line":32,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"117.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 36 298 510 790 885","line":33,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 36 291 423 624 685","line":34,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 29 40 46 62 84","line":35,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"105.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 29 134 228 417 566","line":36,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 29 121 183 336 444","line":37,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 504 579 615 681 744","line":38,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":429.24885862000025,"width":"105.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 504 855 1101 1548 1789","line":39,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":417.41685789000024,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 504 807 897 1237 1383","line":40,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":405.58485715000023,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":307,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":41,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":392.24385374000025,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.35 OECD Europe: projection of the transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"320.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":2,"x":56.693008330000104,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 323 334 335 337 344","line":3,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"99.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 323 362 409 509 643","line":4,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 323 383 458 453 400","line":5,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 13,087 12,699 12,633 12,529 12,464","line":6,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"156.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 13,087 10,163 7540 4196 3097","line":7,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 13,087 8197 4404 3215 2556","line":8,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 300 397 448 485 474","line":9,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"147.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 300 294 254 182 142","line":10,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 300 273 198 105 82","line":11,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 227 236 240 248 259","line":12,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"155.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 227 236 240 247 258","line":13,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 227 236 240 247 258","line":14,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 13,938 13,665 13,656 13,598 13,541","line":15,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":429.28688352000023,"width":"155.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 13,938 11,055 8443 5134 4140","line":16,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":417.4548827900002,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 13,938 9090 5300 4020 3296","line":17,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":405.6228820600002,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0 °C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":19,"x":53.858405970000106,"y":148.32205503000023,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 53% in the 2.0  °C ","line":23,"x":65.8633040400001,"y":100.32204741000024,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"the ‘Transport’ and the ‘Residential and other’ sectors (Fig.  8.42 ).","line":27,"x":53.86110678000011,"y":53.82204741000024,"width":"263.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"10,00 0","line":33,"x":64.1729277600001,"y":323.88423461000025,"width":"19.61","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+MyjhmxYskpqnYvsgbfArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"12,00 0","line":34,"x":64.1729277600001,"y":342.04658811000024,"width":"19.61","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+MyjhmxYskpqnYvsgbfArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":308,"change":"Addition","str":"14,00 0","line":35,"x":64.1729277600001,"y":360.20897214000024,"width":"19.61","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+MyjhmxYskpqnYvsgbfArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":321,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.46 Africa: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-generation ","line":45,"x":53.858295449999986,"y":79.15200042,"width":"328.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"investment of $109 billion per year. In the 5.0 °C Scenario, the investment in con -","line":17,"x":53.86180114,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":322,"change":"Addition","str":"tion (Fig.  8.47 ).","line":20,"x":53.86180114,"y":333.15979003,"width":"63.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"scenarios. Biomass will remain the main contributor. The growing use of solar, geo -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"Electric heatin g","line":38,"x":341.25628662,"y":158.34500122,"width":"41.69","height":"5.60","fontName":["MCEFLQ+GncyqpPkttcwWhbmdxArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"and heat pump s","line":40,"x":341.25628662,"y":137.37530517,"width":"43.00","height":"5.60","fontName":["MCEFLQ+GncyqpPkttcwWhbmdxArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.48 Africa: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":59.76380157,"width":"265.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":323,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.47 Africa: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":69,"x":55.5,"y":247.68829345,"width":"245.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"both the 2.0 °C Scenario and 1.5 °C Scenario. The direct use of electricity for heat -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.41378784,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.1.6 Africa: Future Investments in the Heating Sector","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":271.41378784,"width":"236.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"a lower average annual investment of around $21 billion per year (Table  8.43 , ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.41377258,"width":"332.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig.  8.49 ).","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.41377258,"width":"41.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.42 Africa: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the direct ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"328.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":19,"x":56.69291470999881,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 4586 5761 6317 7211 8203","line":20,"x":56.70992443999881,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4586 5308 6047 7039 6551","line":21,"x":184.3544289999988,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4586 5748 6448 6938 4222","line":22,"x":184.37142727999878,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 7 204 786 2066 3416","line":24,"x":184.4054391199988,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 7 203 783 2109 3416","line":25,"x":184.4224374099988,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":26,"x":56.81194470999881,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"154.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 86 215 559 2106","line":27,"x":184.4564492499988,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 86 213 591 2106","line":28,"x":184.4734475399988,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":29,"x":56.86295483999881,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 0 397 720","line":30,"x":184.5074593799988,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 0 429 720","line":31,"x":184.52445767999882,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 4593 5797 6404 7440 8684","line":32,"x":56.91396496999881,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4593 5598 7047 10,061 12,793","line":33,"x":184.55846951999882,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4593 6037 7444 10,067 10,464","line":34,"x":184.57546780999883,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"119.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":324,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":35,"x":53.85831234999881,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":2,"x":135.56265258,"y":248.42266845,"width":"39.76","height":"7.68","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"total 490 billion $","line":14,"x":181.68029785,"y":302.20291137,"width":"54.55","height":"7.68","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":16,"x":158.4603424,"y":190.69456481,"width":"39.76","height":"7.68","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":22,"x":166.48406982,"y":94.09513092,"width":"29.98","height":"7.68","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"pump s","line":25,"x":58.28197097,"y":183.41766357,"width":"21.23","height":"7.68","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"total 790 billion $","line":28,"x":103.72260284,"y":139.05149841,"width":"54.55","height":"7.68","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"29 %","line":37,"x":345.53808593,"y":85.79231262,"width":"13.23","height":"7.68","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"total 760 billion $","line":42,"x":270.9953003,"y":134.82850646,"width":"54.55","height":"7.68","fontName":["MCEFLQ+PbhvljRjytlsTymcklCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":325,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.49 Africa: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technologies in the ","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":64.63690185,"width":"328.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":328,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.51 Africa: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after ","line":47,"x":53.85829925,"y":348.71591186,"width":"328.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":328,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.52 Africa: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the sce -","line":93,"x":53.85829925,"y":98.64170074,"width":"326.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"EJ. Even lower fossil fuel use will achieved in the 1.5 °C Scenario: 110 EJ for natu -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA 2014 ).","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"172.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"PV installation (REN21-GSR2018) and 23 GW of onshore wind (GWEC 2018 ). ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"rapidly to 3 GW per year in 2029 and 15 GW per year in 2035 (Table  8.45 ).","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"303.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.2.2 Africa: Utilization of Power-Generation Capacities","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15979003,"width":"244.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"below 2% of the total generation capacity (Table  8.46 ). However, the variable gen -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"331.49","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":329,"change":"Addition","str":"eration capacity will increase rapidly towards 2030. We assume that the intercon -","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":81.1597824,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"the same trend as in most world regions. Table  8.47 shows the significant drop in the ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":342.07330322,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"8.8.2.3 Africa: Development of Load, Generation, and Residual Load","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":294.07330322,"width":"290.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.48 shows that under the 2.0 °C Scenario, the transmission capacities need ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":270.07330322,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"will be first and foremost due to universal access to energy services for all house -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":138.07330322,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"2015–2025 2026–2035 2036–2050","line":25,"x":226.07260685999927,"y":583.9263735700001,"width":"114.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C","line":26,"x":226.07260685999927,"y":572.4174014100001,"width":"130.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas 6 3 10 16 13 14","line":29,"x":56.66760426999926,"y":536.1053896800001,"width":"55.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen-gas 0 0 1 3 15 32","line":30,"x":56.65910511999926,"y":524.2733584300001,"width":"82.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Oil/diesel − 1 − 2 − 2 − 2 − 1 − 1","line":31,"x":56.65060215999926,"y":512.4413882200001,"width":"93.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear 0 0 0 0 0 0","line":32,"x":56.64210300999926,"y":500.6093874900001,"width":"52.40","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 1 3 2 3 2 3","line":33,"x":56.633603869999256,"y":488.77738676000007,"width":"54.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 2 1 1 1 0 0","line":34,"x":56.62510471999926,"y":476.94538602000006,"width":"47.22","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind (onshore) 5 20 21 21 23 21","line":35,"x":56.61660557999926,"y":465.11338529000005,"width":"99.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind (offshore) 0 2 5 10 7 4","line":36,"x":56.60811405999926,"y":453.28138456000005,"width":"84.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"PV (roof top) 3 12 29 31 41 48","line":37,"x":56.599614919999254,"y":441.44938383000004,"width":"92.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"PV (utility scale) 1 4 10 10 14 16","line":38,"x":56.591115769999256,"y":429.6173830900001,"width":"100.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 1 2 2 2 3 3","line":39,"x":56.582612809999254,"y":417.7853823600001,"width":"65.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 0 2 4 9 18 16","line":40,"x":56.574113659999256,"y":405.9533816300001,"width":"125.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":330,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 0 1 1 1 3 3","line":41,"x":56.56561451999926,"y":394.1213809100001,"width":"72.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":331,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":104.13068551999982,"y":71.98647489000142,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":331,"change":"Addition","str":"Dispatch fossil","line":8,"x":104.13068551999982,"y":313.6414965600014,"width":"50.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":331,"change":"Addition","str":"Inter- connection","line":9,"x":104.13068551999982,"y":363.4259814300014,"width":"56.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":333,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure","line":3,"x":94.62508086999975,"y":71.98674981000019,"width":"91.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":333,"change":"Addition","str":"Max residual load","line":9,"x":116.12157898999975,"y":249.9172536600002,"width":"61.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":334,"change":"Addition","str":"[GWh/ year]","line":20,"x":146.85078124999976,"y":284.4359434999998,"width":"41.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":343,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.58 Middle East: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technologies in ","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":62.75120162,"width":"327.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":344,"change":"Addition","str":"10,400 PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0 °C case (Table  8.53 , Fig.  8.59 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"314.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig.  8.61 . In the 2.0 °C ","line":17,"x":53.86100006,"y":141.07540893,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":345,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.59 Middle East: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":63,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.9053955,"width":"260.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":346,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.60 Middle East: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":51,"x":53.85789871,"y":366.78839111,"width":"328.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":346,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.61 Middle East: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the ","line":96,"x":53.85639953,"y":104.50160217,"width":"328.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 86% in 2050 (including non-energy consump -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.2 The Middle East: Power Sector Analysis","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":421.15979003,"width":"222.15","height":"12.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+MdvwxmXkqcdlBfbvpwTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"The Middle East has significant renewable energy potential. The region’s solar radi -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"transmission lines. Saudi Arabia, the geographic centre of the region, has connec -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.2.1 The Middle East: Development of Power Plant Capacities","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"272.76","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"has never been higher than 117 MW (GWEC 2018 ) (in 2015). Parts of the offshore ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":347,"change":"Addition","str":"Germany of 5.4 GW in 2017 (GWEC 2018 ). The vast solar resources in the Middle ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":105.1597824,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.54 Middle East: average annual change in installed power plant capacity","line":1,"x":54,"y":598.1743164,"width":"272.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"2015–2025 2026–2035 2036–2050","line":4,"x":226.2311702600007,"y":583.9263735700001,"width":"114.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C","line":5,"x":226.23965415000072,"y":572.4174014100001,"width":"130.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Hard coal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0","line":6,"x":56.851661290000706,"y":559.76939115,"width":"97.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Lignite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0","line":7,"x":56.860171880000706,"y":547.9373599100002,"width":"88.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas 1.5 7.0 1.9 6.2 − 19.1 3.0","line":8,"x":56.86868247000071,"y":536.1053896800001,"width":"87.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen-gas 0.0 0.3 1.5 1.7 20.3 24.2","line":9,"x":56.877181620000705,"y":524.2733584300001,"width":"120.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Oil/Diesel − 0.1 − 4.0 − 8.9 − 8.1 − 0.8 − 0.5","line":10,"x":56.885692210000705,"y":512.4413882200001,"width":"133.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear − 0.1 0.0 − 0.1 − 0.1 0.0 0.0","line":11,"x":56.8941989800007,"y":500.6093874900001,"width":"108.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0","line":12,"x":56.9027095700007,"y":488.77738676000007,"width":"93.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5","line":13,"x":56.911212530000704,"y":476.94538602000006,"width":"85.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind (onshore) 6.5 19.3 28.3 35.5 14.7 7.6","line":14,"x":56.91971931000071,"y":465.11338529000005,"width":"133.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind (offshore) 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.2","line":15,"x":56.92822990000071,"y":453.28138456000005,"width":"118.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"PV (roof top) 7.3 19.0 26.2 29.9 46.4 32.3","line":16,"x":56.93672905000071,"y":441.44938383000004,"width":"130.80","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"PV (utility scale) 2.4 6.3 8.7 10.0 15.5 10.8","line":17,"x":56.94523963000071,"y":429.6173830900001,"width":"134.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.6","line":18,"x":56.95375022000071,"y":417.7853823600001,"width":"103.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal power plants 1.3 5.4 13.1 20.3 11.4 3.7","line":19,"x":56.96226081000071,"y":405.9533816300001,"width":"168.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean energy 0.3 1.3 1.3 2.5 1.0 1.7","line":20,"x":56.970759960000706,"y":394.1213809100001,"width":"110.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Renewable fuel based co-generation 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0","line":21,"x":56.979270550000706,"y":382.28938016000006,"width":"186.90","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2017 (Table  8.54 ).","line":24,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":316.02833281000005,"width":"83.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.2.2 Middle East: Utilization of Power-Generation Capacities","line":25,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":280.02833281000005,"width":"268.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"0.5% variable power generation. Table  8.55 shows the rapidly increasing shares of ","line":27,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":244.02833281000008,"width":"334.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"the Middle East region (as opposed to the IEA region used for the long-term sce -","line":29,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":220.02833281000008,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"Table  8.56 shows that the limited dispatchable fossil and nuclear generation will ","line":36,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":136.02833281000008,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":348,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":41,"x":53.85835990000071,"y":623.6533633200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":349,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure and interconnection","line":3,"x":136.32089497999968,"y":71.98653593000131,"width":"160.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":349,"change":"Addition","str":"Variable RE","line":7,"x":157.82589984999967,"y":226.18504515000132,"width":"41.31","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":349,"change":"Addition","str":"Dispatch RE","line":8,"x":157.82589984999967,"y":268.9655322100013,"width":"43.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":349,"change":"Addition","str":"Dispatch fossil","line":9,"x":157.82589984999967,"y":313.6415576000013,"width":"50.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":349,"change":"Addition","str":"Inter- connection","line":10,"x":157.82589984999967,"y":363.4260424700013,"width":"56.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":349,"change":"Addition","str":"Dispatch RE","line":12,"x":157.82589984999967,"y":459.7480334300013,"width":"43.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":349,"change":"Addition","str":"Dispatch fossil","line":13,"x":157.82589984999967,"y":504.4240588200013,"width":"50.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":349,"change":"Addition","str":"Inter- connection","line":14,"x":157.82589984999967,"y":554.2085742000013,"width":"56.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":350,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":44,"x":53.85832587000003,"y":623.6533221500001,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"8.9.2.3 The Middle East: Development of Load, Generation, ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.81170654,"width":"254.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"EU, so the calculated solar installation capacities throughout the region will be sig -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.81170654,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.57 shows a negative residual load in almost all sub-regions for every year ","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":249.81170654,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"and in both scenarios. This is attributable to substantial oversupply, so the produc -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.81170654,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.58 provides an overview of the calculated storage and dispatch power ","line":16,"x":65.85829925,"y":129.81170654,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.56 Middle East: capacity factors by generation type","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"201.69","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"generation: 2015 2020 2020 2030 2030 2040 2040 2050 2050","line":29,"x":56.69297767000027,"y":543.9348326100001,"width":"191.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C 2.0 °C 1.5 °C","line":30,"x":56.69297767000027,"y":532.42586044,"width":"215.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 52.6% 45% 43% 27% 24% 34% 21% 29% 25%","line":33,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":519.77785019,"width":"167.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 31.1% 13% 13% 5% 2% 19% 3% 10% 5%","line":38,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":497.94984726,"width":"150.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 26.3% 34% 34% 47% 42% 50% 21% 28% 30%","line":42,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":456.12132553000004,"width":"167.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 52.9% 41% 40% 15% 10% 45% 8% 17% 16%","line":45,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":424.28883651,"width":"163.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 38.9% 83% 83% 66% 57% 43% 20% 36% 38%","line":48,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":402.4523497,"width":"167.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":351,"change":"Addition","str":"[%/yr] 6.6% 12% 12% 24% 23% 27% 23% 29% 25%","line":51,"x":117.85898566000027,"y":380.61583236,"width":"163.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"Power generation structure","line":3,"x":76.87245910999975,"y":71.98693094999987,"width":"91.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"Max demand","line":7,"x":108.37345855999975,"y":161.83193216999987,"width":"44.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"Max generation","line":8,"x":108.37345855999975,"y":201.99442300999988,"width":"53.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"Max residual load","line":9,"x":98.36896485999975,"y":251.10742960999988,"width":"61.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"Max interconnection requirements","line":10,"x":108.36495941999975,"y":298.6054306999999,"width":"117.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"Max residual load","line":13,"x":98.36045807999974,"y":473.03392801999985,"width":"61.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"Max interconnection requirements","line":14,"x":108.35646026999974,"y":520.5319443799999,"width":"117.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"− 2.9","line":27,"x":142.50946777999974,"y":251.10741434999989,"width":"16.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"− 3.7","line":43,"x":166.17345398999976,"y":251.10741434999989,"width":"16.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"− 10.3","line":47,"x":166.17345398999976,"y":473.03389749999985,"width":"20.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"− 12.1","line":53,"x":178.00545471999973,"y":251.1073990899999,"width":"20.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"− 11.2","line":64,"x":189.83745545999975,"y":473.03389749999985,"width":"20.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"− 11.5","line":69,"x":201.66945617999974,"y":251.1073990899999,"width":"20.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"− 19.9","line":73,"x":201.66945617999974,"y":473.03389749999985,"width":"20.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":352,"change":"Addition","str":"− 3.4","line":79,"x":213.50145691999975,"y":251.10738382999986,"width":"16.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["RZTODG+QscvpbRjnbnjDynxvmSTIXGeneral-Regular","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"combined are shown in Fig.  8.62 for the 5.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.5 °C Scenarios. In the ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":497.79382324,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0 °C Scenario, the total final energy demand will increase by 45%, from the cur -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":485.79382324,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":355,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.62 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of the final energy demand by sector in the ","line":46,"x":53.858288720000004,"y":79.15197977999999,"width":"329.72","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"2050. In the 2.0  °C Scenario, the electricity demand for heating will be approxi -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario, 88% higher than in the 5.0 °C case. In the 1.5 °C Scenario, the gross elec -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":356,"change":"Addition","str":"growth of wind and PV, up to 740 GW and 820 GW, respectively, will be comple -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":357,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.1.3 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: Future Costs of Electricity Generation","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":260.89880371,"width":"305.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"10,00 0","line":29,"x":66.87181451999962,"y":529.3618452100002,"width":"19.59","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"15,00 0","line":30,"x":66.87181451999962,"y":552.4127485300003,"width":"19.59","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"20,00 0","line":31,"x":66.87181451999962,"y":575.4637128900002,"width":"19.59","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"25,00 0","line":32,"x":66.87349297999961,"y":598.5111372100002,"width":"19.59","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":33,"x":96.27049615999962,"y":466.9093305600002,"width":"27.47","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":37,"x":147.4359014299996,"y":466.9093305600002,"width":"27.47","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":41,"x":198.5885503599996,"y":466.9093305600002,"width":"27.47","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":45,"x":249.7539556299996,"y":466.9093305600002,"width":"27.47","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":49,"x":300.9065892999996,"y":466.9093305600002,"width":"27.47","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 202 52 03 02 04 02 05 0","line":53,"x":103.05429436999961,"y":456.66763134000024,"width":"292.48","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydroge n","line":58,"x":341.3089940799996,"y":570.0062543900002,"width":"26.14","height":"5.59","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"and heat pump s","line":61,"x":341.3089940799996,"y":530.4579145500003,"width":"42.95","height":"5.59","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heatin g","line":62,"x":341.3089940799996,"y":520.3398115200002,"width":"35.42","height":"5.59","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomas s","line":63,"x":341.3089940799996,"y":503.7886335400002,"width":"23.41","height":"5.59","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CpcwhjDdhkbsBtywhgArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":361,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.66 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":65,"x":53.85839440999962,"y":436.3731367200002,"width":"324.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.61 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"329.61","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":3,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 107 150 157 169 183","line":4,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"114.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 107 230 249 263 172","line":5,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 107 241 252 230 162","line":6,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 1 1","line":7,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 14 26 64 61","line":8,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 12 30 52 54","line":9,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 1 2 3 5 9","line":10,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"88.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1 56 145 330 359","line":11,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1 74 163 300 352","line":12,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 1 1 2 2 3","line":13,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1 25 64 184 248","line":14,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1 33 76 175 236","line":15,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 109 154 162 177 196","line":16,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":419.2488586200002,"width":"105.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 109 325 483 841 839","line":17,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":407.4168578900002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 109 361 522 758 805","line":18,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":395.5848571500002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":19,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":382.2438537400002,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"to be for heat pumps (around $490 billion), followed by solar collectors and bio -","line":21,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":345.4138366500002,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"mass technologies. The 1.5 °C Scenario assumes an even faster expansion of renew -","line":22,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":333.4138366500002,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"year (Table  8.61 , Fig.  8.67 ).","line":25,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":297.4138366500002,"width":"111.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.1.7 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: Transport","line":26,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":261.4138366500002,"width":"184.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"PJ/year in 2050. In the 2.0 °C Scenario, assumed technical, structural, and behav -","line":29,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":213.41383665000018,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"62% (or 4970 PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0 °C case (Table  8.62 , Fig.  8.68 ).","line":33,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":165.41382139000018,"width":"333.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"(630 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 410 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":36,"x":53.868255409999435,"y":129.41382139000018,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":41,"x":53.868255409999435,"y":69.41382902000018,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":362,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":42,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"8.10.1.8 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: Development of CO 2 Emissions","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":182.8376007,"width":"274.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0 °C Scenario, Eastern Europe/Eurasia’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase ","line":6,"x":53.85620117,"y":158.8376007,"width":"333.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"by 14%, from 2420 Mt. in 2015 to 2768 Mt. in 2050. The stringent mitigation mea -","line":7,"x":53.85562133,"y":148.3376007,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"reductions to almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0 °C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions ","line":10,"x":53.85562133,"y":110.8376007,"width":"333.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"geotherma l","line":17,"x":242.2829895,"y":579.3571167,"width":"33.55","height":"7.12","fontName":["MCEFLQ+ClmbgxJqjgwvBpxpvgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"solar collector s","line":19,"x":249.34138488,"y":563.23181152,"width":"43.35","height":"7.12","fontName":["MCEFLQ+ClmbgxJqjgwvBpxpvgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"total 165 billion $","line":24,"x":181.46539306,"y":524.1541748,"width":"50.60","height":"7.12","fontName":["MCEFLQ+ClmbgxJqjgwvBpxpvgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"geotherma l","line":28,"x":175.54368591,"y":375.50250244,"width":"33.55","height":"7.12","fontName":["MCEFLQ+ClmbgxJqjgwvBpxpvgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"total 1,075 billion $","line":38,"x":92.22619628,"y":383.34811401,"width":"55.95","height":"7.12","fontName":["MCEFLQ+ClmbgxJqjgwvBpxpvgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":43,"x":355.5513916,"y":374.29910278,"width":"24.76","height":"7.12","fontName":["MCEFLQ+ClmbgxJqjgwvBpxpvgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":46,"x":297.3819275,"y":319.7906189,"width":"27.81","height":"7.12","fontName":["MCEFLQ+ClmbgxJqjgwvBpxpvgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"total 1,060 billion $","line":51,"x":266.01739501,"y":379.7821045,"width":"55.95","height":"7.12","fontName":["MCEFLQ+ClmbgxJqjgwvBpxpvgCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":363,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.67 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: development of investments for renewable heat-generation ","line":52,"x":53.63330078,"y":291.16751098,"width":"329.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.62 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"330.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":3,"x":56.69298910000007,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 434 498 528 599 674","line":4,"x":56.70998739000007,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"99.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 434 509 544 646 712","line":5,"x":150.3375050900001,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 434 449 470 620 796","line":6,"x":150.35450339000005,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 3873 4321 4680 5181 5319","line":7,"x":56.76101659000007,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"124.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 3873 4336 4403 3923 3195","line":8,"x":150.38851522000004,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 3873 3593 2963 2346 2016","line":9,"x":150.40552877000005,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 232 336 403 482 471","line":10,"x":56.81203817000007,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"147.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 232 247 228 188 150","line":11,"x":150.43954061000005,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 232 237 207 146 114","line":12,"x":150.45655416000005,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 34 35 36 38 40","line":13,"x":56.86305593000007,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"134.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 34 35 36 38 40","line":14,"x":150.49056600000006,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 34 35 36 38 40","line":15,"x":150.50757955000006,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 4573 5191 5647 6301 6504","line":16,"x":56.91407751000007,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4573 5127 5210 4795 4097","line":17,"x":150.54159139000006,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4573 4313 3677 3150 2966","line":18,"x":150.55860494000007,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":29,"x":93.94559072000007,"y":205.6273528800002,"width":"28.01","height":"6.51","fontName":["MCEFLQ+SrysgfNklplkSkyltcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":33,"x":146.05312704000005,"y":205.62083738000018,"width":"28.01","height":"6.51","fontName":["MCEFLQ+SrysgfNklplkSkyltcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":37,"x":198.16065572000008,"y":205.62083738000018,"width":"28.01","height":"6.51","fontName":["MCEFLQ+SrysgfNklplkSkyltcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":41,"x":250.26819967000006,"y":205.6273528800002,"width":"28.01","height":"6.51","fontName":["MCEFLQ+SrysgfNklplkSkyltcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":45,"x":302.36922811000005,"y":205.6273528800002,"width":"28.01","height":"6.51","fontName":["MCEFLQ+SrysgfNklplkSkyltcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"201 52 02 52 03 02 04 02 05 0","line":49,"x":101.02368520000007,"y":197.04034727000018,"width":"373.00","height":"6.51","fontName":["MCEFLQ+SrysgfNklplkSkyltcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Electricit y","line":55,"x":348.49169515000006,"y":296.0410339100002,"width":"28.00","height":"5.84","fontName":["MCEFLQ+SrysgfNklplkSkyltcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Natural Ga s","line":58,"x":348.49169515000006,"y":243.90834348000018,"width":"32.81","height":"5.84","fontName":["MCEFLQ+SrysgfNklplkSkyltcArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.68 Eastern Europe/Eurasia: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":60,"x":53.85838674000007,"y":176.69874876000017,"width":"299.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":364,"change":"Addition","str":"‘Residential and other’ and ‘Industry’ sectors (Fig.  8.69 ).","line":65,"x":53.86108755000007,"y":103.86884611000018,"width":"228.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario and 1300 PJ/year in the 1.5 °C Scenario. The direct use of elec -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":33,"x":96.68270111,"y":99.47013092,"width":"27.37","height":"6.36","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":37,"x":147.8936615,"y":99.47013092,"width":"27.37","height":"6.36","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":45,"x":250.31556701,"y":99.47013092,"width":"27.37","height":"6.36","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":49,"x":301.54562377,"y":99.47013092,"width":"27.37","height":"6.36","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"201 52 025 203 02 04 02 05 0","line":53,"x":102.80960083,"y":89.43830108,"width":"294.60","height":"6.36","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydroge n","line":58,"x":341.38900756,"y":208.53329467,"width":"26.09","height":"5.58","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"Electric heatin g","line":59,"x":341.38900756,"y":192.01229858,"width":"41.56","height":"5.58","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"and heat pump s","line":61,"x":341.38900756,"y":169.0578003,"width":"42.87","height":"5.58","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomas s","line":63,"x":341.38900756,"y":142.43859863,"width":"23.36","height":"5.58","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"Fossi l","line":64,"x":341.38900756,"y":125.91840362,"width":"16.13","height":"5.58","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":379,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.75 Non-OECD Asia: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":65,"x":53.855999,"y":69.15200042,"width":"302.02","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.1.6 Non-OECD Asia: Future Investments in the Heating Sector","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":367.41378784,"width":"284.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"be for solar collectors (around $480 billion), followed by heat pumps and geother -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":295.41378784,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"(Table  8.70 , Fig.  8.76 ).","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":247.41377258,"width":"91.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"8.11.1.7 Non-OECD Asia: Transport","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":211.41378784,"width":"152.02","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"73% (or 9660 PJ/year) by 2050 compared to the 5.0 °C case (Table  8.71 , Fig.  8.77 ).","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":115.41378021,"width":"332.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"(480 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 650 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":21,"x":53.86830902,"y":79.41378021,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.69 Non-OECD Asia: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"328.28","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":24,"x":56.69305395000007,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 4459 4800 4787 4878 4919","line":25,"x":56.68456244000007,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4459 4680 4529 4232 3948","line":26,"x":187.94155859000006,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4459 4772 4890 4054 3549","line":27,"x":187.93305944000008,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 4 12 33 70 128","line":28,"x":56.659053550000074,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"109.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4 401 1129 2252 2723","line":29,"x":187.91604589000008,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4 509 1221 2141 2389","line":30,"x":187.90754674000004,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":31,"x":56.63355230000007,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"157.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 141 740 1563 2410","line":32,"x":187.8905484500001,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 262 839 1587 2198","line":33,"x":187.88204931000007,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":34,"x":56.60805105000007,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 0 454 862","line":35,"x":187.86503576000007,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 133 735 1274","line":36,"x":187.8565366100001,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"72.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 4464 4811 4821 4948 5047","line":37,"x":56.58254217000007,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 4464 5222 6398 8501 9942","line":38,"x":187.8395383200001,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 4464 5542 7083 8516 9411","line":39,"x":187.83103918000006,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":380,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":40,"x":53.85845159000007,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":" heat us e","line":5,"x":263.6899414,"y":285.6946106,"width":"28.55","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":8,"x":250.91610717,"y":333.56723022,"width":"30.14","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"total 176 billion $","line":14,"x":180.69030761,"y":306.63729858,"width":"54.65","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":22,"x":121.33222198,"y":103.41654205,"width":"30.14","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"total 1,120 billion $","line":28,"x":87.91690063,"y":162.24119567,"width":"60.57","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":30,"x":323.95751953,"y":213.69535827,"width":"39.97","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":33,"x":353.0533142,"y":171.00920104,"width":"26.80","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":36,"x":285.50100708,"y":100.45266723,"width":"30.14","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"total 1,005 billion $","line":41,"x":269.69628906,"y":160.26420593,"width":"60.57","height":"7.80","fontName":["MCEFLQ+JqtjymNxnjwhMvrpwbCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.76 Non-OECD Asia: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technolo -","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":71.10169982,"width":"325.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.70 Non-OECD Asia: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":44,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.17822265,"width":"321.86","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":45,"x":128.68814828999945,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"101.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 1886 1925 1767 1610 1459","line":46,"x":56.67614724999944,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1886 1850 1557 1150 821","line":47,"x":128.65416696999944,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1886 1829 1693 1084 713","line":48,"x":128.63718392999942,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":49,"x":56.62518670999944,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 4 18 51 73","line":50,"x":128.6032026099994,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 4 15 44 64","line":51,"x":128.58621958999942,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 1 3 10 20 37","line":52,"x":56.57421472999944,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"100.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1 114 321 639 772","line":53,"x":128.55222299999946,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1 145 349 609 678","line":54,"x":128.53523995999944,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":55,"x":56.523246559999436,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 13 58 103 159","line":56,"x":128.50127389999943,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 27 70 110 144","line":57,"x":128.48427560999943,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 1888 1928 1777 1631 1496","line":58,"x":56.472274569999435,"y":429.24885862000025,"width":"126.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1888 1981 1954 1944 1825","line":59,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":417.41685789000024,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1888 2004 2127 1847 1598","line":60,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":405.58485715000023,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":381,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":61,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":392.24385374000025,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":98.97740173,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.71 Non-OECD Asia: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"316.12","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":9,"x":56.69293927999956,"y":583.0243446200004,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 76 81 81 83 83","line":10,"x":56.68444776999956,"y":571.1923133600005,"width":"78.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 76 96 116 158 183","line":11,"x":147.54943036999956,"y":559.3603431400004,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 76 115 124 148 212","line":12,"x":147.54093121999955,"y":547.5283729300004,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 6023 7139 9256 11,061 12,181","line":13,"x":56.65894650999956,"y":535.6963416800004,"width":"137.51","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6023 6694 6489 5251 4245","line":14,"x":147.52394818999954,"y":523.8643714600005,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 6023 5493 4217 3258 2903","line":15,"x":147.51544903999957,"y":512.0323402200004,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic aviation 5.0 °C 225 353 447 581 621","line":16,"x":56.633456699999556,"y":500.2003394800004,"width":"147.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 225 240 220 180 143","line":17,"x":147.49845074999956,"y":488.3683387500004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 225 230 200 139 108","line":18,"x":147.48995160999957,"y":476.5363380200004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Domestic navigation 5.0 °C 196 216 227 246 267","line":19,"x":56.607959269999554,"y":464.7043678000004,"width":"155.95","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 196 216 227 246 267","line":20,"x":147.47295330999955,"y":452.8723670700004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 196 216 227 246 267","line":21,"x":147.46445416999956,"y":441.0403663400004,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 6521 7789 10,010 11,970 13,153","line":22,"x":56.58246946999956,"y":429.20836560000043,"width":"143.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":382,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6521 7246 7051 5834 4838","line":23,"x":147.44747113999955,"y":417.37636487000043,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"shown in Fig.  8.80 for the 5.0  °C, 2.0  °C, and 1.5  °C Scenarios. In the 5.0  °C ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":497.79382324,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"demand will increase at a much slower rate by 57% compared with current con -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":461.79382324,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"to- heat or e-mobility) will increase from 750 TWh/year in 2015 to 3200 TWh/year ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.79382324,"width":"334.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"2050. In the 2.0 °C Scenario, the electricity demand for heating will be approximately ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":341.79382324,"width":"333.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"20,00 0","line":33,"x":65.89433288,"y":193.57002258,"width":"21.28","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"30,00 0","line":34,"x":65.89433288,"y":211.5059967,"width":"21.28","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"40,00 0","line":35,"x":65.89433288,"y":229.44198608,"width":"21.28","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"50,00 0","line":36,"x":65.89433288,"y":247.36408996,"width":"21.28","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":40,"x":114.7786026,"y":139.27238464,"width":"29.84","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":52,"x":268.3857727,"y":139.27238464,"width":"29.84","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°","line":56,"x":319.57888793,"y":139.27238464,"width":"29.84","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 205 0","line":60,"x":111.00569915,"y":127.11199951,"width":"77.13","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"Transport fuel sT ransport electricity","line":63,"x":79.44120025,"y":110.0059967,"width":"327.56","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"Industry fuel sI ndustry electricity","line":64,"x":79.44120025,"y":97.83809661,"width":"327.43","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"Residential & other sectors fuel sR esidential & other sectors electricit y","line":65,"x":79.44120025,"y":85.66999816,"width":"327.03","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"total power demand (incl. synfuels & H2 )","line":66,"x":79.44120025,"y":73.5019989,"width":"134.28","height":"6.94","fontName":["MCEFLQ+YsdgrxCbmkrlFssjbkArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.80 India: development of final energy demand by sector in the scenarios","line":69,"x":53.85825905000006,"y":53.00050175000002,"width":"264.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":394,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":70,"x":53.85825905000006,"y":623.65332234,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"the electricity demand will be approximately 3400 TWh/year due to electric mobil -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"about 9500 PJ/year and 9800 PJ/year, respectively, will be avoided through effi -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1.2 India: Electricity Generation","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"156.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy market and an increasing proportion of total power from renew -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"solar, and geothermal energy—will contribute 90% of the total electricity genera -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 in the 1.5 °C Scenario is assumed to be 77%. In the 1.5 °C Scenario, the gen -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.77 shows the development of different renewable technologies in India ","line":23,"x":65.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"over time. Figure  8.81 provides an overview of the overall power-generation struc -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario. Both the 2.0 °C Scenario and 1.5 °C Scenario will lead to a high propor -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"tion of variable power generation (PV, wind, and ocean) of 48% and 60%, respec -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1.3 India: Future Costs of Electricity Generation","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"224.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.82 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.15977478,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":395,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated elec -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.6598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.77 India: development of renewable electricity-generation capacity in the scenarios","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"308.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":2,"x":56.69266172999867,"y":583.9189065000006,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro 5.0 °C 46 68 81 97 117","line":3,"x":56.701168499998666,"y":571.2708962400005,"width":"90.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 46 68 72 80 87","line":4,"x":124.61616941999867,"y":559.4389260300005,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 46 68 72 80 87","line":5,"x":124.62466855999867,"y":547.6068947800005,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 8 13 16 20 25","line":6,"x":56.726681199998666,"y":535.7749245600006,"width":"89.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 8 23 31 60 93","line":7,"x":124.64168211999866,"y":523.9428933100006,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 8 23 31 60 93","line":8,"x":124.65018125999867,"y":512.1109231000006,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind 5.0 °C 25 82 119 185 246","line":9,"x":56.75219007999867,"y":500.27892237000054,"width":"95.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 25 200 421 938 1273","line":10,"x":124.66718717999866,"y":488.4469216300006,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 25 275 543 1002 1110","line":11,"x":124.67568631999868,"y":476.6149209000006,"width":"89.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":12,"x":56.777698959998666,"y":464.7829201700006,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 3 8 42 68","line":13,"x":124.69269986999866,"y":452.9509194400006,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 3 8 42 68","line":14,"x":124.70119138999867,"y":441.11891870000056,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"PV 5.0 °C 5 115 198 345 545","line":15,"x":56.803211649998666,"y":429.28691797000056,"width":"87.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5 230 469 1090 1572","line":16,"x":124.71819731999867,"y":417.45491724000055,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5 365 648 1185 1412","line":17,"x":124.72669645999866,"y":405.62291651000055,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"CSP 5.0 °C 0 0 1 1 2","line":18,"x":56.82872052999867,"y":393.79091577000054,"width":"58.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 8 48 138 209","line":19,"x":124.74371001999867,"y":381.9589150400006,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 8 48 138 209","line":20,"x":124.75220914999866,"y":370.1269143100006,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":21,"x":56.85422177999867,"y":358.2949135800006,"width":"64.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 1 11 33 59","line":22,"x":124.76922269999866,"y":346.46291284000057,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 1 11 33 59","line":23,"x":124.77772184999867,"y":334.63091211000057,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 84 279 415 648 936","line":24,"x":56.87973066999867,"y":322.79891138000056,"width":"98.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 84 532 1061 2381 3360","line":25,"x":124.79472776999867,"y":310.96691066000056,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 84 742 1361 2540 3037","line":26,"x":124.80322691999866,"y":299.13490992000055,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":37,"x":103.70975919999867,"y":116.70688562000056,"width":"216.51","height":"5.75","fontName":["MCEFLQ+LvkwwfRftcgdBcmydyArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 202 52 03 02 04 02 050","line":38,"x":110.03735776999866,"y":106.77788477000057,"width":"300.42","height":"5.75","fontName":["MCEFLQ+LvkwwfRftcgdBcmydyArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Lignit e","line":52,"x":351.51684995999864,"y":146.03089076000057,"width":"16.57","height":"5.05","fontName":["MCEFLQ+LvkwwfRftcgdBcmydyArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.81 India: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":54,"x":53.82986112999867,"y":86.72428064000057,"width":"267.23","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":396,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":55,"x":53.85805936999867,"y":623.6534035700006,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"costs in 2050 will be 4.9 ct/kWh lower than in the 5.0 °C case. Note that these esti -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":332.09689331,"width":"331.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"billion/year and in the 1.5 °C Scenario, they will be $470 billion/year. The long- term ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":260.09689331,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 5.0 °C Scenario as a result of the estimated generation costs and the electrifi -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":236.09689331,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs, when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":198.59689331,"width":"322.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"are not considered, will increase in the 5.0 °C case to only 6.9 ct/kWh. In both alter -","line":13,"x":53.86059951,"y":188.09689331,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"costs will be around 1 ct/kWh in 2050. If the CO 2 costs are not considered, the total ","line":16,"x":53.86059951,"y":150.59689331,"width":"334.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":397,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.82 India: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity generation ","line":45,"x":53.85829162000002,"y":366.9267907100001,"width":"328.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":398,"change":"Addition","str":"52% will be invested in renewable power generation and co-generation (Fig.  8.83 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":246.11450195,"width":"316.42","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":398,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.83 India: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":51,"x":53.83110046,"y":330.94448852,"width":"241.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.84 shows the development of different technologies for heating in India ","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":120.71730041,"width":"322.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, and Table  8.78 provides the resulting renewable heat supply for all sce -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":108.71730041,"width":"331.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"5,00 0","line":14,"x":65.29724884,"y":502.0501709,"width":"14.14","height":"5.65","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Electric heatin g","line":46,"x":340.85430908,"y":556.31298828,"width":"42.09","height":"5.65","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"and heat pump s","line":48,"x":340.85430908,"y":537.3170166,"width":"43.42","height":"5.65","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CnvhbvTfgrtfTprrtlArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.84 India: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":52,"x":53.85829925,"y":435.55279541,"width":"261.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.78 India: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the direct use ","line":53,"x":53.85829925,"y":411.48080444,"width":"327.73","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":55,"x":56.69300837000039,"y":387.22243615000025,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 5544 5633 5666 5595 5341","line":56,"x":56.701496070000395,"y":374.5744259000003,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5544 5726 5600 4854 4366","line":57,"x":185.24700158000041,"y":362.7424251700003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5544 5600 5444 4758 4078","line":58,"x":185.2555007300004,"y":350.9104244500003,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 28 77 115 200 310","line":59,"x":56.72698587000039,"y":339.07842370000026,"width":"122.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 28 589 1537 2964 3693","line":60,"x":185.2724837700004,"y":327.24642297000025,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 28 887 2271 3107 3626","line":61,"x":185.28099817000037,"y":315.41442225000026,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 1 1 1 2","line":62,"x":56.75247567000039,"y":303.58242151000024,"width":"154.96","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 164 647 1627 2136","line":63,"x":185.29798120000038,"y":291.7504207700003,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 189 725 1497 2103","line":64,"x":185.3064803400004,"y":279.9184505600003,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":65,"x":56.77797693000039,"y":268.0864498300003,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 2 299 1409","line":66,"x":185.3234786300004,"y":256.25444909000026,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 2 437 1613","line":67,"x":185.3319777800004,"y":244.42244836000026,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 5572 5711 5781 5796 5653","line":68,"x":56.803466730000395,"y":232.59044763000026,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5572 6478 7787 9743 11,603","line":69,"x":185.3489608100004,"y":220.75844690000025,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":399,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5572 6675 8442 9800 11,420","line":70,"x":185.35747522000037,"y":208.92644616000027,"width":"113.19","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1.6 India: Future Investments in the Heating Sector","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"236.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"higher average annual investment of around $29 billion per year (Table  8.79 , Fig.  8.85 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"333.08","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1.7 India: Transport","line":13,"x":53.86828994,"y":393.15979003,"width":"103.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 compared with the 5.0 °C case (Table  8.80 , Fig.  8.86 ).","line":20,"x":53.86828994,"y":297.15979003,"width":"239.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.79 India: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":23,"x":54.47639846,"y":251.47380065,"width":"281.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":24,"x":57.31094722000032,"y":237.21828099999982,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 2049 1923 1836 1633 1432","line":25,"x":57.293956560000325,"y":224.5702859999998,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2049 1954 1798 1311 856","line":26,"x":129.27196483000034,"y":212.7382852599998,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2049 1916 1756 1276 785","line":27,"x":129.25498180000034,"y":200.90628452999982,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":28,"x":57.242984570000324,"y":189.07428379999982,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 2 9 32 38","line":29,"x":129.22100047000032,"y":177.24228306999981,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 5 12 28 37","line":30,"x":129.2040174400003,"y":165.4102823299998,"width":"55.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 6 17 25 43 67","line":31,"x":57.19201640000033,"y":153.5782815999998,"width":"105.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 6 126 327 619 777","line":32,"x":129.1700361200003,"y":141.74628086999982,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 6 191 486 653 763","line":33,"x":129.15305308000035,"y":129.91428013999982,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":34,"x":57.14104823000032,"y":118.0822870299998,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 12 42 90 131","line":35,"x":129.11907176000034,"y":106.25028629999981,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 11 46 82 129","line":36,"x":129.10207347000033,"y":94.41828556999981,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 2055 1940 1861 1676 1499","line":37,"x":57.09007625000032,"y":82.54827519999981,"width":"126.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2055 2094 2177 2052 1802","line":38,"x":129.28926830000034,"y":70.71627445999981,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2055 2122 2300 2039 1715","line":39,"x":129.27227000000033,"y":58.88427372999981,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":40,"x":54.476344860000324,"y":45.54327411999981,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":400,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":41,"x":53.85824565000033,"y":623.6532938099998,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"(950 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 860 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.31660461,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"8.12.1.8 India: Development of CO 2 Emissions","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":120.81659698,"width":"193.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0 °C Scenario, India’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase by 236%, from ","line":11,"x":53.85720062,"y":96.81659698,"width":"334.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":16,"x":144.26765441,"y":478.02511596,"width":"40.59","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":19,"x":212.84030151,"y":587.9763794,"width":"27.27","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"total 190 billion $","line":28,"x":194.73530578,"y":524.43951416,"width":"55.65","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":30,"x":164.13075256,"y":421.80911254,"width":"40.59","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":33,"x":188.7714386,"y":385.99331665,"width":"27.27","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"total 930 billion $","line":42,"x":108.6651001,"y":370.38659667,"width":"55.65","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":44,"x":328.78475952,"y":422.66210937,"width":"40.59","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":47,"x":353.4663086,"y":379.0145874,"width":"27.22","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":50,"x":246.68469238,"y":317.20281982,"width":"30.82","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":401,"change":"Addition","str":"total 1,040 billion $","line":56,"x":270.2203064,"y":370.38659667,"width":"61.61","height":"7.93","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":36,"x":94.36207174000046,"y":214.59015195000023,"width":"249.23","height":"6.61","fontName":["MCEFLQ+KlnxskJqjttkGnnwgvArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":402,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.86 India: final energy consumption by transport in the scenarios","line":48,"x":53.85827229000046,"y":183.11964719000025,"width":"236.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"followed by the ‘Power generation’ and ‘Industry’ sectors (Fig.  8.87 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":314.57199096,"width":"278.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":254.57199096,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig.  8.88 . In the 2.0 °C ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":242.57199096,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"will be even lower (47,100 PJ in 2050) because the final energy demand and conver -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":182.57199096,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 94% in 2050 (including non-energy consump -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":122.57199096,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"2050 in both the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios. The cumulative primary energy con -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":98.57199096,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":39,"x":109.86070251,"y":452.37490844,"width":"263.76","height":"7.00","fontName":["MCEFLQ+WjycjfXyxyvlQxbfsrArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":403,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.87 India: development of CO 2 emissions by sector and cumulative CO 2 emissions (after ","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":360.12701416,"width":"328.75","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"in the 2.0 °C Scenario, the cumulative gas demand will amount to 120 EJ, the cumu -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.8493042,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"Indians (RF 2018 ) had no power or inadequate power. In 2017, the Indian ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":199.8493042,"width":"337.25","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"Government launched The Third National Electricity Plan , which covers two 5-year ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.8493042,"width":"333.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman","HCVGTA+YpcctdPrqfbbFlmdnlTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"(IEA) Policies and Measures Database (IEA P + M DB 2018 ):","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.8493042,"width":"249.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"[...] “the plan covers short- and long-term demand forecasts in different regions and recom -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":147.8493042,"width":"307.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":404,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.88 India: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the sce -","line":60,"x":53.85829925,"y":378.67929077,"width":"325.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"2050. In the 2.0  °C Scenario, the electricity demand for heating will be approxi -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario, 11% higher than in the 5.0 °C case. In the 1.5 °C Scenario, the gross elec -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"tricity sector. In the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios, a final energy consumption equiva -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"2030 in the 1.5 °C Scenario is assumed to be 63%. In the 1.5 °C Scenario, the gen -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":411,"change":"Addition","str":"over time. Figure  8.90 provides an overview of the overall power-generation struc -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15977478,"width":"331.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 505 1029 1196 1490 1819","line":24,"x":56.8796733699993,"y":322.79886927000024,"width":"119.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":36,"x":105.4702991299993,"y":97.80803980000024,"width":"244.19","height":"6.48","fontName":["MCEFLQ+GqcgmqQsxklrVtydrwArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":412,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.90 China: development of electricity-generation structure in the scenarios","line":53,"x":53.8580020699993,"y":69.15204157000024,"width":"270.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.3 China: Future Costs of Electricity Generation","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"228.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.91 shows the development of the electricity-generation and supply costs ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, including the CO 2 emission costs, in all scenarios. The calculated elec -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":559.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":17,"x":65.85978698,"y":391.65979003,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"are not considered will increase in the 5.0 °C case to 5.7 ct/kWh in 2030 and stabi -","line":18,"x":53.85379028,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"ct/kWh billion $","line":43,"x":62.4375801,"y":224.68431089,"width":"59.26","height":"9.51","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C efficiency measures 2.0°C","line":44,"x":75.08779907,"y":131.61050413,"width":"107.17","height":"8.54","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5°C efficiency measures 1.5°C","line":45,"x":75.08779907,"y":118.35949705000002,"width":"107.17","height":"8.54","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C Spec. Electricity Generation Costs 5.0°C","line":46,"x":75.08779907,"y":105.09049985000001,"width":"154.63","height":"8.54","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"Spec. Electricity Generation Costs 2.0°C Spec. Electricity Generation Costs 1.5°C","line":47,"x":75.08779907,"y":91.8395004,"width":"272.73","height":"8.54","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":413,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.91 China: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-generation ","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":71.6520004,"width":"328.36","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"occur in 2050. In the 1.5 °C Scenario, compared to the 5.0 °C Scenario, the maxi -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2050 will be 1.1 ct/kWh higher than in the 5.0 °C case. If the CO 2 costs are not ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":571.65979003,"width":"334.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.4 China: Future Investments in the Power Sector","line":6,"x":53.86141967,"y":513.15979003,"width":"233.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels and investments for plant replace -","line":9,"x":53.86141967,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"ment at the end of their economic lifetimes. This value will be equivalent to approx -","line":10,"x":53.86141967,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0 °C case ($4060 billion). An investment of around $9840 billion for power gen -","line":12,"x":53.86141967,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"this will be an investment of $273 billion per year. In the 5.0 °C Scenario, the invest -","line":14,"x":53.86141967,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"investments, whereas approximately 71% will be invested in renewable power gen -","line":16,"x":53.86141967,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"eration and co-generation (Fig.  8.92 ).","line":17,"x":53.86141967,"y":369.15979003,"width":"149.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.5 China: Energy Supply for Heating","line":27,"x":53.86141967,"y":225.15977478,"width":"179.39","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.93 shows the development of different technologies for heating in China ","line":36,"x":65.86141967,"y":105.1597824,"width":"322.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":414,"change":"Addition","str":"over time, and Table  8.87 provides the resulting renewable heat supply for all sce -","line":37,"x":53.86141967,"y":93.1597824,"width":"331.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"10 %","line":8,"x":243.74371337,"y":473.05075073,"width":"14.95","height":"8.72","fontName":["MCEFLQ+HpkfxgKpctylCtgmjvCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"3% Nuclear","line":18,"x":161.8027649,"y":427.19561767,"width":"37.73","height":"8.72","fontName":["MCEFLQ+HpkfxgKpctylCtgmjvCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"14 %","line":21,"x":184.41595458,"y":391.00305175,"width":"14.95","height":"8.72","fontName":["MCEFLQ+HpkfxgKpctylCtgmjvCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"billion $","line":26,"x":118.22016906,"y":375.04260253,"width":"27.64","height":"8.72","fontName":["MCEFLQ+HpkfxgKpctylCtgmjvCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"83 %","line":34,"x":233.2374115,"y":343.5421753,"width":"14.95","height":"8.72","fontName":["MCEFLQ+HpkfxgKpctylCtgmjvCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"billion $","line":37,"x":293.02783203,"y":374.9189148,"width":"27.70","height":"8.72","fontName":["MCEFLQ+HpkfxgKpctylCtgmjvCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.92 China: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":317.36621093,"width":"244.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":47,"x":93.5652008,"y":160.17599487,"width":"240.80","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+XrxcsgLknkfxMcknwxArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":48,"x":101.62809753,"y":149.71299743,"width":"71.07","height":"6.39","fontName":["MCEFLQ+XrxcsgLknkfxMcknwxArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":415,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.93 China: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":60,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.41600036,"width":"264.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.6 China: Future Investments in the Heating Sector","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":295.41378784,"width":"240.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"use. The 1.5 °C Scenario assumes an even faster expansion of renewable technolo -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":211.41378784,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"(Table  8.88 , Fig.  8.94 ).","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.41377258,"width":"91.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.7 China: Transport","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.41378784,"width":"107.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.87 China: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the direct ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"328.56","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":22,"x":56.6929948299994,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 2776 2095 2079 2291 2877","line":23,"x":56.7099740399994,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"136.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 2776 4609 5603 6254 5967","line":24,"x":183.4364640599994,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 2776 5378 6263 6055 5385","line":25,"x":183.4534623599994,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 892 1297 1515 1962 2535","line":26,"x":56.7609536599994,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"147.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 892 2066 2906 5454 5417","line":27,"x":183.4874436799994,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 892 2364 3242 4381 4360","line":28,"x":183.5044267199994,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 306 452 526 743 1026","line":29,"x":56.8119218299994,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"201.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 306 1304 2720 6690 9225","line":30,"x":183.5384080299994,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 306 1269 2884 5706 7943","line":31,"x":183.55540632999939,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":32,"x":56.8628938199994,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 0 7 1020 4118","line":33,"x":183.5893876499994,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 0 7 1890 4549","line":34,"x":183.6063859399994,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 3974 3844 4120 4996 6438","line":35,"x":56.9138734299994,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"124.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 3974 7978 11,237 19,417 24,727","line":36,"x":183.6403672599994,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 3974 9011 12,396 18,031 22,237","line":37,"x":183.6573502999994,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"125.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":416,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":38,"x":53.8583924699994,"y":623.6533691200002,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0 °C case (Table  8.89 , Fig.  8.95 ).","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":343.41378784,"width":"272.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"(1170 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 1600 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":307.41378784,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"electricity demand is 860 TWh in 2050. The 1.5 °C Scenario also assumes a hydro -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":283.41378784,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, around 2030, synthetic fuels based on power-to-liquid will be intro -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":247.41377258,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.8 China: Development of CO 2 Emissions","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":161.9138031,"width":"196.92","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"In the 5.0 °C Scenario, China’s annual CO 2 emissions will increase by 25%, from ","line":17,"x":53.85710906,"y":137.9138031,"width":"334.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"almost zero by 2050. In the 5.0 °C case, the cumulative CO 2 emissions from 2015 ","line":21,"x":53.85789871,"y":89.9138031,"width":"334.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.88 China: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"284.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":24,"x":56.69284799999944,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 1194 764 648 519 468","line":25,"x":56.67585732999944,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"119.10","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1194 1284 1214 921 578","line":26,"x":128.65386178999944,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1194 1267 1280 808 481","line":27,"x":128.63687875999943,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"98.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":28,"x":56.62488534999944,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 20 46 187 272","line":29,"x":128.60289742999942,"y":523.9428588600003,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 20 42 139 161","line":30,"x":128.5859143999994,"y":512.1108886500003,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 281 409 478 618 799","line":31,"x":56.573917189999435,"y":500.2788879200002,"width":"130.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 281 592 843 1546 1539","line":32,"x":128.5519330899994,"y":488.44688718000026,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 281 688 956 1252 1275","line":33,"x":128.53495004999945,"y":476.61488645000026,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 52 76 89 126 174","line":34,"x":56.52294518999944,"y":464.78288572000025,"width":"113.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 52 151 251 449 565","line":35,"x":128.50096871999943,"y":452.95088499000025,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 52 136 213 349 446","line":36,"x":128.48397042999943,"y":441.11888425000024,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 1527 1250 1214 1263 1441","line":37,"x":56.471977019999436,"y":429.24885862000025,"width":"126.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 1527 2048 2355 3103 2954","line":38,"x":128.67116525999944,"y":417.41685789000024,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 1527 2111 2491 2549 2361","line":39,"x":128.65418221999943,"y":405.58485715000023,"width":"106.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":417,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":40,"x":53.85824563999944,"y":392.24385374000025,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, the cumulative CO 2 emissions will decrease by 56% in the 2.0  °C ","line":3,"x":65.85829925,"y":219.37719726,"width":"323.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario the reduction will be greatest in the ‘Residential and other’ sector, fol -","line":6,"x":53.86100006,"y":184.87719726,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"lowed by ‘Power generation’ and ‘Transport’ sectors (Fig.  8.96 ).","line":7,"x":53.86100006,"y":172.87719726,"width":"258.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"8.13.1.9 China: Primary Energy Consumption","line":8,"x":53.86100006,"y":136.87719726,"width":"194.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"The levels of primary energy consumption in the three scenarios when the assump -","line":9,"x":53.86100006,"y":112.87719726,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig.  8.97 . In the 2.0 °C ","line":10,"x":53.86100006,"y":100.87719726,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":14,"x":263.89736938,"y":501.7243042,"width":"40.70","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":17,"x":240.7742157,"y":464.04388427,"width":"27.29","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"24 %","line":21,"x":154.94839477,"y":458.06842041,"width":"13.63","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"pump s","line":23,"x":208.06419372,"y":588.94519042,"width":"21.72","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"51 %","line":24,"x":211.58432006,"y":580.43493652,"width":"13.63","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"total 640 billion $","line":26,"x":179.43330383,"y":521.93591308,"width":"56.23","height":"8.00","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":28,"x":147.30426025,"y":413.33477783,"width":"40.70","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":31,"x":185.20715332,"y":365.47540283,"width":"27.29","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"34 %","line":35,"x":165.26930236,"y":299.73208618,"width":"13.63","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"total 2,800 billion $","line":40,"x":96.33779907,"y":357.05010986,"width":"61.62","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":42,"x":326.60134887,"y":411.05767822,"width":"40.70","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":45,"x":353.38330078,"y":373.49710083,"width":"27.29","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"40 %","line":49,"x":342.13955688,"y":302.95162963,"width":"13.63","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"pump s","line":51,"x":245.80899047,"y":407.58587646,"width":"21.72","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"39 %","line":52,"x":249.37678527,"y":399.07559204,"width":"13.63","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"total 2,400 billion $","line":54,"x":273.09329223,"y":356.10211181,"width":"61.62","height":"7.95","fontName":["MCEFLQ+QqlbjbYwygbhXnwslwCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.94 China: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technologies in the ","line":55,"x":53.85829925,"y":279.70721435,"width":"328.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":418,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":57,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"will be even lower (80,700 PJ in 2050) because the final energy demand and conver -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":132.82200622,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"primary energy share of more than 91% in 2050 (including non-energy consump -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":72.8219986,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.89 China: projection of transport energy demand by mode in the scenarios","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"278.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":10,"x":56.693008330000104,"y":583.9188720500003,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Rail 5.0 °C 539 567 593 644 672","line":11,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":571.2708617900003,"width":"99.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 539 589 637 687 762","line":12,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":559.4388915800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 539 580 597 622 662","line":13,"x":145.74751272000012,"y":547.6068603300002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":419,"change":"Addition","str":"Road 5.0 °C 10,421 15,629 17,651 19,664 22,073","line":14,"x":56.6930159600001,"y":535.7748901100003,"width":"156.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":420,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.97 China: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in the sce -","line":76,"x":53.85829925,"y":102.88159942,"width":"325.97","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"Compared with these results, the generation costs when the CO 2 emission costs ","line":14,"x":65.85829925,"y":183.14720153,"width":"322.36","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"are not considered will increase in the 5.0 °C case to 8.3 ct/kWh in 2050. The gen -","line":15,"x":53.85379028,"y":172.64720153,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"in 2040. If the CO 2 costs are not considered, the total electricity supply costs in the ","line":22,"x":53.85379028,"y":87.14720153,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 203 02 04 02 050","line":40,"x":110.0821991,"y":451.3417053199999,"width":"239.83","height":"6.60","fontName":["RZTODG+FfpwjpMbgmftKgvpclArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"ct/kWh billion $","line":41,"x":68.8809967,"y":515.6209106399999,"width":"58.74","height":"9.43","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0°C efficiency measures 2.0°C","line":42,"x":74.9210968,"y":437.5336913999999,"width":"106.24","height":"8.47","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5°C efficiency measures 1.5°C","line":43,"x":74.9210968,"y":424.39968871999986,"width":"106.24","height":"8.47","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C Spec. Electricity Generation Costs 5.0°C","line":44,"x":74.9210968,"y":408.7796020499999,"width":"153.27","height":"8.47","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"Spec. Electricity Generation Costs 2.0°C Spec. Electricity Generation Costs 1.5°C","line":45,"x":74.9210968,"y":395.64569090999987,"width":"270.34","height":"8.47","fontName":["RZTODG+NrkwtgFsrbqmLqtvcrCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":433,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.100 OECD Pacific: development of total electricity supply costs and specific electricity-","line":46,"x":53.85829925,"y":375.4771118099999,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"8.14.1.4 OECD Pacific: Future Investments in the Power Sector","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"266.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"for the production of hydrogen and synthetic fuels and investments in the replace -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"investments, whereas approximately 44% will be invested in renewable power gen -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"eration and co-generation (Fig.  8.101 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"154.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"31% Nuclear","line":24,"x":150.16030883,"y":207.04818725,"width":"36.79","height":"7.61","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RrcrkbJfrpywWblqwnCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"total 1,260 billion $","line":30,"x":185.32150268,"y":251.9143219,"width":"59.15","height":"7.61","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RrcrkbJfrpywWblqwnCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"(incl. H2 )","line":45,"x":335.17218017,"y":155.23353576,"width":"27.26","height":"7.61","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RrcrkbJfrpywWblqwnCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclea r","line":47,"x":360.84494018,"y":138.94415283,"width":"23.69","height":"7.61","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RrcrkbJfrpywWblqwnCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"billion $","line":55,"x":293.4302063,"y":102.7498169,"width":"24.18","height":"7.61","fontName":["MCEFLQ+RrcrkbJfrpywWblqwnCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.101 OECD Pacific: investment shares for power generation in the scenarios","line":56,"x":53.85829925,"y":44.84149932,"width":"276.22","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":434,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":57,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"8.14.1.5 OECD Pacific: Energy Supply for Heating","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":406.88589477,"width":"212.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 8.102 shows the development of different technologies for heating in ","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":286.88589477,"width":"322.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Pacific over time, and Table  8.96 provides the resulting renewable heat sup -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":274.88589477,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"the 2.0 °C Scenario and 800 PJ/year in the 1.5 °C Scenario. The direct use of elec -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":202.88589477,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"8.14.1.6 OECD Pacific: Future Investments in the Heating Sector","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":130.88589477,"width":"273.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"will amount to around $530 billion in the 2.0  °C Scenario (including the invest -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":94.88588714,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"ments for the replacement of plants after their economic lifetimes), or approxi -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":82.88588714,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 5.0°C 2.0°C 1.5°C","line":36,"x":88.65519714,"y":463.67700195,"width":"244.92","height":"6.50","fontName":["MCEFLQ+MlnrfsVnmnkfYfgxgxArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":37,"x":95.62539672,"y":452.05300903,"width":"72.28","height":"6.50","fontName":["MCEFLQ+MlnrfsVnmnkfYfgxgxArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":435,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.102 OECD Pacific: development of heat supply by energy carrier in the scenarios","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":431.71591186,"width":"296.70","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"billion per year (Table  8.97 , Fig.  8.103 ).","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.51849365,"width":"160.57","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.96 OECD Pacific: development of renewable heat supply in the scenarios (excluding the ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"328.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"in PJ/year Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":7,"x":56.693012189999514,"y":573.9188720500002,"width":"135.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 314 471 504 584 714","line":8,"x":56.693031259999515,"y":561.2708617900001,"width":"114.85","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 314 633 815 1250 1579","line":9,"x":186.13951487999952,"y":549.4388915800001,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 314 650 823 1229 1463","line":10,"x":186.13951487999952,"y":537.6068603300001,"width":"94.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 45 76 92 150 236","line":11,"x":56.693038889999514,"y":525.7748901100002,"width":"117.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 45 221 452 737 819","line":12,"x":186.1395301299995,"y":513.9428588600002,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 45 252 543 772 795","line":13,"x":186.1395301299995,"y":502.11088865000016,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal heat and heat pumps 5.0 °C 30 33 34 36 38","line":14,"x":56.693050329999515,"y":490.27888792000016,"width":"176.21","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 30 157 307 737 1119","line":15,"x":186.1395453899995,"y":478.4468871800002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 30 197 420 830 1094","line":16,"x":186.1395453899995,"y":466.6148864500002,"width":"85.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydrogen 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":17,"x":56.69306177999952,"y":454.7828857200002,"width":"77.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 6 16 251 728","line":18,"x":186.1395453899995,"y":442.9508849900002,"width":"64.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 9 160 642 772","line":19,"x":186.1395453899995,"y":431.1188842500002,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Total 5.0 °C 390 580 629 769 988","line":20,"x":56.69306940999952,"y":419.2868835200002,"width":"102.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 390 1017 1591 2975 4245","line":21,"x":186.1395606499995,"y":407.45488279000017,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 390 1107 1946 3473 4124","line":22,"x":186.1395606499995,"y":395.62288206000017,"width":"102.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 8.97 OECD Pacific: installed capacities for renewable heat generation in the scenarios","line":23,"x":53.86257167999951,"y":367.3263732700002,"width":"312.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"in GW Case 2015 2025 2030 2040 2050","line":24,"x":56.69295857999894,"y":353.02354658000024,"width":"124.42","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 5.0 °C 44 60 63 69 75","line":25,"x":56.67596790999894,"y":340.3755363300003,"width":"93.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 44 77 92 117 94","line":26,"x":128.65397236999894,"y":328.54353559000026,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 44 79 91 113 80","line":27,"x":128.63698933999893,"y":316.71153486000026,"width":"68.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 5.0 °C 0 0 0 0 0","line":28,"x":56.62499592999894,"y":304.87953413000025,"width":"83.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 0 3 8 20 28","line":29,"x":128.60300800999892,"y":293.04753340000025,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 0 3 7 22 26","line":30,"x":128.5860249799989,"y":281.21556318000023,"width":"51.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar heating 5.0 °C 13 22 27 43 69","line":31,"x":56.574027769998935,"y":269.3835624500002,"width":"109.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 13 64 128 207 230","line":32,"x":128.5520436699989,"y":257.5515617200002,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 13 73 152 215 224","line":33,"x":128.53506062999895,"y":245.71954573000022,"width":"77.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Heat pumps 5.0 °C 5 5 5 5 6","line":34,"x":56.52305576999894,"y":233.88754499000024,"width":"83.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 5 11 23 54 74","line":35,"x":128.50107929999893,"y":222.05554426000023,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 5 16 36 63 71","line":36,"x":128.48408100999893,"y":210.22354353000023,"width":"60.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"Total a 5.0 °C 62 87 95 117 150","line":37,"x":56.472087599998936,"y":198.35354841000023,"width":"92.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C 62 156 250 397 426","line":38,"x":128.67127583999894,"y":186.52154768000023,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C 62 171 287 413 401","line":39,"x":128.65429279999893,"y":174.68954695000022,"width":"81.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"a Excluding direct electric heating","line":40,"x":53.85835621999894,"y":161.34854353000023,"width":"112.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":436,"change":"Addition","str":"8 Energy Scenario Results","line":41,"x":53.85835621999894,"y":623.6533683600003,"width":"89.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+VnpdxqLcsvrlHvbnvyTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"8.14.1.7 OECD Pacific: Transport","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":283.55679321,"width":"140.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"2300 PJ/year) in 2050 compared with the 5.0 °C case (Table  8.98 , Fig.  8.104 ).","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.55679321,"width":"312.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"(300 TWh/year). In 2050, up to 480 PJ/year of hydrogen will be used in the trans -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.55679321,"width":"331.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"Biofuel use is limited in the 2.0 °C Scenario and the 1.5 °C Scenario to a maxi -","line":15,"x":65.85829925,"y":103.55679321,"width":"319.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"total 132 billion $","line":34,"x":183.53562927,"y":539.06982421,"width":"51.13","height":"7.28","fontName":["MCEFLQ+BddpxjBjncqtQtnxypCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"total 533 billion $","line":49,"x":97.7004013,"y":396.72930908,"width":"51.13","height":"7.28","fontName":["MCEFLQ+BddpxjBjncqtQtnxypCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"technologie s","line":51,"x":341.03878784,"y":438.72338867,"width":"37.30","height":"7.28","fontName":["MCEFLQ+BddpxjBjncqtQtnxypCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"heat us e","line":54,"x":352.79290771,"y":378.36428833,"width":"25.01","height":"7.28","fontName":["MCEFLQ+BddpxjBjncqtQtnxypCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"collector s","line":57,"x":236.93946838,"y":349.47698974,"width":"28.32","height":"7.28","fontName":["MCEFLQ+BddpxjBjncqtQtnxypCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"total 545 billion $","line":63,"x":274.0888977,"y":397.2203064,"width":"51.13","height":"7.28","fontName":["MCEFLQ+BddpxjBjncqtQtnxypCalibri-Light"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":437,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.103 OECD Pacific: development of investments for renewable heat-generation technolo -","line":64,"x":53.85829925,"y":318.38668823,"width":"325.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":438,"change":"Addition","str":"1,00 0","line":2,"x":64.3289032,"y":235.94610595,"width":"16.26","height":"6.50","fontName":["MCEFLQ+CrmylqPprjbjMmkcwdArial-BoldMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":440,"change":"Addition","str":"tions discussed above are taken into account are shown in Fig.  8.106 . In the 2.0 °C ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"334.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":440,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 8.106 OECD Pacific: projection of total primary energy demand (PED) by energy carrier in ","line":64,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.14170074,"width":"328.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["HCVGTA+HrrpsrRfvtprJnvfvdTimesLTStd-Bold","WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":441,"change":"Addition","str":"region. There is also potential for ocean energy across the region, although it is cur -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":441,"change":"Addition","str":"ket in 2017, which was only 0.54 GW (GWEC-NL 2018 ). By 2025, 12  GW of ","line":31,"x":53.85829162,"y":153.15977478,"width":"335.50","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":442,"change":"Addition","str":"solar power, and ocean energy must increase by around 2 GW each (Table  8.99 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":325.18969726,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":450,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":179.10032653,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["WBIXVW+GdxfghFpvhyyRwyvdbTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"403 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"89.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman","DMDTRI+KqkkstLysphsCrbjhkTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This section provides historical production data for coal, oil and gas ","line":7,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"330.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"between 1980 and 2015. The 2.0  °C and 1.5  °C scenario lead to specific phase-out ","line":8,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":453.13769531,"width":"334.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"security of supply and price security towards an open debate about an orderly with -","line":13,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":393.13769531,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"9.1 Fossil Energy Resources—The Sky Is the Limit","line":24,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":205.14169311,"width":"256.19","height":"12.00","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":451,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske ( * ) ","line":30,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":100.82099914,"width":"46.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman","RPZZFG+SjsmmqMmlxyxBqdptjWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"(GEA 2012 ), an integrated assessment of the global energy system, has published a ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":485.76379394,"width":"334.13","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Table  9.1 shows the estimates for conventional and unconventional coal, oil, and gas ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":461.76379394,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"shortage of conventional oil and gas, but unconventional resources are still signifi -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.76379394,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"cantly larger than our climate can cope with. Reducing global fossil fuel consump -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.76379394,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"in the past (Teske and Pregger 2015 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":353.76379394,"width":"148.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"9.2 Coal—Past Production and Future Trajectories ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.76379394,"width":"260.84","height":"12.00","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 9.1 shows the historical time series for global coal production. The data ","line":21,"x":65.85829925,"y":195.76379394,"width":"322.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"are based on the BP Statistical Review 2018 (BP 2018 ), as are the following over -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":183.76379394,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"with an annual increase of around 1% per year until 2050. As shown in Fig. 9.2 , ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":123.76378631,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 9.1 Fossil reserves, resources, and additional occurrences","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"214.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Conventional oil 4900–7610 4170–6150 41.9","line":40,"x":56.70140072000002,"y":561.2708215999996,"width":"147.81","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Unconventional oil 3750–5600 11,280–14,800","line":41,"x":56.70991131000002,"y":549.4388513899996,"width":"154.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Conventional gas 5000–7100 7200–8900 33.8","line":42,"x":56.71841809000002,"y":537.6068201399996,"width":"150.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Unconventional gas 20,100–67,100 40,200–121,900","line":43,"x":56.726921050000016,"y":525.7748499199997,"width":"173.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":452,"change":"Addition","str":"Coal 17,300–21,000 291,000–435,000 16.5","line":44,"x":56.735431640000016,"y":513.9428186699997,"width":"141.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2019 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017","line":11,"x":75.8939972,"y":425.55749511,"width":"493.73","height":"6.00","fontName":["QQPTRI+JqcjpqMscdvfTnhcxnHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America Latin America OECD Europe Eurasia Middle East","line":12,"x":111.46520233,"y":417.23251342,"width":"160.54","height":"5.23","fontName":["QQPTRI+JqcjpqMscdvfTnhcxnHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa Other Asia India China OECD Pacific","line":13,"x":110.41840362,"y":403.5335083,"width":"95.11","height":"5.23","fontName":["QQPTRI+JqcjpqMscdvfTnhcxnHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.1 Global coal production in 1981–2017 (BP 2018—Statistical Review)","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":384.25131225,"width":"261.05","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 203 22 03 32 03 42 03 52 03 62 03 72 03 82 03 92 04 02 04 12 04 22 04 32 04 42 04 52 04 62 04 72 04 82 04 92 050","line":22,"x":69.98069763,"y":188.44529724,"width":"314.91","height":"4.00","fontName":["PMANDK+SrtnysDccvcwJcqrsjCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":453,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.2 Global coal production until 2050 under the three scenarios","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":162.32209777,"width":"228.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"higher than in 1965 and twice as high as in 1985 (Fig.  9.3 ). Unlike coal, there is no ","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":529.79382324,"width":"334.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"required production volumes in half by 2030, reducing them further to the equivalent ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":349.79382324,"width":"333.45","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"Af ri ca Other Asia","line":42,"x":84.64923095,"y":84.53040313,"width":"38.96","height":"5.94","fontName":["PMANDK+YtvkvwVmkkdrWvstlqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"Eurasi aM iddle East","line":45,"x":257.76119995,"y":96.2444992,"width":"129.04","height":"5.94","fontName":["PMANDK+YtvkvwVmkkdrWvstlqCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":454,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.3 Global oil production in 1965–2017 (BP 2018—Statistical Review)","line":48,"x":53.85829925,"y":65.04090118,"width":"255.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"production of 3500 billion cubic meters—3.5 times higher than in 1970. The pro -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":337.15829467,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"of global gas production is distributed over 42 countries (Fig.  9.5 ).","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":277.15829467,"width":"265.82","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios. Furthermore, these scenarios assume that infrastruc -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":229.15829467,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"sources (see Chap. 5 , Sect 5.2 ). Under the 2.0 °C Scenario, gas production will only ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":193.15829467,"width":"333.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"will be equally slow, and a 4%/year reduction will occur after 2025 (Fig.  9.6 ).","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":145.15829467,"width":"310.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":455,"change":"Addition","str":"OIL Global 5.0C 5.0 C OIL Global 2.0C 2.0 C OIL Global 1.5C 1.5 C","line":30,"x":171.14899824999998,"y":439.95581816000004,"width":"104.25","height":"4.11","fontName":["ONQHPM+KbvfqjCpnswfQkndtyCalibri"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":456,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 9.5 Global gas production in 1970–2017 (BP 2018—Statistical Review)","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":371.28311157,"width":"258.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["YCQPZS+ChmcpvXdssdrTttfrxTimesLTStd-Bold","LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"Labour Organization (ILO 2015 ), the concept was first mentioned in the 1990s, ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":481.79382324,"width":"335.46","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"of the Parties (COP 21) “ decided to continue and improve the forum on the impact ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":409.79382324,"width":"334.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman","DMDTRI+KqkkstLysphsCrbjhkTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":457,"change":"Addition","str":"effects, both in terms of job losses in the fossil fuel industry, job gains in the renew -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":301.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":459,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":19,"x":53.8583107,"y":179.05732727,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["LYEPZS+PnjsjyLhrblyLybwyqTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"413 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"89.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This section provides the input data for two different employment devel -","line":7,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"325.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"10.1 Introduction: Employment Modelling for a Just ","line":13,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":361.14169311,"width":"268.31","height":"12.00","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"employment of workers in the affected industries (UNFCCC 2016 ; ILO 2015 ). ","line":18,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":283.14169311,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"2017 ; Jenkins et al. 2016 ; Sovacool and Dworkin 2014 ). This includes, for example, ","line":21,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":247.14169311,"width":"333.79","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"E. Dominish ( * ) · C. Briggs · S. Teske · F. Mey","line":31,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":110.82099914,"width":"163.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","RWIFWG+YfcvnqRwyyjsGxpxwgWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":460,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: elsa.dominish@uts.edu.au ; chris.briggs@uts.edu.au ; sven.teske@uts.edu.au ;","line":33,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":90.82900238,"width":"286.28","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario from the Leonardo Di Caprio project (see Chap. 3 ff. This study is funded ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"334.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"by UTS/ISF (Rutovitz et al. 2015 ), with an updated framework that disaggregates ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"334.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"results for the 10 world regions. Further details, including a further regional break -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"down of employment data, are provided in the full report (Dominish et al. 2018 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"321.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"10.2 Quantitative Employment Modelling","line":8,"x":53.85820007,"y":481.15979003,"width":"209.44","height":"12.00","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"modelling (an overview of the methodology is given in Sect. 3.6 of Chap. 3 ). The ","line":10,"x":53.85820007,"y":441.15979003,"width":"334.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"significant economic differences between world regions. The results are then pre -","line":12,"x":53.85820007,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"10.2.1 Employment Factors","line":14,"x":53.85820007,"y":361.15979003,"width":"132.42","height":"12.00","fontName":["QSTZII+XlgggcHybllmQqyfvfTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"adjustments were made when a local factor was not available (see Sect. 10.2.2 ). The ","line":21,"x":53.85820007,"y":261.15979003,"width":"333.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"employment factors used in the calculations are shown in Table  10.1 .","line":22,"x":53.85820007,"y":249.15979003,"width":"275.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"gas employment per petajoule (PJ) drew on data from national statistics and com -","line":33,"x":53.85820007,"y":117.1597824,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":461,"change":"Addition","str":"90% of the world coal production (Table  10.2 ).","line":37,"x":53.85820007,"y":69.1597824,"width":"188.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.1 Summary of employment factors used in a global analysis in 2012","line":1,"x":53.85630035,"y":598.17034912,"width":"262.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Construction/installation Manufacturing","line":2,"x":126.96440096000008,"y":563.9188596000001,"width":"134.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Job years/ MW Job years/ ","line":8,"x":126.97290773000009,"y":551.2793332300001,"width":"88.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Coal 11.4 5.1 0.14 Regional","line":11,"x":56.703399370000085,"y":529.4428464100001,"width":"87.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Gas 1.8 2.9 0.14 Regional","line":12,"x":56.711898520000084,"y":517.6108762000001,"width":"79.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Nuclear 11.8 1.3 0.6 0.001 jobs per ","line":13,"x":56.720409110000084,"y":505.7788449600001,"width":"113.55","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Biomass 14.0 2.9 1.5 29.9 jobs/PJ","line":16,"x":56.72890825000008,"y":473.95487034000007,"width":"106.97","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro-large 7.5 3.9 0.2","line":17,"x":56.73740740000008,"y":462.12286961000007,"width":"73.26","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Hydro-small 15.8 11.1 4.9","line":18,"x":56.73740740000008,"y":450.29086887000005,"width":"83.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind onshore 3.0 3.4 0.3","line":19,"x":56.73739977000008,"y":438.4588681400001,"width":"79.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Wind offshore 6.5 13.6 0.15","line":20,"x":56.73739977000008,"y":426.6268674100001,"width":"89.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"PV 13.0 6.7 0.7","line":21,"x":56.73739977000008,"y":414.7948666800001,"width":"46.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal 6.8 3.9 0.4","line":22,"x":56.737388320000086,"y":402.9628659400001,"width":"72.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar thermal 8.9 4.0 0.7","line":23,"x":56.737388320000086,"y":391.1308652100001,"width":"77.91","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Ocean 10.3 10.3 0.6","line":24,"x":56.73738070000008,"y":379.2988644800001,"width":"62.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Geothermal – heat 6.9 jobs/ MW (construction and manufacturing)","line":25,"x":56.73738070000008,"y":367.4668637600001,"width":"225.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Solar – heat 8.4 jobs/ MW (construction and manufacturing)","line":26,"x":56.73738070000008,"y":355.63486302000007,"width":"203.41","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Note: For details of sources and derivation of factors see Dominish et al. ( 2018 )","line":34,"x":53.89838000000008,"y":298.6338559400001,"width":"270.84","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.2 Employment factors used for coal fuel supply (mining and associated jobs)","line":35,"x":53.89838000000008,"y":252.8018704600001,"width":"291.80","height":"8.50","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Jobs per PJ Tonnes per person per year (coal equivalent)","line":37,"x":149.39794130000013,"y":228.49102995,"width":"189.15","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"World average 36.2 943","line":38,"x":56.69693726000012,"y":215.84303495,"width":"76.92","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD North America 3.5 9613","line":39,"x":56.69692582000012,"y":204.01103422,"width":"103.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Europe 36.2 942","line":40,"x":56.705405900000116,"y":192.17903349,"width":"77.44","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD Asia-Oceania 3.6 9455","line":41,"x":56.705405900000116,"y":180.34703276,"width":"98.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"India 33.6 1016","line":42,"x":56.71388596000012,"y":168.51503202,"width":"49.34","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"China 52.9 645","line":43,"x":56.71388596000012,"y":156.68303129,"width":"47.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa 13.7 2482","line":44,"x":56.71387452000012,"y":144.85103056,"width":"53.58","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Eastern Europe/Eurasia 36.0 948","line":45,"x":56.71386690000012,"y":133.01902984,"width":"107.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Developing Asia 6.5 5273","line":46,"x":56.71385544000012,"y":121.18702909,"width":"84.18","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin America 12.5 2725","line":47,"x":56.72234696000012,"y":109.35503599,"width":"80.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East Used world average because no employment data were available","line":48,"x":56.722335520000115,"y":97.52303526,"width":"260.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":462,"change":"Addition","str":"10 Just Transition: Employment Projections for the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios","line":49,"x":53.88333481000012,"y":623.6900350799999,"width":"270.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"10.2.2 Regional Adjustments","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"138.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QSTZII+XlgggcHybllmQqyfvfTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"tends to fall. The multipliers are shown in Table  10.3 .","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":483.79382324,"width":"213.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"10.2.2.1 Local Employment Factors","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":447.79382324,"width":"148.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"• OECD Americas— gas and coal fuel, photovoltaics (PV) and offshore wind (all ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.79382324,"width":"326.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"• OECD Europe— gas and coal fuel, offshore wind (all factors), solar thermal ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.79382324,"width":"327.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"• OECD Pacific— gas and coal fuel","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.79382324,"width":"136.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"• Africa —gas, coal, and biomass fuel","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.79382324,"width":"146.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"• China— gas and coal fuel, and solar heating","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.79382324,"width":"177.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"• Eastern Europe/Eurasia— gas and coal fuel","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.79382324,"width":"176.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"• Developing Asia —coal fuel","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.79382324,"width":"114.26","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"• India  – coal fuel and solar heating","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.79382324,"width":"140.14","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"• Latin America— coal and biomass fuels, onshore wind (all factors), nuclear (con -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":261.79382324,"width":"323.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman","FRGLKE+BrtyqpXsrcbgPhgchsTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 10.3 Regional multipliers used for the quantitative calculation of employment","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":212.23750305,"width":"283.87","height":"8.50","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold","PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 2020 2030 2040 2050","line":28,"x":213.05112834999966,"y":197.98198895999997,"width":"85.00","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"OECD (North America, Europe, Pacific) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0","line":29,"x":56.685127219999686,"y":185.33397870999994,"width":"190.86","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"Latin America 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.9","line":30,"x":56.676635699999686,"y":173.50197797999994,"width":"101.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"Africa 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.2 4.9","line":31,"x":56.66813656999968,"y":161.66999249999998,"width":"74.83","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"Middle East 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3","line":32,"x":56.65963740999968,"y":149.83799176999997,"width":"94.44","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"Eastern Europe/Eurasia 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8","line":33,"x":56.65114589999968,"y":138.00599103999997,"width":"133.14","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"India 7.0 5.6 3.7 2.7 2.0","line":34,"x":56.642646749999685,"y":126.17399793999996,"width":"70.59","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"Developing Asia 6.1 5.3 4.2 3.5 2.9","line":35,"x":56.634155239999686,"y":114.34199719999995,"width":"109.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"China 2.6 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.1","line":36,"x":56.62565608999969,"y":102.50999646999996,"width":"73.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":463,"change":"Addition","str":"Source: Derived from ILO ( 2012 ) Key Indicators of the Labour Market, eighth edition software, ","line":37,"x":53.778167689999684,"y":89.17349439999995,"width":"334.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"10.2.2.2 Local Manufacturing and Fuel Production","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"214.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["YEUVQS+SdnkylMywmbtPfwdngTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"parallel with this trend. The cost projections for each of the calculated energy sce -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"nario regions (see Sect. 5.3 of Chap. 5 ) were used to derive these factors.","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"291.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"10.2.3 Results of Quantitative Employment Modelling","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":337.15979003,"width":"262.40","height":"12.00","fontName":["QSTZII+XlgggcHybllmQqyfvfTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"• In 2025, there will be 29.6 million energy-sector jobs in the 5.0  °C Scenario, ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":243.15979003,"width":"326.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"• In 2030, there will be 30.3 million energy-sector jobs in the 5.0  °C Scenario, ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":219.15979003,"width":"326.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"• In 2050, there will be 29.6 million energy-sector jobs in the 5.0  °C Scenario, ","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":195.15979003,"width":"326.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 10.1 shows the changes in job numbers under the 5.0  °C, 2.0  °C, and ","line":28,"x":65.85829925,"y":165.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":464,"change":"Addition","str":"10 Just Transition: Employment Projections for the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C Scenarios","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"270.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["PGGTUK+MjlrwvGpnncyLwpvhkTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":465,"change":"Addition","str":"20 15","line":15,"x":257.67944335,"y":130.60710144,"width":"14.95","height":"6.73","fontName":["LNGVQS+NcygvmMyjythRykqcwArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This chapter explores the magnitude of the changes in patterns of material ","line":8,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":453.13769531,"width":"327.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"rates and material efficiency can significantly reduce primary demand for metals .","line":16,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":357.13769531,"width":"321.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"11.1 Introduction","line":17,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":313.14169311,"width":"86.12","height":"12.00","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"Globally, recent investments in new renewable energy infrastructure have been dou -","line":18,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":285.14169311,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). This is strong evidence of the increasing momentum of the energy transition ","line":20,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":261.14169311,"width":"334.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"away from fossil fuels. A rapid transition to 100% renewables offers hope for reduc -","line":21,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":249.14169311,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"ing carbon emissions and increasing the chance that global warming will be main -","line":22,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":237.14169311,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"requirements for new patterns of material use to support the renewable energy infra -","line":24,"x":53.85819910999998,"y":213.14169311,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"D. Giurco ( * ) · E. Dominish · N. Florin","line":30,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":125.26540374,"width":"137.16","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman","NXLXAY+CrsbwbYpysxwBwsxnnWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":483,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: damien.giurco@uts.edu.au ; elsa.dominish@uts.edu.au ; nick.florin@uts.edu.au","line":32,"x":53.85859964999998,"y":105.27339935,"width":"293.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"energy technologies is already established (Ali et  al. 2017 ; Valero et  al. 2018 ). A ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"333.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"the supply of the materials needed for renewable energy. The first aspect is the avail -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"ability of mineral supplies. For example, Mohr et al. ( 2012 ) developed commodity-","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"a specific geographic location, such as Germany (Viebahn et al. 2015 ) or globally ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"334.59","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"(Valero et al. 2018 ; Watari et al. 2018 ), and some have explored the role of technol -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"ogy mixes and material substitution in detail (Månberger and Stenqvist 2018 ).","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"312.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"have also been explored (Giurco et  al. 2014 ; Florin and Dominish 2017 ) and the ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"335.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"need for improved resource governance has been highlighted (Prior et al. 2013 ; Ali ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"333.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"et al. 2017 ). This chapter evaluates the total demand to determine which metals may ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"material efficiency, and recycling rates. This chapter draws on the results of a larger ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"334.19","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"key assumptions, and the energy and resource scenarios are described in Sect. 11.3 , ","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"334.20","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"3 . The requirements for selected materials (lithium, cobalt, and silver) are presented ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"333.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"in Sect. 11.4 . Following the results, a discussion is presented in Sect. 11.5 .","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"297.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"11.2 Overview of Metal Requirements for each Technology","line":29,"x":53.85820007,"y":235.1598053,"width":"296.06","height":"12.00","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"technologies, which add to the complexity of material considerations. The key met -","line":32,"x":53.85820007,"y":183.1598053,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"11.2.1 Solar PV","line":34,"x":53.85820007,"y":133.1598053,"width":"75.01","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"A typical crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panel, which is currently the dominant tech -","line":35,"x":53.85820007,"y":105.15979766,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":484,"change":"Addition","str":"nology, with over 95% of the global market, contains about 76% glass (panel sur -","line":36,"x":53.85820007,"y":93.15979766,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"metals (e.g., copper) (Weckend et al. 2016 ). Figure  11.1 provides a simplified dia -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":251.3678894,"width":"331.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"11.2.2 Wind","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":195.36790466,"width":"56.23","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"direct-drive magnetics, which contain the rare earth metals neodymium and dyspro -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":119.36789703,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"sium ( Fig. 11.2 ). The development of direct-drive permanent magnet generators ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":107.36789703,"width":"332.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman","SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"because it reduces maintenance (Zimmermann et al. 2013 ). It is estimated that about ","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":71.36789703,"width":"333.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"20% of all installed wind turbines (both onshore and offshore) use rare earth mag -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":59.36790084,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"nets (CEMAC 2017 ).","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":47.36790084,"width":"85.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.1 Overview of key metal requirements and supply chain for solar PV","line":21,"x":53.83160018,"y":348.19781494,"width":"258.29","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":485,"change":"Addition","str":"11 Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% Renewable Scenarios","line":22,"x":53.85710144,"y":623.65734863,"width":"250.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"11.2.3 Batteries and Electric Vehicles","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":362.27139282,"width":"180.17","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"vehicles (EVs) on the market today and are also an important technology for sta -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":322.27139282,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"these components are typically housed in an aluminium container. LIBs are gener -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":250.27139282,"width":"331.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"the material value and about 25% of the total weight (Gratz et al. 2014 ).","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":226.27139282,"width":"287.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"The size and type of the LIB has the greatest impact on the material require -","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":214.27139282,"width":"319.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"ments. Since commercialization in the 1990s, a range of different types (‘chemis -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":202.27139282,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"in the cathode. The most common LIB types for EV applications are nickel–manga -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":178.27139282,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"(NCA), and lithium–manganese oxide (LMO) (Vaalma et  al. 2018 ). NMC is the ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":154.27139282,"width":"335.28","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"buses have traditionally used LFP batteries (BNEF 2018 ) and lead–acid batteries are ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":118.27139282,"width":"333.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"this market sector is growing (Yan et al. 2018 ).","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":94.27139282,"width":"187.03","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":486,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.2 Overview of key metal requirements and supply chain for wind power","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":388.46728515,"width":"268.93","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"(for the NMC chemistry) and sub-components, is shown in Fig.  11.3 . Rare earth ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":288.95819091,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"future because of their higher performance characteristics (Widmer et al. 2015 ).","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":228.95819091,"width":"318.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"11.3 Scenarios and Key Assumptions","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":184.95820617,"width":"184.39","height":"12.00","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"11.3.1 Electricity and Transport Scenarios","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":158.95420837,"width":"205.91","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"current policies, and therefore the global development of renewable power and elec -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":82.95819854,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.3 Overview of key metal requirements and supply chain for LIB and EV","line":15,"x":53.85830498,"y":313.7880802,"width":"270.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":487,"change":"Addition","str":"11 Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% Renewable Scenarios","line":16,"x":53.85830498,"y":623.65557288,"width":"250.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"batteries will account for approximately 6% of energy storage (which will be domi -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"commercial vehicles. Lead–acid batteries are also the main type of battery for elec -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"11.3.2 Resource Scenario Development","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":229.1598053,"width":"190.47","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"renewables, as shown in Table  11.1 . The scenarios were developed based on the ","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.1598053,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"current market trends and the likelihood of changes in material efficiency or tech -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.1598053,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":488,"change":"Addition","str":"11.3.3 Technology Assumptions","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":109.15979766,"width":"152.69","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"11.3.4 Batteries","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":239.76379394,"width":"74.00","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"The ‘current materials intensity’ for LIB for EVs and storage (Table 11.2 ) is esti -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":211.76379394,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"LMO (20%), NCA (15%), and LFP (5%) (Vaalma et al. 2018 ). The dominant bat -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.76379394,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"today. Therefore, for the ‘future technology scenario’, we assume that lithium–sul -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.76379394,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"fur batteries will replace LIB for EVs (Cano et al. 2018 ). We have modelled a future ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.76379394,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"market (Table 11.3 ) in which Li–S will achieve a 50% market share for EVs by ","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":139.76379394,"width":"335.29","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"2050, with deployment scaling up at a linear rate, assuming the first commercializa -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.76378631,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"rate of 90% for Co and Ni (Georgi-Maschler et al. 2012 ). A 10% recovery rate is ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":91.76378631,"width":"334.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.1 Summary of metal scenarios","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":598.1743164,"width":"134.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario name Market share/ materials efficiency Recycling","line":28,"x":56.69293208999968,"y":573.9188309,"width":"200.09","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Total demand Current materials intensity and ","line":31,"x":56.68444057999968,"y":561.2708206399999,"width":"153.48","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"No recycling Red","line":33,"x":279.70742793999966,"y":561.2708206399999,"width":"57.71","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Current recycling Current materials intensity and ","line":34,"x":56.67594904999968,"y":539.4343338299999,"width":"166.78","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Potential recycling Current materials intensity and ","line":39,"x":56.66746134999968,"y":517.5978470099999,"width":"171.04","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"Future technology Improved materials efficiency for ","line":44,"x":56.65896983999968,"y":495.76132967999996,"width":"177.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"No recycling Dark blue","line":47,"x":279.6819762799997,"y":495.76981355999993,"width":"77.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":489,"change":"Addition","str":"11 Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% Renewable Scenarios","line":56,"x":53.81148142999968,"y":623.6693191799999,"width":"250.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"route (King et  al. 2018 ). For scenarios that assume a ‘potential future recycling’ ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":402.23181152,"width":"335.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"100% recovery has been reported in the laboratory (Gratz et al. 2014 ). 1 However, ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":378.23181152,"width":"334.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"A high and a low value are given for silver to show the impact of material effi -","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":246.23181152,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"PV industry (ITRPV 2018 ), and the future material efficiency is based on an assumed ","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":222.23181152,"width":"333.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"minimum amount of silver (Kavlak et  al. 2015 ). The ‘current recycling rate’ sce -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":210.23181152,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"target of the EU WEEE Directive. 3 This should be considered an average rate, not -","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":186.23179626,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"transport than large utility-scale PV. We assume that no recycling is currently occur -","line":17,"x":53.85340118,"y":162.23179626,"width":"331.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"1 See: https://americanmanganeseinc.com/investor-info-3/investment-proposition/","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":111.13780212,"width":"273.73","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"2 Pers comms Boxall, N.","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":99.13780212,"width":"81.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"3 More details available here: http://ec. europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/index_en.htm","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":87.13780212,"width":"299.53","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"Materials Silver Lithium Cobalt","line":23,"x":56.691322279999795,"y":572.4098072199997,"width":"102.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"Current materials intensity 20 t/GW 113 t/GWh 124 t/GWh","line":24,"x":56.69131082999979,"y":559.7618580099997,"width":"196.20","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"Future technology 4 t/GW 411 t/GWh","line":25,"x":56.69131082999979,"y":547.9298267599997,"width":"125.37","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"Current recycling rate [%] 0% 0% 90%","line":26,"x":56.69131082999979,"y":536.0978565399997,"width":"127.57","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"Potential recycling rate [%] 81% 95% 95%","line":27,"x":56.691303199999794,"y":524.2658252899997,"width":"140.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.3 Market share","line":28,"x":53.852302499999794,"y":490.6483326099998,"width":"81.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"Technology c-Si Li-ion Li-S","line":30,"x":56.692901559999775,"y":464.8783140499998,"width":"90.07","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"Current market share 95.8% 100%","line":31,"x":56.68441004999978,"y":452.23030378999977,"width":"113.46","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":490,"change":"Addition","str":"Future market share Decreases to 50% by ","line":32,"x":56.68441004999978,"y":440.39830305999976,"width":"141.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"11.3.6 Metal Assumptions","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":430.59329223,"width":"124.58","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"For each scenario, the annual primary demand is compared with the current produc -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":402.59329223,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"reserves. The data presented (Table 11.4 ) highlight the annual production, total ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":378.59329223,"width":"335.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"factors and can change over time. By contrast, resources are less certain economi -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":342.59329223,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"grade or more- challenging ores profitable or where a new technology for extraction ","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":294.59329223,"width":"334.06","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"11.4 Results for Lithium, Cobalt, and Silver","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":226.5933075,"width":"220.26","height":"12.00","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"silver by 2050 has been modelled, and is compared to current reserves in Fig.  11.4 . ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":186.5933075,"width":"333.99","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"the current rates of production—particularly lithium in the ‘future technology’ sce -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":102.5933075,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"levels (Fig.  11.5 ).","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":78.59329986,"width":"70.43","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"Table 11.4 Metal assumptions","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.3336792,"width":"100.99","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"Metal Production 2017 (tonnes/year) Reserve (tonnes) Resources (tonnes)","line":31,"x":56.69287872999993,"y":583.07819559,"width":"245.38","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"Cobalt 110,000 7,100,000 25,000,000","line":32,"x":56.68436813999993,"y":570.43018534,"width":"122.54","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"Lithium 46,500 16,000,000 53,000,000","line":33,"x":56.675868989999934,"y":558.59821512,"width":"127.27","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":491,"change":"Addition","str":"Silver 25,000 530,000 N/A","line":34,"x":56.667358399999934,"y":546.76618387,"width":"85.82","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":492,"change":"Addition","str":"11.4.1 Cobalt","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":272.24630737,"width":"62.68","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":492,"change":"Addition","str":"shifting to Li–S instead of LIB will reduce the demand for cobalt. However, recy -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":220.24630737,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":492,"change":"Addition","str":"below the resource levels (Figs.  11.6 and 11.7 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":124.24629974,"width":"189.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":492,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.4 Cumulative demand from renewable energy and transport technologies to 2050 com -","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":472.48590087,"width":"325.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":492,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.5 Annual demand from renewable energy and storage technologies in 2050 compared ","line":66,"x":53.88489913,"y":308.44229125,"width":"329.50","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"2015 202 02 02 52 03 02 03 52 04 02 045 205 0","line":8,"x":99.15039325,"y":430.90078925,"width":"360.00","height":"6.46","fontName":["INYTII+HwbqmjXfxjyjFdxlbpArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"P rimary","line":9,"x":59.9917934,"y":460.37079047000003,"width":"24.62","height":"7.17","fontName":["INYTII+HwbqmjXfxjyjFdxlbpArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.6 Annual primary demand for cobalt from EVs and storage","line":19,"x":53.83500169000003,"y":357.07931708,"width":"225.32","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"a l demand","line":34,"x":60.27329132000003,"y":257.53636408999995,"width":"33.08","height":"7.51","fontName":["INYTII+TbktxdGclrcpPnvvlgArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"Resource s Reserve s","line":37,"x":65.07868835000002,"y":150.39341975999997,"width":"60.87","height":"6.76","fontName":["INYTII+TbktxdGclrcpPnvvlgArialMT"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":493,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.7 Cumulative primary demand for cobalt from EVs and storage by 2050","line":41,"x":53.83109161000003,"y":94.95492029999997,"width":"269.37","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"The annual demand for lithium for EVs and storage could exceed the current pro -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.79382324,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"these batteries have a higher amount of lithium. Increasing recycling from its cur -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":531.79382324,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"batteries (Figs.  11.8 and 11.9 ).","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":447.79382324,"width":"122.21","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"The total annual demand for silver could reach more than 40% of the current pro -","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":375.79379272,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"not change (Fig.  11.10 ). The cumulative demand to 2050 could reach around half ","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":351.79379272,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"the current reserves with the current technology, and around one-quarter if the tech -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":339.79379272,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":494,"change":"Addition","str":"nology improves (Fig.  11.11 ). The reduction in material intensity in the ‘future tech -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":327.79379272,"width":"332.15","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":496,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.11 Cumulative primary demand for silver from solar PV (c-Si) by 2050","line":46,"x":53.83158487999997,"y":394.49771072,"width":"266.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":497,"change":"Addition","str":"11.5.1 Limitations","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":481.15979003,"width":"86.69","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":497,"change":"Addition","str":"greater share of these metals. In our modelling, the recycled content used in tech -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":497,"change":"Addition","str":"than- marginal influence on the overall sectoral energy consumption. To examine ","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"335.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":497,"change":"Addition","str":"11.5.2 Comparison with Other Studies","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":181.1598053,"width":"185.71","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":497,"change":"Addition","str":"A large number of studies have examined scenarios for renewable energy and stor -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":153.1598053,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"2009–2011, which reflect the sense that mineral supply chains are still quite inse -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":466.09329223,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"involved in these studies (Tokimatsu et al. 2017 ; Watari et al. 2018 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":394.09329223,"width":"271.47","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"A range of variables affect the results, including the installed capacity and tech -","line":8,"x":65.85830688,"y":382.09329223,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"for cobalt is similar or higher (Månberger and Stenqvist 2018 ; Watari et al. 2018 ; ","line":12,"x":53.8583107,"y":334.09329223,"width":"333.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"The results for silver are in the middle of the range of results given by other stud -","line":21,"x":65.85830688,"y":226.09329223,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"the PV industry (ITRPV 2018 ).","line":25,"x":53.8583107,"y":178.09329223,"width":"125.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"11.6 Supply Impacts and Challenges","line":26,"x":53.85820007,"y":134.0933075,"width":"182.70","height":"12.00","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"420% 170% 50%","line":38,"x":295.82350542000006,"y":549.7653455999998,"width":"55.24","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"Watari et al. ( 2018 ) Beyond 2 degree scenario (IEA) 180% 130% 78%","line":39,"x":56.6930008100001,"y":527.9288587799999,"width":"230.86","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":498,"change":"Addition","str":"Beyond 2 degree scenario (IEA) 440% 100% 18%","line":42,"x":165.28049090000007,"y":516.0968275299999,"width":"164.98","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"11.6.1 Geopolitical Landscape","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.34320068,"width":"146.33","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"globe’s future energy mix is clearly illustrated in Fig.  11.12 . Whereas the value of ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":437.34320068,"width":"334.18","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"use is projected to decline somewhat in the decade ahead (Mohr et al. 2015 ), whereas ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":401.34320068,"width":"333.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"lithium’s production is expected to grow rapidly (Mohr et al. 2012 ).","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":389.34320068,"width":"270.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"in the supply of rare earths has encouraged manufacturing countries to look at diver -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":365.34320068,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"11.6.2 Social and Environmental Impacts","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.34320068,"width":"201.89","height":"12.00","fontName":["MTWRMA+FkhgsmWmjdnxKndgxtTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"The mining and supply chain for these metals can have adverse social and environ -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":209.34320068,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"Congo, where there are human rights violations, child labour, and severe environ -","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":173.34320068,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"mental pollution affecting health (Florin and Dominish 2017 ).","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":161.34320068,"width":"248.07","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"to local concerns over the social and environmental impacts. The global silver mar -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":113.34320068,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"Top 5 Oi l","line":29,"x":54.52550125,"y":546.12701416,"width":"18.26","height":"4.50","fontName":["DDLPQS+HhcdtvLcqtlrJpqfqdHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 11.12 Top five oil-producing countries (left) versus lithium-producing countries (right)","line":37,"x":53.83209991,"y":503.53921508,"width":"308.45","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":499,"change":"Addition","str":"11 Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% Renewable Scenarios","line":38,"x":53.85760116,"y":623.65270996,"width":"250.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"a mine licence was granted (Jamasmie 2018 ).","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"181.80","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"2018 ). This is prompting manufacturers to look for alternatives, such as nickel, ","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"335.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"vanadium, and zinc (Tchetvertakov 2018 ). At the same time, a significant propor -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"investment and speculation in metal markets, which may also require greater regula -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"11.6.2.1 Recycling Challenges","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"123.33","height":"10.00","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"recycling . The collection systems and infrastructure required to recycle metals from ","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":393.15979003,"width":"333.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"renewable energy technologies are not well established. For example, although sil -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"ver has an overall recycling rate of 30–50% (Graedel et al. 2011 ), almost no recy -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"such as rare earths in magnets, does not offer significant cost savings or environ -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"mental benefits over their extraction from primary resources (McLellan et al. 2013 ).","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"effects on the environment. There is also a potential tension between reducing mate -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":201.15977478,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"Increasingly, thin layers of material are being utilized because of improved manu -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":500,"change":"Addition","str":"To ensure that social and environmental issues will be addressed, several initia -","line":40,"x":65.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"electronics recycling. In the USA, the Dodd-Frank Act has mandated the traceabil -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"This has arisen from the international concern over the social impacts and implica -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"environmental policy (Ali et al. 2017 ). The transition to renewable energy and the ","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.55","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"11.7 Concluding Remarks","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":421.15979003,"width":"130.01","height":"12.00","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"demand requirements for these metals emphasize the importance of recycling, alter -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"resource cycles; and it is important to adopt a systems view that considers the avail -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"able supply and also social and environmental factors. To support sustainable devel -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2018., Electric Buses in Cities. Available at: http://www.ouren-","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.17581176,"width":"331.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":501,"change":"Addition","str":"11 Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% Renewable Scenarios","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.68634033,"width":"250.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"energy manufacturing. Available at: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/65619.pdf","line":2,"x":65.86029815,"y":588.19134521,"width":"280.13","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Energy Insights by McKinsey, 2018. Metal mining constraints on the electric mobil -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":578.1953125,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"ity horizon. Available at: https://www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com/insights/","line":4,"x":65.86029815,"y":568.19934082,"width":"319.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Roadmap for Photovoltaic Results 2017, Ninth Edition. Available at: http://www.itrpv.net/","line":18,"x":65.86029815,"y":428.25531005,"width":"319.66","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Jamasmie, C. (2018) Guatemala delays ruling on Tahoe’s Escobal mine reopen -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":408.26330566,"width":"331.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"ing. Mining.com Accessed 26 September 2018, http://www.mining.com/","line":21,"x":65.86029815,"y":398.26733398,"width":"319.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Tchetvertakov, G. (2018). “Panasonic and Tesla seek to remove cobalt from elec -","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":218.33932495,"width":"331.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"tric car batteries.” Retrieved 15 September 2018, from https://smallcaps.com.au/","line":40,"x":65.86029815,"y":208.34332275,"width":"319.63","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"panasonic-tesla-remove-cobalt-electric-car-battery/ .","line":41,"x":65.86029815,"y":198.34732055,"width":"175.88","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"The Silver Institute and Thomson Reuters, 2018. World Silver Survey 2018. Available at: https://","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":188.35131835,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":502,"change":"Addition","str":"Valero, A., A. Valero, G. Calvo and A. Ortego (2018). “Material bottlenecks in the future develop -","line":49,"x":53.85829925,"y":118.37931823,"width":"331.65","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":503,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":14,"x":53.85971832,"y":189.03982543,"width":"328.17","height":"8.50","fontName":["SCYBSO+VrwybmLnjnkyKbcngcTimesLTStd-Bold","CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":503,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":15,"x":53.85971832,"y":179.04382324,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":503,"change":"Addition","str":"11 Requirements for Minerals and Metals for 100% Renewable Scenarios","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"250.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["CWYJCU+MwbqrqRrbdpnKlvqykTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"459 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"89.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman","UFCXMJ+VdqjgxSyshydScxwltTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract This section provides a summary of the implications of the developed ","line":7,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":465.13769531,"width":"329.35","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"2.0 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios for global mean climate change. Specifically, we con -","line":8,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":453.13769531,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"sider atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, radiative forcing, global-mean surface air ","line":9,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":439.64169311,"width":"335.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"change if the world were to follow the energy-related CO 2 emissions developed here, ","line":12,"x":53.86149881999998,"y":379.64169311,"width":"333.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"complemented by land-use CO 2 emissions and those of other greenhouses gases ","line":13,"x":53.86109064999998,"y":367.64169311,"width":"335.75","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"(GHGs). According to the high- emission scenario with unabated fossil fuel use, the ","line":14,"x":53.85710047999998,"y":357.14169311,"width":"334.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"world could experience 1400 ppm CO 2 concentrations by the end of 2100, which is ","line":15,"x":53.85710047999998,"y":343.64169311,"width":"334.38","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"ice-core records have shown that over the last 850,000 years, the CO 2 concentrations ","line":17,"x":53.85779856999998,"y":319.64169311,"width":"333.95","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"last 10  million years on this planet, the CO 2 concentrations have probably not ","line":19,"x":53.85769937999998,"y":295.64169311,"width":"336.30","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"exceeded the CO 2 concentrations that our thirst for fossil fuels would propel the ","line":20,"x":53.854197489999976,"y":283.64169311,"width":"335.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 concentrations are disregarded, the consequences will be dramatic. At atmo -","line":24,"x":53.86159799999998,"y":235.64169311,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"spheric CO 2 concentrations above 900 ppm, the acidity level in the oceans will drop ","line":25,"x":53.85800073999998,"y":223.64169311,"width":"333.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"et al. 2013 ). Therefore, without even considering ocean warming and the associated ","line":28,"x":53.858099939999974,"y":189.14169311,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"M. Meinshausen ( * ) ","line":30,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":110.82099914,"width":"75.06","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman","UFCXMJ+SngdhnHsscwpFhlvpgWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":504,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: malte.meinshausen@unimelb.edu.au","line":33,"x":53.85839746999998,"y":80.83300018,"width":"151.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"12.1 Background on the Investigated Scenarios","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"236.20","height":"12.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"to CO 2 , involving other GHGs and ultimately, temperature, precipitation changes, ","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":554.29382324,"width":"334.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"use for energy, combined with CCS, to draw down atmospheric CO 2 levels. This is ","line":13,"x":53.85990142,"y":434.29379272,"width":"334.23","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"the key difference from the scenarios developed in the present study. Whereas we ","line":14,"x":53.8615799,"y":423.79379272,"width":"334.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"use a substantial amount of negative CO 2 emissions in the reforestation and forest ","line":15,"x":53.8615799,"y":410.29379272,"width":"334.60","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"If we do not rely on some negative CO 2 emission options, in particular biomass ","line":19,"x":65.8602066,"y":362.29379272,"width":"322.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"by other means (e.g., reforestation); or (2) whether CO 2 emissions can be reduced ","line":21,"x":53.86230087,"y":338.29379272,"width":"334.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"in the first place so that we do not need to rely on negative emissions options; or (3) ","line":22,"x":53.85401153,"y":327.79379272,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"whether other non-CO 2 gases can be reduced even further to make negative CO 2","line":23,"x":53.85401153,"y":314.29379272,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"as outlined in the previous chapters. Not only will energy-related CO 2 emissions be ","line":25,"x":53.86180114,"y":290.29379272,"width":"334.01","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"radically reduced, CO 2 uptake via reforestation and forest restoration will also play ","line":26,"x":53.8545189,"y":278.29379272,"width":"334.10","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"an important role. This study takes a more conservative approach to non-CO 2 gases ","line":27,"x":53.85559082,"y":266.29379272,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"by being consistent with other stringent mitigation scenarios. Thereby, we ensure","line":28,"x":53.86071014,"y":255.79379272,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"that the feasibility constraints implicitly or explicitly set by other modelling frame -","line":29,"x":53.86071014,"y":243.79379272,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"12.2 Comparison of Atmospheric CO 2 Concentrations ","line":31,"x":53.85820007,"y":185.99380493,"width":"275.58","height":"12.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 concentration beyond that present on the Earth for the last 10 million years. ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":120.29380035,"width":"334.98","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":505,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 and are continuing to add 2–3 ppm a year. If we consider the most stringent ","line":37,"x":53.8580017,"y":96.29380035,"width":"334.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 12.1 shows the global CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O concentrations under the key ","line":1,"x":65.85829925,"y":595.65979003,"width":"322.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"1.5 °C scenario is clearly lower in terms of its CO 2 concentrations than the lowest ","line":3,"x":53.8610115,"y":571.65979003,"width":"334.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Only towards the end of the twenty-first century do the strongly negative CO 2 emis -","line":5,"x":53.85818862,"y":547.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"sions in the SSP1_19 scenario bring the CO 2 concentration closer towards our ","line":6,"x":53.86159896,"y":535.65979003,"width":"336.05","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Aggregating all the greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions by their radiative forc -","line":8,"x":65.85549926,"y":513.15979003,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 yields the so-called ‘CO 2 equivalence concentrations’. In Fig.  12.2 , the CO 2","line":10,"x":53.85549926,"y":487.65979003,"width":"330.71","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"medium-high reference case. The radiative forcing and CO 2 equivalence concentra -","line":14,"x":53.86180114,"y":439.65979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"SSP1_19 scenario, at least initially until the middle of the second half of this cen -","line":16,"x":53.85359954,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"tury. Thereafter, the net negative CO 2 emissions implied by the SSP1_19 scenario ","line":17,"x":53.85359954,"y":403.65979003,"width":"334.72","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 12.2 shows CO 2 equivalence concentrations (upper panel) and radiative ","line":22,"x":65.86139678,"y":343.65979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"12.3 Comparison of Cumulative CO 2 Emissions","line":28,"x":53.85820007,"y":239.35980224,"width":"239.04","height":"12.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"Since the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, cumulative CO 2 emissions have been ","line":29,"x":53.85820007,"y":211.6598053,"width":"335.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"additional CO 2 emitted will add to that cumulative burden and warm the planet for ","line":31,"x":53.85559844,"y":187.6598053,"width":"334.37","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"warming is to halt cumulative CO 2 emissions, which means bringing the annual CO 2","line":33,"x":53.85589981,"y":163.6598053,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"emissions to basically zero levels. Only with net negative emissions can the tem -","line":34,"x":53.86180114,"y":153.1598053,"width":"331.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"such net negative emissions is tremendously challenging, it is the only way to main -","line":36,"x":53.86180114,"y":129.1598053,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"negative CO 2 emissions and can limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C, with no or ","line":39,"x":53.86180114,"y":91.65979766,"width":"333.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"very strong near-term reductions in energy-related CO 2 emissions, we have used a ","line":41,"x":53.86040115,"y":67.65979766,"width":"334.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":506,"change":"Addition","str":"12 Implications of the Developed Scenarios for Climate Change","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"218.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100","line":1,"x":75.08580017,"y":434.29888916,"width":"78.40","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+LmtvglLmgpgfQbmdngHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"Global CO 2 Concentrations ","line":13,"x":91.34750366,"y":587.72662353,"width":"73.74","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+LmtvglLmgpgfQbmdngHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"2 concentrations (ppm) ","line":15,"x":58.90599822,"y":536.8192749,"width":"61.99","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+LmtvglLmgpgfQbmdngHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"4 concentrations (ppb) ","line":17,"x":58.90599822,"y":377.85391235,"width":"60.36","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+LmtvglLmgpgfQbmdngHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"2 O concentrations (ppb) ","line":19,"x":58.90599822,"y":208.1038971,"width":"63.30","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+LmtvglLmgpgfQbmdngHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100","line":20,"x":69.04275519999992,"y":283.6057998500001,"width":"80.06","height":"6.00","fontName":["PINOUT+LmtvglLmgpgfQbmdngHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"Global CH 4 Concentrations ","line":30,"x":91.34763342999992,"y":409.25289457000014,"width":"73.42","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+LmtvglLmgpgfQbmdngHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100","line":31,"x":74.68043543999987,"y":103.9048007900002,"width":"80.06","height":"6.00","fontName":["PINOUT+YrqylbGqysjmFwklhsHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"Global N 2 O Concentrations ","line":41,"x":86.99177576999986,"y":252.53590431000018,"width":"73.74","height":"5.88","fontName":["PINOUT+YrqylbGqysjmFwklhsHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":507,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.1 Global CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O concentrations under various scenarios. The so-called SSP ","line":58,"x":53.85819460999976,"y":83.40723552000014,"width":"328.49","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":508,"change":"Addition","str":"1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100","line":1,"x":82.01360321,"y":354.81060791,"width":"114.99","height":"8.62","fontName":["PINOUT+FnhyqvPvncktXmxdvpHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":508,"change":"Addition","str":"CO 2 Equivalence concentrations ","line":11,"x":92.60150146,"y":593.10632324,"width":"163.06","height":"10.34","fontName":["PINOUT+GvwlpwNggsrlVvhdpsHelveticaBold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":508,"change":"Addition","str":"1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100","line":12,"x":80.29003241999987,"y":91.9706715599998,"width":"114.99","height":"8.62","fontName":["PINOUT+WvhmgsPncxmpDvwcryHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":508,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.2 CO 2 equivalence concentrations and radiative forcing of main IPCC scenarios for the ","line":42,"x":53.85829928,"y":71.09860224,"width":"328.60","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":508,"change":"Addition","str":"12 Implications of the Developed Scenarios for Climate Change","line":45,"x":53.85699846999999,"y":623.6580809899999,"width":"218.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"outlined in previous chapters. In fact, in the case of the 1.5 °C scenario, they practi -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":367.2164917,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"last 100  years. By the end of the century, the cumulative CO 2 emissions beyond ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":329.7164917,"width":"335.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"levels will constitute around 300 GtCO 2 (see Fig.  12.3 ).","line":5,"x":53.8597908,"y":317.7164917,"width":"222.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"Without going into too much detail about why cumulative emission numbers dif -","line":6,"x":65.85681152,"y":307.2164917,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"fer between various studies, the key point is that CO 2 emissions must be reduced to ","line":7,"x":53.85681152,"y":293.7164917,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"Therefore, there is no way to avoid emissions-free electricity, transport, and indus -","line":9,"x":53.85340118,"y":271.2164917,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"Global cumulative CO 2 emissions for the scenarios developed in this study (thick ","line":16,"x":65.85340118,"y":185.71650695,"width":"321.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"clear that this study’s 2.0 °C pathway initially reaches a similar cumulative emis -","line":18,"x":53.85580062,"y":163.21650695,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"sions level as the SSP1_19 scenario, before the cumulative CO 2 emissions are ","line":19,"x":53.85580062,"y":149.71650695,"width":"336.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"reduced again in SSP1_19 with large-scale net negative CO 2 emissions via bioen -","line":20,"x":53.85588836,"y":137.71650695,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"ergy with carbon capture and storage. In contrast, the reduction of cumulative CO 2","line":21,"x":53.85889816,"y":125.71649932,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100","line":25,"x":71.81219532000014,"y":410.05331659000007,"width":"89.90","height":"6.74","fontName":["PINOUT+PcrbxpXvsmdmXmdyqrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"Global Cumulative CO 2 Emissions LDF_REF","line":43,"x":81.14719440000015,"y":594.4724755300001,"width":"154.62","height":"8.08","fontName":["PINOUT+MwmqlxYhymckLsjdsqHelveticaBold","PINOUT+PcrbxpXvsmdmXmdyqrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"2 )","line":67,"x":382.12630512000015,"y":546.5496850000001,"width":"3.98","height":"6.06","fontName":["PINOUT+PcrbxpXvsmdmXmdyqrHelvetica"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":509,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.3 Global cumulative CO2 emissions – 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios","line":71,"x":53.85828068000016,"y":392.04639048,"width":"249.76","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"Report on 1.5 °C warming. 1","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"111.34","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"12.4 Implications for Temperature and Sea-Level Rise","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":541.15979003,"width":"272.72","height":"12.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"we can derive a range of projections for every scenarios that provides a good mea -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"600 times for each scenario, varying wide ranges of feedback and forcing parame -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"MAGICC7, as described by Nauels et al. ( 2017 ) and drove that with our probabilis -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"Antarctic ice sheet instability could lead to a much greater sea-level rise this cen -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"estimated from an average of four studies that the difference between early- industrial ","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"333.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"(1850–1900) and recent surface air temperature levels (2006–2015) was 0.97 °C. If ","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"334.09","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"we accept here the slightly oversimplified assumption that the 1850–1900 tempera -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"1 The IPCC Special Report estimates for a 0.53 °C distance of the 1.5 °C degree target from the ","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.82940673,"width":"333.33","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"2006–2015 level, a carbon budget of 560 GtCO 2 from 1 January 2018 onwards. Reduced by 100 ","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":140.55439758,"width":"331.62","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"GtCO 2 for additional Earth System Feedbacks (see Table 2.2 in the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C) ","line":35,"x":53.85739898,"y":130.55439758,"width":"329.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"and adding approximately 270 GtCO 2 emissions for the period from 2011 to 2017, the central ","line":36,"x":53.84939956,"y":120.55439758,"width":"331.64","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"730 GtCO 2 from 2011 onwards. This is for a definition of historical warming that is based on a ","line":38,"x":53.86050033,"y":100.55439758,"width":"331.68","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"approximately 150 GtCO 2 would result, if we take into account that the IPCC carbon budget esti -","line":40,"x":53.86270141,"y":80.55439758,"width":"329.43","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":510,"change":"Addition","str":"12 Implications of the Developed Scenarios for Climate Change","line":44,"x":53.8590889,"y":623.66192626,"width":"218.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"Of course, there are several uncertainties that are not addressed in those probabi -","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"Figure 12.4 shows the global mean surface air temperature projections, and their ","line":10,"x":65.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"322.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"scenario is shown in red, the 2.0 °C pathway is shown in blue, and the 1.5 °C path -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"way is shown in green. For historical temperatures, a mixture between ocean- surface ","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"333.54","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"is that they were around 0.97 °C below the 2006–2015 levels. The median projec -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"of all historical CO 2 emissions. In a similar vein, sea-level rise is the sum over all ","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":379.65979003,"width":"334.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"double integral of CO 2 emissions. Therefore, whereas temperatures are relatively ","line":22,"x":53.85480117,"y":343.65979003,"width":"335.12","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"agnostic about when CO 2 emissions occurred, sea-level rise will be higher the lon -","line":23,"x":53.85670852,"y":331.65979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"ger ago the CO 2 emission occurred.","line":24,"x":53.85910034,"y":319.65979003,"width":"141.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"temperature level might be similar. This is a clear benefit of our scenarios and should","line":33,"x":53.85749816,"y":213.15979003,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"slower decline in emissions followed by strong negative emissions. This is impor -","line":36,"x":53.85749816,"y":177.15979003,"width":"331.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"stop any time soon. To halt sea-level rise in the 21 st or even the twenty-second cen -","line":39,"x":53.85749816,"y":141.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"tury, we will require massively negative CO 2 emissions, drawing back out of the ","line":40,"x":53.86180877,"y":127.65979766,"width":"335.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"atmosphere a lot of the CO 2 that we emitted this century. Therefore, even under our ","line":41,"x":53.85979843,"y":115.65979766,"width":"334.11","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":511,"change":"Addition","str":"30 cm relative to the 2010 levels—and will continue to rise to 2100 (Fig.  12.5 ).","line":43,"x":53.85530853,"y":93.15979766,"width":"316.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":512,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.4 Global-mean surface air temperature projections","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":81.57859802,"width":"195.47","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":512,"change":"Addition","str":"12 Implications of the Developed Scenarios for Climate Change","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.64910888,"width":"218.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":513,"change":"Addition","str":"Fig. 12.5 Global-mean sea level rise projections under the three scenarios developed in this study","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":83.25250244,"width":"325.94","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":514,"change":"Addition","str":"Ricke, K.L., Orr, J.C., Schneider, K. and Caldeira, K., 2013. Risks to coral reefs from ocean car -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":569.79382324,"width":"331.77","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":514,"change":"Addition","str":"Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ","line":8,"x":53.86682128,"y":189.98831176,"width":"328.52","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+LwcyhkHrqnwrFvgtyxTimesLTStd-Bold","UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":514,"change":"Addition","str":"International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits use, sharing, ","line":9,"x":53.86682128,"y":179.99230957,"width":"334.74","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+JrxrmgHhwrvyTcvmjtTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":514,"change":"Addition","str":"12 Implications of the Developed Scenarios for Climate Change","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"218.25","height":"8.50","fontName":["UFCXMJ+TppvrgFckxvgDntxnnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"471 © The Author(s) 2019 ","line":0,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":56.70920181,"width":"89.89","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske (ed.), Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals , ","line":1,"x":53.85879801999998,"y":46.71319961,"width":"210.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"Abstract The following section focuses on the main findings in all parts of the ","line":8,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":373.02770996,"width":"329.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold","HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"Policy recommendations for the energy sector with a focus on policies for build -","line":15,"x":65.85829828999998,"y":289.02770996,"width":"319.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"ings sector decarbonisation, for the transport and industry sector as well as a recom -","line":16,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":277.02770996,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"S. Teske ( * ) · D. Giurco","line":18,"x":53.85829828999998,"y":235.26539611,"width":"85.08","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","RPHFCF+NlksrdSbymkvPqrltvWingdings-Regular"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: sven.teske@uts.edu.au ; damien.giurco@uts.edu.au","line":20,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":215.27340698,"width":"199.11","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: thomas.pregger@dlr.de","line":24,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":170.28289794,"width":"105.67","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: johannes.pagenkopf@dlr.de ; Bent.vandenAdel@dlr.de ; oezcan.deniz@dlr.de","line":28,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":125.29239654,"width":"287.35","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"e-mail: malte.meinshausen@unimelb.edu.au","line":32,"x":53.85889719999998,"y":80.30190277,"width":"151.03","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":515,"change":"Addition","str":"UNFCCC ( 2015 )","line":38,"x":326.72589015,"y":408.53787231,"width":"58.79","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"new business concepts for the energy sector, which will require entirely new poli -","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"Scenario allows for a 3–5 years transition period in which to implement policy mea -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"are greater than can be delivered by the energy transition alone (see Chap. 4 ). ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"334.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"be implemented. The establishment of efficient transport systems and industry pro -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":381.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"cesses, or simply the provision of required renewable energy and storage technolo -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"issued. The energy transition will require political determination and public accep -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"tance. Therefore, the planning process will require resolute stakeholder involve -","line":25,"x":53.85829925,"y":309.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"seems unavoidable if we are to limit global warming. In particular, the way con -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":285.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"implement the Paris Agreement on national levels must also take the land-use sec -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"tor, as well as the main GHGs, methane, N 2 O, and fluorinated gases, into account.","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":199.6598053,"width":"327.22","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"The following sections present the main findings and lessons of this research proj -","line":35,"x":65.85610961,"y":189.1598053,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"ect, and highlight its limitations and further research requirements. Finally, we pro -","line":36,"x":53.85610961,"y":177.1598053,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":516,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1 Findings and Limitations—Modelling","line":39,"x":53.85829925,"y":109.15979766,"width":"214.38","height":"12.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":517,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.1 Key Findings—Renewable Energy Potential Mapping","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"295.14","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":517,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.2 Limitations and Further Research—Renewable Energy ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":427.79379272,"width":"307.46","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":517,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.3 Key Findings—Transport Scenario","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":245.79379272,"width":"203.47","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":517,"change":"Addition","str":"In general, we found that beyond pure technical measures with regard to pow -","line":32,"x":65.85829925,"y":109.79379272,"width":"319.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":517,"change":"Addition","str":"13 Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"173.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.4 Limitations and Further Research ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":493.15979003,"width":"202.58","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.5 Key Findings—Long-Term Energy Scenario","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":299.15979003,"width":"249.13","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"efficiency improvements in all sectors. The electrification of the transport and heat -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"and strategies must be achieved. This applies, for example, to the per capita electric -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":187.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"ity consumption (electric appliances without heating) of ‘residential and other sec -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":175.15979003,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":518,"change":"Addition","str":"with today’s standards, particularly in OECD countries—at least for as long as fos -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"technology change and replacement strategies and supporting regulatory and gover -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"heating, sustainable biomass use, especially for co-generation and biofuels, and dis -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"The exploitation of renewable energy potentials depends strongly on regional con -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"12, from 2000 GW in 2015 to more than 25,000 GW in 2050. Cumulative invest -","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"to around US$ 50,000 billion compared with around US$20000 billion in the refer -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":453.15979003,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"relationships must also be realized among countries within individual world regions ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"333.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"efficient implementation of new respectively the expansion of existing central infra -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"global growth in the demand for energy services, at least for as long as fossil ener -","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":237.15977478,"width":"331.90","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"average global temperature increase due to climate change below 1.5 °C, the trans -","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"formation must be accomplished as fast as technically possible. The trend in increas -","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"ing global energy-related CO 2 emissions must be reversed as soon as possible (in ","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":163.6598053,"width":"334.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":519,"change":"Addition","str":"13 Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations","line":44,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"173.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.6 Limitations and Further Research Requirement—","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"278.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"account to be taken of sub-regional differences in energy demand and the character -","line":13,"x":53.85829925,"y":433.79382324,"width":"331.84","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"requirements of a target-oriented pathway. Our results clearly reveal and quantita -","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":397.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"huge investments and fundamental changes in producing, distributing, and consum -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":349.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"of each region, down to the country, sub-country, and community levels. Such anal -","line":23,"x":53.85829925,"y":313.79382324,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"yses can then form the basis for the further investigation of the economic implica -","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":301.79382324,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"energy transition will change the overall material demand and activity of the manu -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":229.79382324,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"is whether the current market mechanisms are capable of supporting the fundamen -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":193.79380798,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":520,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.7 Key Findings—Power Sector Analysis","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":137.79379272,"width":"216.72","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"must be transported to other regions. The dominant power-generation technolo -","line":6,"x":65.85829925,"y":537.1597900300001,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"Ratio between maximum variable generation capacity and maximum load: The ","line":11,"x":53.85829925,"y":477.15979003000007,"width":"335.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"results presented in Chap. 8 suggest that a ratio of 180% variable renewable ","line":12,"x":65.85829925,"y":465.15979003000007,"width":"323.52","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"capacity to the maximum load represents the optimum relationship. If the capac -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":453.15979003000007,"width":"319.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"solar PV combined is 180 GW. Short-term peaks are relatively rare, and curtail -","line":17,"x":65.85829925,"y":405.15979003000007,"width":"319.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"generation were above 200 GW, while the load remained at 100 GW, the curtail -","line":19,"x":65.85829925,"y":381.15979003000007,"width":"319.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"demand in all regions. Therefore, the levelized cost of electricity generation can -","line":25,"x":65.85829925,"y":309.15979003000007,"width":"319.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"management of demand, and hydrogen-fuelled power plants can provide valu -","line":32,"x":65.85829925,"y":225.15977478000005,"width":"319.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.8 Limitations and Further Research Requirement—","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":169.15980530000004,"width":"278.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"Measured load curves for regions, countries, or states/provinces are often unavail -","line":36,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.15979766000005,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":521,"change":"Addition","str":"13 Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations","line":43,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"173.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.9 Key Findings—Non-energy Scenarios","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":469.15979003,"width":"217.90","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"The key finding of the land-use-related emission scenarios is that a dedicated con -","line":10,"x":53.85829925,"y":441.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"inherent part of future mitigation actions, whether CO 2 sequestration is pursued by ","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":355.65979003,"width":"334.31","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"important result of this study is that the addition of land-use CO 2 and other GHG ","line":19,"x":53.85770034,"y":331.65979003,"width":"334.78","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"get below 1.5 °C warming without a reliance on massive net negative CO 2 emission ","line":21,"x":53.8533783,"y":307.65979003,"width":"333.93","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"Going beyond the land-use CO 2 emission pathways that we sketched for a series ","line":23,"x":65.85849761,"y":283.65979003,"width":"322.00","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"able to distil non-CO 2 pathways from this rich scenario database—in a way that ","line":28,"x":53.86289978,"y":223.6598053,"width":"335.24","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"respects the correlations and dependencies between energy-related CO 2 and other ","line":29,"x":53.85430908,"y":211.6598053,"width":"334.88","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"but also key to the proper estimation of the climate effects of the energy-related CO 2","line":31,"x":53.86148071,"y":187.6598053,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":522,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.10 Limitations and Further Research Requirement—","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":133.1598053,"width":"284.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"various countries and biomes. This study assumed only a rather coarse approxima -","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"In terms of the non-CO 2 emission trajectories, this study relied heavily on the ","line":5,"x":65.85829925,"y":547.65979003,"width":"323.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"a bottom-up energy-system and land-use/agricultural model must be able to esti -","line":10,"x":53.85618972,"y":489.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"mate methane and N 2 O emissions from various agricultural activities in a more ","line":11,"x":53.85618972,"y":475.65979003,"width":"335.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"mitigation options for non-CO 2 emissions. This bottom-up modelling capacity is ","line":14,"x":53.8609085,"y":439.65979003,"width":"335.27","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.11 Key Findings—Employment Analysis","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":385.15979003,"width":"220.69","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"The occupational employment analysis was developed in 2018 to improve the data -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.12 Limitations and Further Research Requirement—","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":205.1598053,"width":"284.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"are very limited. Although there are some data for solar PV and onshore and off -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":151.1598053,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"energy. Furthermore, occupational surveys of the heating and energy efficiency sec -","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":127.15979766,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":523,"change":"Addition","str":"13 Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations","line":34,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"173.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":524,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.13 Key Findings—Mineral Resource Analysis","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":595.79382324,"width":"247.14","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":524,"change":"Addition","str":"Lithium sees the highest projected increase from mined ore of around 40 times cur -","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":567.79382324,"width":"331.86","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":524,"change":"Addition","str":"less than known resources. The scenarios anticipate a scale up in resource explora -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":507.79382324,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":524,"change":"Addition","str":"For cobalt, future scenarios exceed currently known reserves and approach cur -","line":13,"x":65.85829925,"y":435.79382324,"width":"319.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":524,"change":"Addition","str":"13.1.14 Limitations and Further Research Requirement—","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.79379272,"width":"284.59","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"products, and to actively encourage efficient material use in both energy and trans -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2 Policy Recommendations by Sector","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":493.15979003,"width":"201.07","height":"12.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2.1 Energy","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":337.15979003,"width":"66.00","height":"12.00","fontName":["QLSZOH+GrhvcxCwbthmBcsljlTimesLTStd-BoldItalic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"heating, and fuel supply. The demand side can be broken down further into build -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"the long-term future to the key drivers of the energy demand and the energy effi -","line":28,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"1. Define the maximum carbon budget and other targets, milestones, and con -","line":33,"x":53.85829925,"y":111.15979003,"width":"326.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"2. Define the renewable energy resource potentials and limits within a space-","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":87.15979003,"width":"326.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":525,"change":"Addition","str":"13 Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"173.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"3. Identify the economic and societal drivers of demand;","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"222.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"4. Define the efficiency potentials and energy intensities by energy service and ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"330.70","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"5. Establish time lines and narratives for the technology implementation on the ","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"330.53","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"6. Estimate the infrastructure needs, generation costs, and other effects;","line":6,"x":53.85829925,"y":537.15979003,"width":"282.74","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"7. Identify the required policies and discuss the policy options.","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"248.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2.1.1 General Energy Policies","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"134.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"The energy sector requires both very specific measures, such as grid codes and effi -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":465.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"effectively develop energy policy and its regulative interventions. The most impor -","line":12,"x":53.85829925,"y":429.15979003,"width":"331.89","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"• Renewable energy targets and incentives for their deployment and expansion;","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":399.15979003,"width":"312.91","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"• Internalization of external costs by carbon tax or surcharge;","line":15,"x":53.85829925,"y":387.15979003,"width":"241.44","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"• Phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies;","line":16,"x":53.85829925,"y":375.15979003,"width":"137.94","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"• Accelerated replacement of fossil and inefficient technologies.","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":363.15979003,"width":"253.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"energy. Experiences of the past two decades clearly show the effectiveness of renew -","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"“Targets remain one of the primary means for policy makers to express their com -","line":22,"x":53.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"energy development as well as for specific sectors” (REN21-GSR- 2018 ). To achieve ","line":24,"x":53.85829925,"y":273.15979003,"width":"333.40","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"investment stimulated. For the latter, auctions and feed-in tariffs have proven suit -","line":26,"x":53.85829925,"y":249.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"internalize the external costs. Carbon-pricing schemes can be established as cap-","line":31,"x":53.85829925,"y":189.15977478,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"and- trade schemes or taxes. Carbon pricing is not sufficient on its own to achieve ","line":32,"x":53.85829925,"y":177.15977478,"width":"334.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic","HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"carbon pricing will be necessary (Carbon Tracker 2018 ). To make carbon pricing an ","line":35,"x":53.85829925,"y":141.15977478,"width":"333.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":526,"change":"Addition","str":"total amount of global fossil fuel subsidies was estimated to be around US$260 bil -","line":41,"x":53.85829925,"y":69.1597824,"width":"331.64","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"lion in 2016 (IEA-DB 2018 ). The governments of the G20 and the Asia-Pacific ","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"335.51","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"Economic Cooperation (APEC) reached an agreement to “ rationalize and phase out ","line":2,"x":53.85829925,"y":585.15979003,"width":"333.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful con -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"sumption ” (OECD-IEA 2018 ).","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"122.48","height":"10.00","fontName":["AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic","HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"economic effects of the energy transition (see Chap. 10 ). Supporting measures to ","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":525.15979003,"width":"334.97","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2.1.2 Policies for Buildings Sector Decarbonisation","line":19,"x":53.85829925,"y":357.15979003,"width":"224.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"To reduce the energy demands of existing building stock and new buildings, con -","line":20,"x":53.85829925,"y":333.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"stantly most stringent energy demand standards (= building energy codes ) are ","line":21,"x":53.85829925,"y":321.15979003,"width":"336.32","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman","AASHYN+HftscjKjwntyKflrjqTimesLTStd-Italic"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"energy codes in 15 countries (Young 2014 ) distinguished between residential and ","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"334.87","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"fuel subsidies, could support efforts to save energy. However, they must be accom -","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":527,"change":"Addition","str":"13 Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"173.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2.1.3 Policies for more-Efficient Electrical Appliances","line":1,"x":53.85829925,"y":597.15979003,"width":"236.04","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"in buildings, the efficiency standards for electrical appliances, all forms of informa -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":561.15979003,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"tion and communication technologies (computers, smart devices, screens, televi -","line":4,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"gies are required. These efficiency standards must be dynamic and designed to sup -","line":7,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.65","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"(IEA-PM 2018 ) is a positive example of dynamic efficiency standards. Labelling ","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":489.15979003,"width":"334.16","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2.1.4 Policies for the Transport Sector","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":405.15979003,"width":"170.73","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"transport system. Their aim should be to promote the use of less ecologically prob -","line":18,"x":53.85829925,"y":345.15979003,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"In parallel, environmentally less harmful transportation modes should be incen -","line":22,"x":65.85829925,"y":297.15979003,"width":"319.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"vehicles will speed up the electrification of fleets. CO 2 taxation, road tolls, and con -","line":27,"x":53.85829925,"y":235.6598053,"width":"331.69","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"reduced cities. The assignment of parking lots and driving lanes exclusively to elec -","line":30,"x":53.86309051,"y":201.1598053,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":528,"change":"Addition","str":"In aviation, measures could include the taxation of jet fuel and CO 2 , the applica -","line":32,"x":65.86309051,"y":175.6598053,"width":"319.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"following their path. Cities must also curtail tendencies to urban sprawl and ‘rein -","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":573.15979003,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"reducing the need for motorized individual mobility and freeing up space for recre -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"(often) from passenger-car-centred urban structures and policies towards pedes -","line":8,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.63","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"trian-, bike-, and mass-transport-friendly environments. The often densely popu -","line":9,"x":53.85829925,"y":501.15979003,"width":"331.68","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2.1.5 Policies for the Industry Sector","line":14,"x":53.85829925,"y":417.15979003,"width":"164.81","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"level, and will require stringent and regulatory implementation. Economic incen -","line":17,"x":53.85829925,"y":369.15979003,"width":"331.67","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"effects. Public procurement policies and guidelines can help to establish new mar -","line":29,"x":53.85829925,"y":225.15977478,"width":"331.85","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"kets and to demonstrate new more-efficient products and opportunities. The effec -","line":30,"x":53.85829925,"y":213.15977478,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"countries can be achieved through networks initiated and coordinated by govern -","line":37,"x":53.85829925,"y":129.15977478,"width":"331.62","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"ments. Public funding for research and development activities with regard to tech -","line":38,"x":53.85829925,"y":117.1597824,"width":"331.61","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"vital to push the technological limits further. Innovative approaches to the realiza -","line":40,"x":53.85829925,"y":93.1597824,"width":"331.66","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":529,"change":"Addition","str":"13 Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations","line":42,"x":53.85829925,"y":623.65332031,"width":"173.01","height":"8.50","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"13.2.1.6 Political Framework for Power Markets","line":3,"x":53.85829925,"y":549.15979003,"width":"203.17","height":"10.00","fontName":["WUUJUV+SxpbbsFmqqddLjmwxwTimesLTStd-Bold"],"dir":["ltr"]}
{"page":530,"change":"Addition","str":"with significant shares of variable power generation. The traditional electricity mar -","line":5,"x":53.85829925,"y":513.15979003,"width":"331.83","height":"10.00","fontName":["HNJXSZ+PjhwjxNfxdkbDvkmhnTimesLTStd-Roman"],"dir":["ltr"]}
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