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534 lines
27 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: "Overview of cloud storage systems"
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description: "Overview of cloud storage systems"
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type: page
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---
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# Overview of cloud storage systems #
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Each cloud storage system is slightly different. Rclone attempts to
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provide a unified interface to them, but some underlying differences
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show through.
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## Features ##
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Here is an overview of the major features of each cloud storage system.
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| Name | Hash | ModTime | Case Insensitive | Duplicate Files | MIME Type |
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| ---------------------------- |:-----------:|:-------:|:----------------:|:---------------:|:---------:|
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| 1Fichier | Whirlpool | No | No | Yes | R |
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| Akamai Netstorage | MD5, SHA256 | Yes | No | No | R |
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| Amazon Drive | MD5 | No | Yes | No | R |
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| Amazon S3 (or S3 compatible) | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
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| Backblaze B2 | SHA1 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
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| Box | SHA1 | Yes | Yes | No | - |
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| Citrix ShareFile | MD5 | Yes | Yes | No | - |
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| Dropbox | DBHASH ¹ | Yes | Yes | No | - |
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| Enterprise File Fabric | - | Yes | Yes | No | R/W |
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| FTP | - | No | No | No | - |
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| Google Cloud Storage | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
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| Google Drive | MD5 | Yes | No | Yes | R/W |
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| Google Photos | - | No | No | Yes | R |
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| HDFS | - | Yes | No | No | - |
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| HTTP | - | No | No | No | R |
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| Hubic | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
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| Jottacloud | MD5 | Yes | Yes | No | R |
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| Koofr | MD5 | No | Yes | No | - |
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| Mail.ru Cloud | Mailru ⁶ | Yes | Yes | No | - |
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| Mega | - | No | No | Yes | - |
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| Memory | MD5 | Yes | No | No | - |
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| Microsoft Azure Blob Storage | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
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| Microsoft OneDrive | SHA1 ⁵ | Yes | Yes | No | R |
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| OpenDrive | MD5 | Yes | Yes | Partial ⁸ | - |
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| OpenStack Swift | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
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| pCloud | MD5, SHA1 ⁷ | Yes | No | No | W |
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| premiumize.me | - | No | Yes | No | R |
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| put.io | CRC-32 | Yes | No | Yes | R |
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| QingStor | MD5 | No | No | No | R/W |
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| Seafile | - | No | No | No | - |
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| SFTP | MD5, SHA1 ² | Yes | Depends | No | - |
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| Sia | - | No | No | No | - |
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| SugarSync | - | No | No | No | - |
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| Storj | - | Yes | No | No | - |
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| Uptobox | - | No | No | Yes | - |
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| WebDAV | MD5, SHA1 ³ | Yes ⁴ | Depends | No | - |
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| Yandex Disk | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R |
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| Zoho WorkDrive | - | No | No | No | - |
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| The local filesystem | All | Yes | Depends | No | - |
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### Notes
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¹ Dropbox supports [its own custom
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hash](https://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/content-hash).
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This is an SHA256 sum of all the 4 MiB block SHA256s.
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² SFTP supports checksums if the same login has shell access and
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`md5sum` or `sha1sum` as well as `echo` are in the remote's PATH.
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³ WebDAV supports hashes when used with Owncloud and Nextcloud only.
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⁴ WebDAV supports modtimes when used with Owncloud and Nextcloud only.
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⁵ Microsoft OneDrive Personal supports SHA1 hashes, whereas OneDrive
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for business and SharePoint server support Microsoft's own
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[QuickXorHash](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/onedrive/developer/code-snippets/quickxorhash).
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⁶ Mail.ru uses its own modified SHA1 hash
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⁷ pCloud only supports SHA1 (not MD5) in its EU region
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⁸ Opendrive does not support creation of duplicate files using
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their web client interface or other stock clients, but the underlying
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storage platform has been determined to allow duplicate files, and it
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is possible to create them with `rclone`. It may be that this is a
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mistake or an unsupported feature.
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### Hash ###
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The cloud storage system supports various hash types of the objects.
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The hashes are used when transferring data as an integrity check and
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can be specifically used with the `--checksum` flag in syncs and in
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the `check` command.
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To use the verify checksums when transferring between cloud storage
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systems they must support a common hash type.
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### ModTime ###
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The cloud storage system supports setting modification times on
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objects. If it does then this enables a using the modification times
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as part of the sync. If not then only the size will be checked by
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default, though the MD5SUM can be checked with the `--checksum` flag.
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All cloud storage systems support some kind of date on the object and
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these will be set when transferring from the cloud storage system.
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### Case Insensitive ###
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If a cloud storage systems is case sensitive then it is possible to
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have two files which differ only in case, e.g. `file.txt` and
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`FILE.txt`. If a cloud storage system is case insensitive then that
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isn't possible.
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This can cause problems when syncing between a case insensitive
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system and a case sensitive system. The symptom of this is that no
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matter how many times you run the sync it never completes fully.
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The local filesystem and SFTP may or may not be case sensitive
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depending on OS.
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* Windows - usually case insensitive, though case is preserved
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* OSX - usually case insensitive, though it is possible to format case sensitive
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* Linux - usually case sensitive, but there are case insensitive file systems (e.g. FAT formatted USB keys)
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Most of the time this doesn't cause any problems as people tend to
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avoid files whose name differs only by case even on case sensitive
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systems.
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### Duplicate files ###
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If a cloud storage system allows duplicate files then it can have two
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objects with the same name.
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This confuses rclone greatly when syncing - use the `rclone dedupe`
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command to rename or remove duplicates.
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### Restricted filenames ###
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Some cloud storage systems might have restrictions on the characters
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that are usable in file or directory names.
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When `rclone` detects such a name during a file upload, it will
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transparently replace the restricted characters with similar looking
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Unicode characters. To handle the different sets of restricted characters
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for different backends, rclone uses something it calls [encoding](#encoding).
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This process is designed to avoid ambiguous file names as much as
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possible and allow to move files between many cloud storage systems
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transparently.
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The name shown by `rclone` to the user or during log output will only
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contain a minimal set of [replaced characters](#restricted-characters)
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to ensure correct formatting and not necessarily the actual name used
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on the cloud storage.
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This transformation is reversed when downloading a file or parsing
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`rclone` arguments. For example, when uploading a file named `my file?.txt`
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to Onedrive, it will be displayed as `my file?.txt` on the console, but
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stored as `my file？.txt` to Onedrive (the `?` gets replaced by the similar
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looking `？` character, the so-called "fullwidth question mark").
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The reverse transformation allows to read a file `unusual/name.txt`
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from Google Drive, by passing the name `unusual／name.txt` on the command line
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(the `/` needs to be replaced by the similar looking `／` character).
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#### Caveats {#restricted-filenames-caveats}
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The filename encoding system works well in most cases, at least
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where file names are written in English or similar languages.
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You might not even notice it: It just works. In some cases it may
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lead to issues, though. E.g. when file names are written in Chinese,
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or Japanese, where it is always the Unicode fullwidth variants of the
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punctuation marks that are used.
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On Windows, the characters `:`, `*` and `?` are examples of restricted
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characters. If these are used in filenames on a remote that supports it,
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Rclone will transparently convert them to their fullwidth Unicode
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variants `＊`, `？` and `：` when downloading to Windows, and back again
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when uploading. This way files with names that are not allowed on Windows
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can still be stored.
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However, if you have files on your Windows system originally with these same
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Unicode characters in their names, they will be included in the same conversion
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process. E.g. if you create a file in your Windows filesystem with name
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`Test：1.jpg`, where `：` is the Unicode fullwidth colon symbol, and use
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rclone to upload it to Google Drive, which supports regular `:` (halfwidth
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question mark), rclone will replace the fullwidth `:` with the
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halfwidth `:` and store the file as `Test:1.jpg` in Google Drive. Since
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both Windows and Google Drive allows the name `Test：1.jpg`, it would
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probably be better if rclone just kept the name as is in this case.
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With the opposite situation; if you have a file named `Test:1.jpg`,
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in your Google Drive, e.g. uploaded from a Linux system where `:` is valid
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in file names. Then later use rclone to copy this file to your Windows
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computer you will notice that on your local disk it gets renamed
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to `Test：1.jpg`. The original filename is not legal on Windows, due to
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the `:`, and rclone therefore renames it to make the copy possible.
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That is all good. However, this can also lead to an issue: If you already
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had a *different* file named `Test：1.jpg` on Windows, and then use rclone
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to copy either way. Rclone will then treat the file originally named
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`Test:1.jpg` on Google Drive and the file originally named `Test：1.jpg`
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on Windows as the same file, and replace the contents from one with the other.
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Its virtually impossible to handle all cases like these correctly in all
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situations, but by customizing the [encoding option](#encoding), changing the
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set of characters that rclone should convert, you should be able to
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create a configuration that works well for your specific situation.
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See also the [example](/overview/#encoding-example-windows) below.
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(Windows was used as an example of a file system with many restricted
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characters, and Google drive a storage system with few.)
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#### Default restricted characters {#restricted-characters}
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The table below shows the characters that are replaced by default.
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When a replacement character is found in a filename, this character
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will be escaped with the `‛` character to avoid ambiguous file names.
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(e.g. a file named `␀.txt` would shown as `‛␀.txt`)
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Each cloud storage backend can use a different set of characters,
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which will be specified in the documentation for each backend.
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| Character | Value | Replacement |
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| --------- |:-----:|:-----------:|
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| NUL | 0x00 | ␀ |
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| SOH | 0x01 | ␁ |
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| STX | 0x02 | ␂ |
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| ETX | 0x03 | ␃ |
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| EOT | 0x04 | ␄ |
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| ENQ | 0x05 | ␅ |
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| ACK | 0x06 | ␆ |
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| BEL | 0x07 | ␇ |
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| BS | 0x08 | ␈ |
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| HT | 0x09 | ␉ |
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| LF | 0x0A | ␊ |
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| VT | 0x0B | ␋ |
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| FF | 0x0C | ␌ |
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| CR | 0x0D | ␍ |
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| SO | 0x0E | ␎ |
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| SI | 0x0F | ␏ |
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| DLE | 0x10 | ␐ |
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| DC1 | 0x11 | ␑ |
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| DC2 | 0x12 | ␒ |
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| DC3 | 0x13 | ␓ |
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| DC4 | 0x14 | ␔ |
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| NAK | 0x15 | ␕ |
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| SYN | 0x16 | ␖ |
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| ETB | 0x17 | ␗ |
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| CAN | 0x18 | ␘ |
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| EM | 0x19 | ␙ |
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| SUB | 0x1A | ␚ |
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| ESC | 0x1B | ␛ |
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| FS | 0x1C | ␜ |
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| GS | 0x1D | ␝ |
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| RS | 0x1E | ␞ |
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| US | 0x1F | ␟ |
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| / | 0x2F | ／ |
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| DEL | 0x7F | ␡ |
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The default encoding will also encode these file names as they are
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problematic with many cloud storage systems.
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| File name | Replacement |
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| --------- |:-----------:|
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| . | ． |
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| .. | ．． |
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#### Invalid UTF-8 bytes {#invalid-utf8}
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Some backends only support a sequence of well formed UTF-8 bytes
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as file or directory names.
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In this case all invalid UTF-8 bytes will be replaced with a quoted
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representation of the byte value to allow uploading a file to such a
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backend. For example, the invalid byte `0xFE` will be encoded as `‛FE`.
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A common source of invalid UTF-8 bytes are local filesystems, that store
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names in a different encoding than UTF-8 or UTF-16, like latin1. See the
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[local filenames](/local/#filenames) section for details.
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#### Encoding option {#encoding}
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Most backends have an encoding option, specified as a flag
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`--backend-encoding` where `backend` is the name of the backend, or as
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a config parameter `encoding` (you'll need to select the Advanced
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config in `rclone config` to see it).
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This will have default value which encodes and decodes characters in
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such a way as to preserve the maximum number of characters (see
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above).
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However this can be incorrect in some scenarios, for example if you
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have a Windows file system with Unicode fullwidth characters
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`＊`, `？` or `：`, that you want to remain as those characters on the
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remote rather than being translated to regular (halfwidth) `*`, `?` and `:`.
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The `--backend-encoding` flags allow you to change that. You can
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disable the encoding completely with `--backend-encoding None` or set
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`encoding = None` in the config file.
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Encoding takes a comma separated list of encodings. You can see the
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list of all possible values by passing an invalid value to this
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flag, e.g. `--local-encoding "help"`. The command `rclone help flags encoding`
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will show you the defaults for the backends.
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| Encoding | Characters |
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| --------- | ---------- |
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| Asterisk | `*` |
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| BackQuote | `` ` `` |
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| BackSlash | `\` |
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| Colon | `:` |
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| CrLf | CR 0x0D, LF 0x0A |
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| Ctl | All control characters 0x00-0x1F |
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| Del | DEL 0x7F |
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| Dollar | `$` |
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| Dot | `.` or `..` as entire string |
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| DoubleQuote | `"` |
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| Hash | `#` |
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| InvalidUtf8 | An invalid UTF-8 character (e.g. latin1) |
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| LeftCrLfHtVt | CR 0x0D, LF 0x0A,HT 0x09, VT 0x0B on the left of a string |
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| LeftPeriod | `.` on the left of a string |
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| LeftSpace | SPACE on the left of a string |
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| LeftTilde | `~` on the left of a string |
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| LtGt | `<`, `>` |
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| None | No characters are encoded |
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| Percent | `%` |
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| Pipe | \| |
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| Question | `?` |
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| RightCrLfHtVt | CR 0x0D, LF 0x0A, HT 0x09, VT 0x0B on the right of a string |
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| RightPeriod | `.` on the right of a string |
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| RightSpace | SPACE on the right of a string |
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| SingleQuote | `'` |
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| Slash | `/` |
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| SquareBracket | `[`, `]` |
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##### Encoding example: FTP
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To take a specific example, the FTP backend's default encoding is
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--ftp-encoding "Slash,Del,Ctl,RightSpace,Dot"
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However, let's say the FTP server is running on Windows and can't have
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any of the invalid Windows characters in file names. You are backing
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up Linux servers to this FTP server which do have those characters in
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file names. So you would add the Windows set which are
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Slash,LtGt,DoubleQuote,Colon,Question,Asterisk,Pipe,BackSlash,Ctl,RightSpace,RightPeriod,InvalidUtf8,Dot
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to the existing ones, giving:
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Slash,LtGt,DoubleQuote,Colon,Question,Asterisk,Pipe,BackSlash,Ctl,RightSpace,RightPeriod,InvalidUtf8,Dot,Del,RightSpace
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This can be specified using the `--ftp-encoding` flag or using an `encoding` parameter in the config file.
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##### Encoding example: Windows
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As a nother example, take a Windows system where there is a file with
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name `Test：1.jpg`, where `：` is the Unicode fullwidth colon symbol.
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When using rclone to copy this to a remote which supports `:`,
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the regular (halfwidth) colon (such as Google Drive), you will notice
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that the file gets renamed to `Test:1.jpg`.
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To avoid this you can change the set of characters rclone should convert
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for the local filesystem, using command-line argument `--local-encoding`.
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Rclone's default behavior on Windows corresponds to
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```
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--local-encoding "Slash,LtGt,DoubleQuote,Colon,Question,Asterisk,Pipe,BackSlash,Ctl,RightSpace,RightPeriod,InvalidUtf8,Dot"
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```
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If you want to use fullwidth characters `：`, `＊` and `？` in your filenames
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without rclone changing them when uploading to a remote, then set the same as
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the default value but without `Colon,Question,Asterisk`:
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```
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--local-encoding "Slash,LtGt,DoubleQuote,Pipe,BackSlash,Ctl,RightSpace,RightPeriod,InvalidUtf8,Dot"
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```
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Alternatively, you can disable the conversion of any characters with `--local-encoding None`.
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Instead of using command-line argument `--local-encoding`, you may also set it
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as [environment variable](/docs/#environment-variables) `RCLONE_LOCAL_ENCODING`,
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or [configure](/docs/#configure) a remote of type `local` in your config,
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and set the `encoding` option there.
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The risk by doing this is that if you have a filename with the regular (halfwidth)
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`:`, `*` and `?` in your cloud storage, and you try to download
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it to your Windows filesystem, this will fail. These characters are not
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valid in filenames on Windows, and you have told rclone not to work around
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this by converting them to valid fullwidth variants.
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### MIME Type ###
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MIME types (also known as media types) classify types of documents
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using a simple text classification, e.g. `text/html` or
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`application/pdf`.
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Some cloud storage systems support reading (`R`) the MIME type of
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objects and some support writing (`W`) the MIME type of objects.
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The MIME type can be important if you are serving files directly to
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HTTP from the storage system.
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If you are copying from a remote which supports reading (`R`) to a
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remote which supports writing (`W`) then rclone will preserve the MIME
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types. Otherwise they will be guessed from the extension, or the
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remote itself may assign the MIME type.
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## Optional Features ##
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All rclone remotes support a base command set. Other features depend
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upon backend-specific capabilities.
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| Name | Purge | Copy | Move | DirMove | CleanUp | ListR | StreamUpload | LinkSharing | About | EmptyDir |
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| ---------------------------- |:-----:|:----:|:----:|:-------:|:-------:|:-----:|:------------:|:------------:|:-----:|:--------:|
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| 1Fichier | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes |
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| Amazon Drive | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
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| Amazon S3 | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
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| Backblaze B2 | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
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| Box | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes ‡‡ | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
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| Citrix ShareFile | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
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| Dropbox | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
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| Enterprise File Fabric | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes |
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| FTP | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
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| Google Cloud Storage | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
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| Google Drive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
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| Google Photos | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
|
||
| HDFS | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| HTTP | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
|
||
| Hubic | Yes † | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
|
||
| Jottacloud | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| Mail.ru Cloud | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| Mega | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| Memory | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
|
||
| Microsoft Azure Blob Storage | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
|
||
| Microsoft OneDrive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| OpenDrive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
|
||
| OpenStack Swift | Yes † | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
|
||
| pCloud | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| premiumize.me | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| put.io | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| QingStor | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
|
||
| Seafile | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| SFTP | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| SugarSync | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
|
||
| Storj | Yes † | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
|
||
| Uptobox | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
|
||
| WebDAV | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes ‡ | No | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| Yandex Disk | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| Zoho WorkDrive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
|
||
| The local filesystem | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
|
||
|
||
### Purge ###
|
||
|
||
This deletes a directory quicker than just deleting all the files in
|
||
the directory.
|
||
|
||
† Note Swift, Hubic, and Storj implement this in order to delete
|
||
directory markers but they don't actually have a quicker way of deleting
|
||
files other than deleting them individually.
|
||
|
||
‡ StreamUpload is not supported with Nextcloud
|
||
|
||
### Copy ###
|
||
|
||
Used when copying an object to and from the same remote. This known
|
||
as a server-side copy so you can copy a file without downloading it
|
||
and uploading it again. It is used if you use `rclone copy` or
|
||
`rclone move` if the remote doesn't support `Move` directly.
|
||
|
||
If the server doesn't support `Copy` directly then for copy operations
|
||
the file is downloaded then re-uploaded.
|
||
|
||
### Move ###
|
||
|
||
Used when moving/renaming an object on the same remote. This is known
|
||
as a server-side move of a file. This is used in `rclone move` if the
|
||
server doesn't support `DirMove`.
|
||
|
||
If the server isn't capable of `Move` then rclone simulates it with
|
||
`Copy` then delete. If the server doesn't support `Copy` then rclone
|
||
will download the file and re-upload it.
|
||
|
||
### DirMove ###
|
||
|
||
This is used to implement `rclone move` to move a directory if
|
||
possible. If it isn't then it will use `Move` on each file (which
|
||
falls back to `Copy` then download and upload - see `Move` section).
|
||
|
||
### CleanUp ###
|
||
|
||
This is used for emptying the trash for a remote by `rclone cleanup`.
|
||
|
||
If the server can't do `CleanUp` then `rclone cleanup` will return an
|
||
error.
|
||
|
||
‡‡ Note that while Box implements this it has to delete every file
|
||
individually so it will be slower than emptying the trash via the WebUI
|
||
|
||
### ListR ###
|
||
|
||
The remote supports a recursive list to list all the contents beneath
|
||
a directory quickly. This enables the `--fast-list` flag to work.
|
||
See the [rclone docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details.
|
||
|
||
### StreamUpload ###
|
||
|
||
Some remotes allow files to be uploaded without knowing the file size
|
||
in advance. This allows certain operations to work without spooling the
|
||
file to local disk first, e.g. `rclone rcat`.
|
||
|
||
### LinkSharing ###
|
||
|
||
Sets the necessary permissions on a file or folder and prints a link
|
||
that allows others to access them, even if they don't have an account
|
||
on the particular cloud provider.
|
||
|
||
### About ###
|
||
|
||
Rclone `about` prints quota information for a remote. Typical output
|
||
includes bytes used, free, quota and in trash.
|
||
|
||
If a remote lacks about capability `rclone about remote:`returns
|
||
an error.
|
||
|
||
Backends without about capability cannot determine free space for an
|
||
rclone mount, or use policy `mfs` (most free space) as a member of an
|
||
rclone union remote.
|
||
|
||
See [rclone about command](https://rclone.org/commands/rclone_about/)
|
||
|
||
### EmptyDir ###
|
||
|
||
The remote supports empty directories. See [Limitations](/bugs/#limitations)
|
||
for details. Most Object/Bucket-based remotes do not support this.
|