570175f95d
<!-- if this PR closes one or more issues, you can automatically link the PR with them by using one of the [*linking keywords*](https://docs.github.com/en/issues/tracking-your-work-with-issues/linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue#linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue-using-a-keyword), e.g. - this PR should close #xxxx - fixes #xxxx you can also mention related issues, PRs or discussions! --> This PR should close #8036, #9028 (in the negative) and #9118. Fix for #9118 is a bit pedantic. As reported, the issue is: ``` > 2023-05-07T04:08:45+12:00 - 2019-05-10T09:59:12+12:00 3yr 12month 2day 18hr 9min 33sec ``` with this PR, you now get: ``` > 2023-05-07T04:08:45+12:00 - 2019-05-10T09:59:12+12:00 208wk 1day 18hr 9min 33sec ``` Which is strictly correct, but could still fairly be called "weird date arithmetic". # Description * [x] Abide by constraint that Value::Duration remains a number of nanoseconds with no additional fields. * [x] `to_string()` only displays weeks .. nanoseconds. Duration doesn't have base date to compute months or years from. * [x] `duration | into record` likewise only has fields for weeks .. nanoseconds. * [x] `string | into duration` now accepts compound form of duration to_string() (e.g '2day 3hr`, not just '2day') * [x] `duration | into string` now works (and produces the same representation as to_string(), which may be compound). # User-Facing Changes ## duration -> string -> duration Now you can "round trip" an arbitrary duration value: convert it to a string that may include multiple time units (a "compound" value), then convert that string back into a duration. This required changes to `string | into duration` and the addition of `duration | into string'. ``` > 2day + 3hr 2day 3hr # the "to_string()" representation (in this case, a compound value) > 2day + 3hr | into string 2day 3hr # string value > 2day + 3hr | into string | into duration 2day 3hr # round-trip duration -> string -> duration ``` Note that `to nuon` and `from nuon` already round-tripped durations, but use a different string representation. ## potentially breaking changes * string rendering of a duration no longer has 'yr' or 'month' phrases. * record from `duration | into record` no longer has 'year' or 'month' fields. The excess duration is all lumped into the `week` field, which is the largest time unit you can convert to without knowing the datetime from which the duration was calculated. Scripts that depended on month or year time units on output will need to be changed. ### Examples ``` > 365day 52wk 1day ## Used to be: ## 1yr > 365day | into record ╭──────┬────╮ │ week │ 52 │ │ day │ 1 │ │ sign │ + │ ╰──────┴────╯ ## used to be: ##╭──────┬───╮ ##│ year │ 1 │ ##│ sign │ + │ ##╰──────┴───╯ > (365day + 4wk + 5day + 6hr + 7min + 8sec + 9ms + 10us + 11ns) 56wk 6day 6hr 7min 8sec 9ms 10µs 11ns ## used to be: ## 1yr 1month 3day 6hr 7min 8sec 9ms 10µs 11ns ## which looks reasonable, but was actually only correct in 75% of the years and 25% of the months in the last 4 years. > (365day + 4wk + 5day + 6hr + 7min + 8sec + 9ms + 10us + 11ns) | into record ╭─────────────┬────╮ │ week │ 56 │ │ day │ 6 │ │ hour │ 6 │ │ minute │ 7 │ │ second │ 8 │ │ millisecond │ 9 │ │ microsecond │ 10 │ │ nanosecond │ 11 │ │ sign │ + │ ╰─────────────┴────╯ ``` Strictly speaking, these changes could break an existing user script. Losing years and months as time units is arguably a regression in behavior. Also, the corrected duration calculation could break an existing script that was calibrated using the old algorithm. # Tests + Formatting ``` > toolkit check pr ``` - 🟢 `toolkit fmt` - 🟢 `toolkit clippy` - 🟢 `toolkit test` - 🟢 `toolkit test stdlib` # After Submitting <!-- If your PR had any user-facing changes, update [the documentation](https://github.com/nushell/nushell.github.io) after the PR is merged, if necessary. This will help us keep the docs up to date. --> --------- Co-authored-by: Bob Hyman <bobhy@localhost.localdomain> |
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|---|---|---|
| .cargo | ||
| .githooks | ||
| .github | ||
| assets | ||
| benches | ||
| crates | ||
| docker | ||
| scripts | ||
| src | ||
| tests | ||
| wix | ||
| .gitattributes | ||
| .gitignore | ||
| .typos.toml | ||
| Cargo.lock | ||
| Cargo.toml | ||
| CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md | ||
| codecov.yml | ||
| CONTRIBUTING.md | ||
| Cross.toml | ||
| LICENSE | ||
| README.md | ||
| rust-toolchain.toml | ||
| toolkit.nu | ||
Nushell
A new type of shell.
Table of Contents
- Status
- Learning About Nu
- Installation
- Configuration
- Philosophy
- Goals
- Officially Supported By
- Contributing
- License
Status
This project has reached a minimum-viable-product level of quality. Many people use it as their daily driver, but it may be unstable for some commands. Nu's design is subject to change as it matures.
Learning About Nu
The Nushell book is the primary source of Nushell documentation. You can find a full list of Nu commands in the book, and we have many examples of using Nu in our cookbook.
We're also active on Discord and Twitter; come and chat with us!
Installation
To quickly install Nu:
# Linux and macOS
brew install nushell
# Windows
winget install nushell
To use Nu in GitHub Action, check setup-nu for more detail.
Detailed installation instructions can be found in the installation chapter of the book. Nu is available via many package managers:
Configuration
The default configurations can be found at sample_config which are the configuration files one gets when they startup Nushell for the first time.
It sets all of the default configuration to run Nushell. From here one can then customize this file for their specific needs.
To see where config.nu is located on your system simply type this command.
$nu.config-path
Please see our book for all of the Nushell documentation.
Philosophy
Nu draws inspiration from projects like PowerShell, functional programming languages, and modern CLI tools. Rather than thinking of files and data as raw streams of text, Nu looks at each input as something with structure. For example, when you list the contents of a directory what you get back is a table of rows, where each row represents an item in that directory. These values can be piped through a series of steps, in a series of commands called a 'pipeline'.
Pipelines
In Unix, it's common to pipe between commands to split up a sophisticated command over multiple steps. Nu takes this a step further and builds heavily on the idea of pipelines. As in the Unix philosophy, Nu allows commands to output to stdout and read from stdin. Additionally, commands can output structured data (you can think of this as a third kind of stream). Commands that work in the pipeline fit into one of three categories:
- Commands that produce a stream (e.g.,
ls) - Commands that filter a stream (e.g.,
where type == "dir") - Commands that consume the output of the pipeline (e.g.,
table)
Commands are separated by the pipe symbol (|) to denote a pipeline flowing left to right.
> ls | where type == "dir" | table
╭────┬──────────┬──────┬─────────┬───────────────╮
│ # │ name │ type │ size │ modified │
├────┼──────────┼──────┼─────────┼───────────────┤
│ 0 │ .cargo │ dir │ 0 B │ 9 minutes ago │
│ 1 │ assets │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
│ 2 │ crates │ dir │ 4.0 KiB │ 2 weeks ago │
│ 3 │ docker │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
│ 4 │ docs │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
│ 5 │ images │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
│ 6 │ pkg_mgrs │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
│ 7 │ samples │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
│ 8 │ src │ dir │ 4.0 KiB │ 2 weeks ago │
│ 9 │ target │ dir │ 0 B │ a day ago │
│ 10 │ tests │ dir │ 4.0 KiB │ 2 weeks ago │
│ 11 │ wix │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
╰────┴──────────┴──────┴─────────┴───────────────╯
Because most of the time you'll want to see the output of a pipeline, table is assumed.
We could have also written the above:
> ls | where type == "dir"
Being able to use the same commands and compose them differently is an important philosophy in Nu.
For example, we could use the built-in ps command to get a list of the running processes, using the same where as above.
> ps | where cpu > 0
╭───┬───────┬───────────┬───────┬───────────┬───────────╮
│ # │ pid │ name │ cpu │ mem │ virtual │
├───┼───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────┼───────────┤
│ 0 │ 2240 │ Slack.exe │ 16.40 │ 178.3 MiB │ 232.6 MiB │
│ 1 │ 16948 │ Slack.exe │ 16.32 │ 205.0 MiB │ 197.9 MiB │
│ 2 │ 17700 │ nu.exe │ 3.77 │ 26.1 MiB │ 8.8 MiB │
╰───┴───────┴───────────┴───────┴───────────┴───────────╯
Opening files
Nu can load file and URL contents as raw text or structured data (if it recognizes the format). For example, you can load a .toml file as structured data and explore it:
> open Cargo.toml
╭──────────────────┬────────────────────╮
│ bin │ [table 1 row] │
│ dependencies │ {record 25 fields} │
│ dev-dependencies │ {record 8 fields} │
│ features │ {record 10 fields} │
│ package │ {record 13 fields} │
│ patch │ {record 1 field} │
│ profile │ {record 3 fields} │
│ target │ {record 3 fields} │
│ workspace │ {record 1 field} │
╰──────────────────┴────────────────────╯
We can pipe this into a command that gets the contents of one of the columns:
> open Cargo.toml | get package
╭───────────────┬────────────────────────────────────╮
│ authors │ [list 1 item] │
│ default-run │ nu │
│ description │ A new type of shell │
│ documentation │ https://www.nushell.sh/book/ │
│ edition │ 2018 │
│ exclude │ [list 1 item] │
│ homepage │ https://www.nushell.sh │
│ license │ MIT │
│ metadata │ {record 1 field} │
│ name │ nu │
│ repository │ https://github.com/nushell/nushell │
│ rust-version │ 1.60 │
│ version │ 0.72.0 │
╰───────────────┴────────────────────────────────────╯
And if needed we can drill down further:
> open Cargo.toml | get package.version
0.72.0
Plugins
Nu supports plugins that offer additional functionality to the shell and follow the same structured data model that built-in commands use. There are a few examples in the crates/nu_plugins_* directories.
Plugins are binaries that are available in your path and follow a nu_plugin_* naming convention.
These binaries interact with nu via a simple JSON-RPC protocol where the command identifies itself and passes along its configuration, making it available for use.
If the plugin is a filter, data streams to it one element at a time, and it can stream data back in return via stdin/stdout.
If the plugin is a sink, it is given the full vector of final data and is given free reign over stdin/stdout to use as it pleases.
The awesome-nu repo lists a variety of nu-plugins while the showcase repo shows off informative blog posts that have been written about Nushell along with videos that highlight technical topics that have been presented.
Goals
Nu adheres closely to a set of goals that make up its design philosophy. As features are added, they are checked against these goals.
-
First and foremost, Nu is cross-platform. Commands and techniques should work across platforms and Nu has first-class support for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
-
Nu ensures compatibility with existing platform-specific executables.
-
Nu's workflow and tools should have the usability expected of modern software in 2022 (and beyond).
-
Nu views data as either structured or unstructured. It is a structured shell like PowerShell.
-
Finally, Nu views data functionally. Rather than using mutation, pipelines act as a means to load, change, and save data without mutable state.
Officially Supported By
Please submit an issue or PR to be added to this list.
Contributing
See Contributing for details. Thanks to all the people who already contributed!
License
The project is made available under the MIT license. See the LICENSE file for more information.